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By James R. Cudworth, Joseph C. Mead

The Birmingham district of Alabama has utilized the slag from its blast furnaces consistently since the earliest development of the slag industry. Today there are producers of slag cement who started business in 1900, and who have, under a progressive policy, expanded the number of their products to meet present demands. There are producers of slag aggregates and other crushed slag products who have been successful for periods of over thirty years. There are at the present two companies, Cheney Lime and Cement Co. and the Southern Cement Co., manufacturing puzzolan cement; two companies, Birmingham Slag Co. and Woodstock Slag Co., making slag aggregates and by-products; one company, Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railway Co., a subsidiary of the U. S. Steel Corporation, producing ground open-hearth basic slag for soil conditioning. Two companies, the Sloss Sheffield Steel and Iron Co. and the Woodstock Slag Co., make slag concrete in ready-mix plants and one company, the Superock Company, manufactures fine and coarse slag aggregates under a new granulation process. NO Portland cement is made with slag as an ingredient, because dolomite is used so extensively as a blast-furnace flux that the magnesium content of the slag is excessive. Sources of Slag In the Birmingham district there are 22 blast furnaces, of which the majority are in blast. The present production is 165,000 tons of pig iron monthly; the production in 1935 was 1,297,960 gross tons1. There arc also two blast furnaces at Gadsden and one ferroalloy electric furnaee at Anniston. From these two sources is obtained slag to approximately 1.1 tons per ton of pig iron. History of Development of the Industry The history of the local utilization of slag as an industry probably starts with the Birmingharii Slag Cement Co. This company was

Jan 1, 1938

By Joseph C. Mead, James R. Cudworth

The Birmingham district of Alabama has utilized the slag from its blast furnaces consistently since the earliest development of the slag industry. Today there are producers of slag cement who started business in 1900, and who have, under a progressive policy, expanded the number of their products to meet present demands. There are producers of slag aggregates and other crushed slag products who have been successful for periods of over thirty years. There are at the present two companies, Cheney Lime and Cement Co. and the Southern Cement Co., manufacturing puzzolan cement; two companies, Birmingham Slag Co. and Woodstock Slag Co., making slag aggregates and by-products; one company, Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railway Co., a subsidiary of the U. S. Steel Corporation, producing ground open-hearth basic slag for soil conditioning. Two companies, the Sloss Sheffield Steel and Iron Co. and the Woodstock Slag Co., make slag concrete in ready-mix plants and one company, the Superock Company, manufactures fine and coarse slag aggregates under a new granulation process. NO Portland cement is made with slag as an ingredient, because dolomite is used so extensively as a blast-furnace flux that the magnesium content of the slag is excessive. Sources of Slag In the Birmingham district there are 22 blast furnaces, of which the majority are in blast. The present production is 165,000 tons of pig iron monthly; the production in 1935 was 1,297,960 gross tons1. There arc also two blast furnaces at Gadsden and one ferroalloy electric furnaee at Anniston. From these two sources is obtained slag to approximately 1.1 tons per ton of pig iron. History of Development of the Industry The history of the local utilization of slag as an industry probably starts with the Birmingharii Slag Cement Co. This company was

Jan 1, 1938

By Harrison Schmitt

The Parral area, a part of the Parral mining district of Southern Chihuahua, is situated in and near the City of Parral, with the most important mine of the district, La Prieta, lying within the city limits. The famous Veta Colorado and Palmilla veins near Villa Escobedo or Minas Nuevas are a few kilometers to the northeast (see Fig. 1). The chief metals produced are silver, lead and zinc, with some copper and gold. This area was one of the earliest to produce metal in Mexico, according to records at Parral, which show that mining started in 1632. In near-by Santa Barbara, however, mining had begun 85 years earlier. It is said that when silver was discovered in the Veta Colorado, the Santa Barbara gold deposits, at that time nearly exhausted, were immediately abandoned for the more profitable silver mines at Minas Nuevas (New Mines) During the post-revolutionary period, 1923-1928, the author made many trips to the Parral district to do mine examination work for several units of the American Smelting and Refining Co. This paper is an abstract of some of the geologic data collected, together with the results of a microscopic study of the ores and rocks—the latter investigation made at the University of Minnesota—and is intended to supplement one recently published. Topography The Parral district lies in the eastern foothills belt of the Sierra Madre Oeste. The area is about evenly divided between fairly flat to rolling plains and mesas on the south and rounded hills to rough precipitous slopes on the west and north. The relief is approximately 550 m. (1800 ft.). The areas of intrusive monzonite and Jurassic (?) sedimentary rocks give rise to a topography of low rounded hills and relatively flat valleys; as contrasted with the volcanics, with their alternating beds of soft

Jan 1, 1931

By W. N. Logan

THE petroleum industry of Indiana made somewhat notable progress during the year 1923, considering the number of handicaps it encountered. The price of labor and materials continued to have an upward slant while the price of crude oil took a decidedly downward course. In spite of these adverse conditions, the quantity production will closely approximate that of 1922, when it passed the million-barrel mark. The progress of the industry in Indiana should be considered fairly satisfactory as long as the present production is maintained. In other words, if the loss of production from the waning old wells can be offset by the production from the new for a period of 10 or 15 years longer, the industry may have cause for congratulation. SUB-TRENTON INVESTIGATIONS In recent years a number of tests of strata lying below the Trenton limestone have been made in Indiana. Several of these tests were completed in 1923. Indications of oil were reported by drillers from several horizons below the Trenton. The most satisfactory of these came from the St. Peter sandstone lying immediately below the Trenton limestone, but no production has yet been obtained from any of the Sub-Trenton horizons. Glen Valley Wells.-Two wells in Marion County were drilled into the St. Peter sandstone, 1 mi. north of Glen Valley and 9 mi. south of Indianapolis. About 30 ft. of sand saturated with a dense asphaltic oil was found in the upper part of the St. Peter sandstone in one of the wells, which contained about 10 per cent. of the light oils, or more easily volatile constituents, and about 90 per cent. of a dark, dense, asphaltic residue. The oil resembled the residue of an asphaltic petroleum from which the more volatile oils had disappeared.

Jan 3, 1924

By Walter L. Maxson, Fred C. Bond

There is more information contained in a screen analysis than is ordinarily recognized, and there is an increasing need for methods of making this additional information easily available. As more comprehensive studies of crushing and grinding are made, and as the possibilities of decreased expense and increased extraction through a closer control of grinding are explored, methods of interpreting screen analyses assume an importance which they have not had heretofore. The information commonly desired, which can be determined from a complete and carefully made screen analysis, includes: (1) the size distribution of the material passing the finest screen, (2) the presence of a hard grinding fraction, (3) the location of natural grain sizes, (4) the presence of different materials with markedly different grinding characteristics, (5) the presence and amount of finely divided material such as clay, which is merely unlocked in grinding, and (6) the total surface area of the ground product. It is necessary to know the fundamental law of size distribution of a homogeneous material in order to correctly resolve a screen-analysis curve, and to understand the variations and anomalies that a sample may exhibit when compared with the ideal curve. This fundamental law was developed by Gaudin,1 who showed that when the logarithm of the per cent weight retained on any screen and passing the next larger screen in the Tyler standard screen scale was plotted against the logarithm of the screen aperture the resulting curve for the finer sizes of a homogeneous crusher or grinding-mill product would be a straight line. Gross and Zimmerley2 experimentally confirmed Rittinger's law, which states that the useful work done in crushing a homogeneous material is directly proportional to the new surface area produced; and showed that in the larger screen sizes resulting from impact crushing a

Jan 1, 1935

In 1803 the purchase of the immense territory called the province of Louisiana wm arranged between Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States, and Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul of France. This central portion of what is now the United States was claimed in 1682 by the explorer Robert de La Salle for France, who continued to hold her title to the vast domain until 1762, when it passed by treaty to Spain, only to be retroceded to France in 1802, in consequence of Napoleon's military domination of Spain. Jefferson did not care to see New Orleans and its extensive hinterland pass into the hands of France. Spain did not matter so much; she was quiet and feeble, whereas France was restless and aggressive under Napoleon, who had dreams of founding a French colonial empire on the American continent. The expression of American feeling that Jefferson elicited came as a surprise to Napoleon, who concluded that a contest was not worth while, for his navy had been shattered by the English, and it was evident that only maritime supremacy could enable him to retain this trans-Atlantic possession; so he resolved to put it out of the grasp of England and at the same time replenish his military chest by selling Louisiana to the United States. The price was 60 million francs. By the terms of the Louisiana purchase a magnificent territory was added to the national domain; it covered more than a million square miles, or more than the total area of the United States at that time. Louisiana included the present States of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, Oklahoma, with parts of Colorado, Idaho, and Minnesota; but

Jan 1, 1932

A. W. AMBROSE, Washington, D. C.-Did you make any analysis of the amount of emulsion at the well and after you flowed it through a lead line to the storage tank? E. A. TRAGER.-B. S. can be formed in passing through a lead line by the friction due to the roughness of the pipe and the irregularities at the joints. R. W. MOORE.-Did you find the percentage of water to be limited to the percentage of oil in the emulsion which formed? E. A. TRAGER.- Yes, the percentage is about 67 percent. water and 23, per cent. oil. R. W. MOORE.-If you added more water would the emulsion be permanent? E. A. TRAGER.-Yes, it would be permanent, but the excess water would separate out. THE CHAIRMAN. (C. W. WASHBURNE, New York, N. Y.).-Did you use hot or cold water in these experiments?

Jan 12, 1919

All data about shipments from the present state of West Virginia, even when it was still a part of the "Old Dominion," are shown in Table 56 together with the source of information, and all other figures are estimated. While the earliest production was undoubtedly in the extreme northern part of the state, coal having been quite largely used in Pennsylvania before any is credited to West Virginia, the largest production in the early days of the industry was along the Kanawha River where the salt furnaces used tremendous quantities for years before shipments were made by river. When we take into consideration the economic conditions existing then, it is evident that the consumption of coal by the salt industry along the Kanawha and Kiskiminitas Rivers rivalled in importance that of any industry today. There were no canals built in this state, the shipments before railroads were built being by the Ohio and Kanawha Rivers, and production in the northern counties began after the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad was completed from Cumberland to Wheeling. For some years after this line was completed all locomotive fuel used on it was hauled from the Cumberland region. The movement of coal from Boone County by Coal River to the Kanawha and Ohio Rivers from 1857 to 1880 is rather unique in its size and the length of movement, nearly all the coal going at least as far as Cincinnati and much of it to New Orleans. Fayette County began shipping when the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad was completed and Mercer County, when the Norfolk & Western Railroad reached there in 1884; none of the other large producing counties in the southern part of the state began producing coal in the period under study.

Jan 1, 1942

By G. B. Pryde

IN laying out a new mine, provision should be made for the ultimate recovery of as much coal in any given bed as is consistent with safety and economic mining. Though each mining district, if not each individual mine, has problems that make the adoption of any hard and fast rule impossible, certain basic principles are adapted to practically all conditions. One of the most vital is the provision for barrier pillars of ample dimensions to protect all haulage and permanent airways during the life of the property. Where conditions permit, room or butt entries should be driven on the strike or slightly to the raise and rooms turned at right angles to said entries. The width of rooms and room pillars is governed by conditions prevailing in the mines under consideration. A safe rule is: In advancing, extract not more than 25 to 35 per cent. of the entire seam; in exceptionally thick seams, considerably less than 25 per cent. should be taken. Rooms usually vary in length from 250 to 350 ft. (76 to 106 m.) with a barrier pillar of not less than 80 ft. between the last crosscut in rooms, and entry and room crosscuts should be driven on sights; room crosscuts should be driven at right angles to the direction of the rooms. In mines under excessively heavy cover or where roof conditions are bad, rooms should be driven narrow and a barrier pillar left at every fifth to tenth room. This barrier should be of such dimensions that one or more rooms, with pillars of usual dimensions, may be turned through it when the barrier is no longer required. Two of the advantages of such a barrier are the protection of the panel against peaking of roof load during pillar extraction and the easy closing of the entry in case of fire.

Jan 2, 1921

By Robert Kinzie

WHEN Mr. Cameron, the President of the Santa Cruz Portland Cement Co., returned from Europe in 1929, he brought first-hand infor-mation about a very versatile type of hydraulic cement. It was not a new cement, many articles having been written about it in foreign journals, but in this country the record of this type of cement had been either neglected or minimized. Using local materials, and applying the information brought back by Mr. Cameron together with many data in numerous publications, the Santa Cruz Portland Cement Co. developed the Santa Cruz high-silica cement. This cement is manufactured by grinding with portland cement clinker a properly calcined mixture of siliceous material and lime. It has all the utility of portland cement, together with an increased resistance to the destructive action of many aggressive solutions. To explain the necessity for the development of a cement having these characteristics, the history of hydraulic binding materials may be reviewed briefly. The materials used as binding media by primitive people were mud, lime, gypsum and bitumin. Due to its utility, ease of preparation, and its common occurrence, lime was the most widely used. Fat lime, when used by itself or with an inert sand, hardened only on the outside surface, where the carbonate was formed by absorption of carbon dioxide from the air, while, the interior of the mortar remained soft. It was quite early discovered that the incorporation of proper siliceous material with the lime increased its ability to harden, and for this purpose various natural siliceous powders were used, such as puzzo-lana in Italy, trass in what is now Germany, and santorin in Greece. These powders reacted with the lime forming a permanent cement and rendered unnecessary the access of carbon dioxide to the mortar.

Jan 1, 1934

By H. S. Martin

THE Phosphate Recovery Corporation operates three flotation plants, Nos. 1 and 2 concentrators about three miles northeast of Mulberry, Florida, and No. 3 plant at Wales, Tennessee. These plants represent the first commercial phosphate flotation operation and are also believed to be the largest nonmetallic flotation operation in the world at the pres-ent time. The details of this paper will be confined to plant No. 2, this being the newest and largest concentrator in Florida, and the flow sheet being practically the same as at plant No. 1. The No. 3 plant has been oper-ated but a short time and has been shut down since December, 1932, on account of the decrease in phosphate rock production. The phosphate washers usually are located centrally on a known deposit so that about two hundred acres of ground can be mined eco-nomically to each washer location. The washers are moved to new areas when the distance becomes too great for economical pumping. The flotation plants are built either adjacent to a washer, so that current debris may be utilized, or on the site of a former washer where there is sufficient accumulated debris available for mining, and the flotation plants must also be moved from time to time. Most of the water used in the Florida flotation plants is recovered after passing through a circulating system where most of the fine sus-pended matter is settled out, but some make-up water is obtained from deep wells near the plant. Power is obtained from the Tampa Electric Co. through the dis-tribution facilities of the International Agricultural Corporation. Flotation concentrate is hauled from the plant by trolley over the International Agricultural Corporation's trolley system, to the drying plant at Prairie, one mile northwest of Mulberry.

Jan 1, 1933

By H. O. Hofman

Discussion of the paper of H. O. HOFMAN and JOHN BLATCHFORD, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1916, and printed in Bulletin No. 109, January, 1915, pp. 91 to 97. ROBERT H. RICHARDS, Boston, Mass.-I should like to ask Professor Hofman whether he is able to roast his stibnite without any comparatively large amount of loss of antimony? H. O. HOFMAN, Boston, Mass.-Yes. The last statement I made was that the loss of antimony, during those tests, increased with the temperature, and that up to 372° C. there was no loss whatever in antimony, also that it increased to 4:2I per cent. with 545° C., the highest temperature that we obtained in our small furnace. ROBERT H. RICHARDS.-I should like to ask a second question, and that is, is it not true that stibnite can be roasted more completely than any other sulphide?

Jan 5, 1916

ENGINEERS AVAILABLE (Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons introduced by members.) Member, graduate engineer, aged 44, with over 22 years' experience in connection with the development of large coal and coke properties in different parts of the country, desires position as general manager or general superintendent of large bituminous coal producer, or will take an interest and the management of a smaller operation. No. 258 Member, aged 41, mining engineer, manager or general superintendent, 20 years' experience, 10 years in Mexico, 5 years Western States, 5 years abroad. Guarantee results, fluent Spanish, excellent references. New York interview. No. 282. Member, technical mining graduate, 10 years' experience, especially in design, erection, construction and purchase of power and mining equipment and supplies, desires position in purchasing department. Married, aged 32, employed at present, references furnished. No. 295.

Jan 6, 1916

By C. W. Thompson

Paul D. Suloff (Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Inc., Akron, Ohio)—I would like first to comment on problems of the conveyor belt discussed in Mr. Thompson's excellent paper, since that is what we hope we know most about. Twists in relatively wide conveyor belt unavoidably produce a lateral maldistribution of tension, raising tension at belt edges and reducing it at the center. They also produce a lateral collapsing force on the belt at the center of the twist owing to the inherent tendency of all the longitudinal elements of the belt to try to pass through a point at the twist center. Calculation of the twist geometry by the methods shown in Mr. Thompson's paper keeps these extraordinary forces within limits which the belt designer can tolerate. No reduction in belt life due to twisting need be contemplated when this geometry is maintained. There is a minor exception that belts of extreme lateral flexibility will tend to curl laterally at the center of the twist. However, any ordinary fabric construction will perform satisfactorily in this respect. These twists are always made in regions of low tension in the conveyor so that even in the edges of the twist, belt tension does not exceed the average tension found in highly stressed regions of the conveyor. Offsetting these out-of-ordinary belt stresses is the advantage that Mr. Thompson has brought out of getting the return run up out of the dirt where it can be seen. This not only makes it easier to train, but also, in the event that it is not properly trained, frees it of the normal return run edge wear hazard. It is well known that return run edge wear is a prominent cause of belt mortality underground. An interesting aspect of this two-way conveyor is that the belt may be made what is known as a Mobius Strip. A Mobius Strip is obtained by splicing a belt after turning one end of it 180" about its longitudinal axis. In other words, one end is turned upside down before splicing. A belt spliced in this fashion turns itself upside down every time it comes around, but the twist which has been put in the splicing, of course, stays at one location on the conveyor, in this case one of the twist sections at the end. Turning the belt over every revolution might have advantages in some cases. Belts could be made with equal covers and the two sides worn equally and simultaneously. In this case there would be no problem of getting belts on upside down by mistake. However, the two-way conveyor does not have to be a Mobius Strip. It can be twisted in such fashion that the same side is up on both runs. It is simply a question of which way the final 90" twist is made before joining the ends. Another interesting aspect of the two-way conveyor is the problem of operating two-way conveyors in series. Here the sequencing of starting brings up some new problems. It will be recognized, although not always at first glance, that if the starting sequence is planned for one run of the conveyor the reverse will result on the other run. With the two runs carrying bulk material in both directions a reverse sequence on one run would be intolerable. In this situation the only solution appears to be a simultaneous starting of all conveyors in the series. However, with the coal in one direction and intermittent supplies in the other it would be entirely practical to sequence the conveyors for the coal run and accept a reverse sequence on the supply run. The two-way conveyor also lends itself to new driving possibilities. First, it is quite possible to drive at the head end of each run, which of course, means a drive at each end of the two-way conveyor. Driving in this way a given belt can be extended to substantially greater lengths than a conventional conveyor with drive at one end only. In addition to this, under certain conditions the conveyor can be extended to extreme length by driving at one end and at some intermediate point on the most heavily loaded run. As a particular case, a belt carrying coal downgrade and supplies back upgrade could be extended to extreme lengths by driving at the head of the coal run and at an intermediate point of the supply run. Mr. Thompson has been a pioneer in belt conveyor transportation underground and his accomplishment here with the first two-way conveyor of any consequence is another notable addition to the art.

Jan 1, 1954

The official Institute reports for the year 1929 were distributed in pamphlet form at the Annual Meeting, February, 1930, and were later included in Section 2 of Mining and Metallurgy, June, 1930, and thus made available to the entire membership. Membership In its report the Admissions Committee set forth the changes in membership during 1929, as follows: Total membership, Jan. 1, 1928, 8582; elected and placed on rolls in 1929, including 59 reinstatements, 509; loss by resignations in 1929, 88; loss by death in 1929, 110; loss by suspension in 1929, 37; membership at end of year not including Student Associates, 8856. Distribution of membership: Honorary Members, 16; Members, 6590; Junior Members, 38; Associates, 1041; Junior Associates, 1033; Rocky Mountain, 138; total membership, Jan. 1, 1930, 8856; Student Associates, 150; total including student associates, 9006. Treasurer's Annual Report, Year of 1929 Statement of Receipts For the year ended December 31, 1929 Dues: Arrears............................................ $ 3,501.75 Current............................................ 97,257.12 New Members...................................... 5,721.50 Advance........................................... 1,970.79 $108,451.16 Initiation Fees.................................................. 7,436.00 Magazine Receipts: Advertising Gross Receipts........................... $40,610.81 Magazine Sales..................................... 3,799.84 44,410.65 Sale of Transactions Current........................... $ 2,985. 15 Sale of Special Editions Current........................ 5,147.82 Sale of Back Transactions and Special Editions........... 4,186.93 Sale of Year Book..................................... 65.50 Sale of Authors' Reprints.............................. 2,585.40 Sale of Pins and Fobs.................................. 14.73 Sale of Technical Publications.......................... 1,451.55 Sale of Bindings...................................... 3,949.13 20,376.21 Net Interest Received: On Bank Balance and Temporary Investments......... $ 2,595.04 On Lie Membership Fund........................... 3,223.43 On James Douglas Library Fund...................... 5,425.61 On General Reserve Fund............................ 2,015.58 13,259.66 Miscellaneous Receipts........................................... 335.80 Total Receipts................................................ $194,269.48

Jan 1, 1930

By John T. Galey

In all, 210 wellst were completed in southwestern Pennsylvania during 1939, which is 59 more than were drilled during the preceding year. Of this number, 137 were gas wells, which is a considerable increase from the 81 completed during 1938. Only 25 oil wells were completed, as against 28 in the previous year, and 28 dry holes, 6 more than last year. Shallow Development—Gas The increase in the number of gas wells is largely the result of a search for additional gas in Armstrong and Indiana Counties. Although a considerable number of wells were drilled in the latter county, the majority of them produced less than 100 M cu. ft. initial open flow. In Armstrong County, a new pool was opened in Cowanshannock township, producing from the third Bradford sand. Several large wells were obtained there, one of which produced an initial of nearly 12 million cu. ft., with a reservoir pressure of 1100 Ib. However, the productive area has been fairly well outlined by further drilling and shows that the pool covers only about 800 acres. The sand is 20 to 30 ft. thick, and probably has 5 to 6 ft. of pay. Thus this reserve is not an important one. Several wells were found in Menallen township, Fayette County, where the Big Injun sand has been having a play for the past three years, but the activity there is much less than a year ago. Oil On the west side of the Bradford sand gas pool, Cowanshannock township, Armstrong County, a well was drilled which flowed 100 bbl. the first day from the Tiona sand. The probability is that this well is a freak, as the Tiona has been drilled within a fairly close distance on every

Jan 1, 1940

The official Institute reports for the year 1929 were distributed in pamphlet form at the Annual Meeting, February, 1930, and were later included in Section 2 of Mining and Metallurgy, June, 1930, and thus made available to the entire membership. Membership In its report the Admissions Committee set forth the changes in membership during 1929, as follows: Total membership, Jan. 1, 1928, 8582; elected and placed on rolls in 1929, including 59 reinstatements, 509; loss by resignations in 1929, 88; loss by death in 1929, 110; loss by suspension in 1929, 37; membership at end of year not including Student Associates, 8856. Distribution of membership: Honorary Members, 16; Members, 6590; Junior Members, 38; Associates, 1041; Junior Associates, 1033; Rocky Mountain, 138; total membership, Jan. 1, 1930, 8856; Student Associates, 150; total including student associates, 9006. Treasurer's Annual Report, Year of 1929 Statement of Receipts For the year ended December 31, 1929 Dues: Arrears............................................ $ 3,501.75 Current............................................ 97,257.12 New Members...................................... 5,721.50 Advance........................................... 1,970.79 $108,451.16 Initiation Fees.................................................. 7,436.00 Magazine Receipts: Advertising Gross Receipts........................... $40,610.81 Magazine Sales..................................... 3,799.84 44,410.65 Sale of Transactions Current........................... $ 2,985. 15 Sale of Special Editions Current........................ 5,147.82 Sale of Back Transactions and Special Editions........... 4,186.93 Sale of Year Book..................................... 65.50 Sale of Authors' Reprints.............................. 2,585.40 Sale of Pins and Fobs.................................. 14.73 Sale of Technical Publications.......................... 1,451.55 Sale of Bindings...................................... 3,949.13 20,376.21 Net Interest Received: On Bank Balance and Temporary Investments......... $ 2,595.04 On Lie Membership Fund........................... 3,223.43 On James Douglas Library Fund...................... 5,425.61 On General Reserve Fund............................ 2,015.58 13,259.66 Miscellaneous Receipts........................................... 335.80 Total Receipts................................................ $194,269.48

Jan 1, 1930

A price list of publications of the Geological Survey, complete to May, 1931, and with separate monthly notices of publications to (late, will be sent upon application to The Director, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. A leaflet is issued each month listing new publications; it will be sent upon application to the Director, as well as Circulars containing information about topographic maps. Book publications of the Survey include (1) Annual Reports, (2) Monographs, (3) Professional Papers, (4) Bulletins, (5) Water Supply Papers, (6) chapters and volumes of Mineral Resources of the United States, (7) Folios of the Geologic Atlas of the United States and the World Atlas of Commercial Geology, (8) Topographic Folios and Topographic Maps that bear descriptive texts. Monographs, Folios of the Geologic Atlas of the United States and the World Atlas of Commercial Geology, and Topographic Folios and Topographic Maps, are not distributed free. A publication of one of the other classes can be distributed free only until the end of the fiscal year following that in which it was issued. No person can obtain more than one free copy of the same publication, and general requests for free publications, such as all of any series or all on any subject, can not be granted. In ordering publications one is requested to give both the series designation, as Bulletin 738 or Professional Paper 122, and the title. Give full address, plainly written, including county. Prepayment is required and may he made by postal, or express money order payable to the official charged with the sale of the publications. requested, as indicated in the discussion of each classification following; or it may be made in cash-exact amount -at sender's risk. Postage stamps are not accepted in payment for publications.

Jan 1, 1933

By G. S. Hume

ACTIVE drilling operations for oil were carried on during the summer of 1923 in various parts of, western Canada, particularly in Alberta. During the early part of the summer, interest centered in southern Alberta, in the Coutts area, just north of the producing Kevin-Sunburst field of Montana; but on Nov. 14 a strike of oil by British Petroleums Ltd. at its well near Wainwright, 120 mi. east of Edmonton, diverted public attention to a new field. According to present estimates, this well has a possible production of from 60 to 100 bbl. a day; the oil is 15° Be. with an asphaltic base and is obtained from a sand at the depth of 2019-2036 ft. The oil stands at 1700 ft. in the casing and there is sufficient gas pressure to cause it to flow when the well is opened. The oil horizon is in a sandstone in rocks of Colorado age. It is known that there is a terrace structure of which the western edge extends in a northwesterly direction from the vicinity of Hardisty to Viking, where it probably swings more to the north. At Viking a small dome-like structure on this terrace gives rise to an important gas field. Wainwright lies directly northeast of Hardisty. The exact structure in the Wainwright field is unknown. At Fabyan, 6 mi. northwest of Wainwright, the Imperial Oil Co.1 last year brought 1n a large gas well estimated at 14,000,000 cu. ft.; the escaping gas sprayed a small amount of heavy black oil over the derrick. The gas was obtained at a depth of 2727 ft., deeper drilling encountering a water sand. The results of drilling in the Wainwright field are encouraging for future development.

Jan 3, 1924

By John T. Galey

In all, 210 wellst were completed in southwestern Pennsylvania during 1939, which is 59 more than were drilled during the preceding year. Of this number, 137 were gas wells, which is a considerable increase from the 81 completed during 1938. Only 25 oil wells were completed, as against 28 in the previous year, and 28 dry holes, 6 more than last year. Shallow Development—Gas The increase in the number of gas wells is largely the result of a search for additional gas in Armstrong and Indiana Counties. Although a considerable number of wells were drilled in the latter county, the majority of them produced less than 100 M cu. ft. initial open flow. In Armstrong County, a new pool was opened in Cowanshannock township, producing from the third Bradford sand. Several large wells were obtained there, one of which produced an initial of nearly 12 million cu. ft., with a reservoir pressure of 1100 Ib. However, the productive area has been fairly well outlined by further drilling and shows that the pool covers only about 800 acres. The sand is 20 to 30 ft. thick, and probably has 5 to 6 ft. of pay. Thus this reserve is not an important one. Several wells were found in Menallen township, Fayette County, where the Big Injun sand has been having a play for the past three years, but the activity there is much less than a year ago. Oil On the west side of the Bradford sand gas pool, Cowanshannock township, Armstrong County, a well was drilled which flowed 100 bbl. the first day from the Tiona sand. The probability is that this well is a freak, as the Tiona has been drilled within a fairly close distance on every

Jan 1, 1940