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By E. P. Bucklen

Simulation is a tool useful in the evaluation of the probable effect which various changes may have on the performance of time-dependent systems. This is especially true as far as rail transportation in mining is concerned. The VPI-OCR RAILSIM program is a computer program designed specifically for solving a broad range of problems encountered in the design of haulage systems of new mines as well as in the operation of haulage systems in existing mines. This program is one of several computer applications for evaluating mining systems developed at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University under contract with the Office o f Coal Research of the U.S. Dept. of the Interior. The RAILSIM program uses Monte Carlo techniques to introduce variability in the occurrence of events such as would be observed in real systems. Data are required to describe the haulage network, locomotives, stationary facilities, and other miscellaneous parameters. Output from the program lists measures of performance that are useful in assessing the capabilities and limitations of given system configurations. The output information may cover many shifts of operation to indicate the broad range of variation and interaction which can occur as the system responds to varying levels of demand for service. The RAILSIM program was tested extensively in mining operations. The results of some of these tests are used to illustrate the usefulness of this program.

Jan 1, 1972

THE following employment items are made available to AIME on a non-profit basis by the Engineering Societies Personnel Service, Inc., operating in cooperation with the Four Founder Societies. Local offices of the Personnel Service are at 8 W. 40th St., New York 18; 100 Farnswarth Ave., Detroit; 57 Past St., San-Francisco; 84 E. Randalph St., Chicago 1. Applicants should address all mail to the proper key numbers in care of the New York Office and include 6c in stamps far forwarding and returning application. The applicant agrees, if placed in a position by means of the Service, to pay the placement fee listed by the Service. AIME members may secure a weekly bulletin of positions available far $3.50 a quarter, $12 a year. MEN AVAILABLE Graduate Mining Engineer, 38; married, two children, Dutch nationality. Experience bauxite open-pit dragline, stripping and mining, nickel silicateous ore exploration, tin lode mining and dredging, ore dressing research, administrative. work, all in responsible positions. Read, write and/or speak seven languages. Desires responsible position. Presently located Netherlands. M-655. Mining Geologist, 35, married, 3 children, Canadian citizen. Eight years' experience Canadian gold mines as geologist, chief engineer, shift boss, 3 years in western U. S. as surveyor, junior geologist, etc. Desires position of responsibility. Prefer western United States. M-656-478-E-3-San Francisco. Mining Engineer, 30 years' experience open-pit and underground coal and iron mines. Held positions engineer to manager. Desire position of responsibility in foreign field. M-659.

Jan 1, 1952

By Robert B. Smith

The South Texas Mineral Trend is now estimated to contain uranium reserves of 150 million pounds U308 . Within the past year, an estimated 10 million pounds U308 have been added to this gross reserve. It is probable that a similar amount has been identified in previously unknown orebodies that, as yet, have not been delimited or announced. Exploration that was limited in the past to a narrow band containing only the known trend has now expanded into older sediments updip and into younger units towards the coast. Uranium host formations are also now being explored at a considerable depth and distance eastward from known deposits. Only about 30 percent of the potential uranium host rocks in South Texas have been adequately explored. Geology The South Texas uranium deposits are confined mainly to sediments of the Tertiary system. Reserves are divided almost equally between the Whitsett Formation of the Jackson Group, the Catahoula Formation, and the Oakville Formation. A minor amount of the reserves occurs in sands of the Goliad Formation which may be either in the Tertiary or Quaternary Epoch. Figure 1 is a geologic column of the South Texas uranium host formations. These producing formations are marked with a mine symbol but there are also several prospect symbols that denote potentially favorable uranium host formations both younger and older from the producing formations. It is generally accepted by most workers in South Texas that the source for the uranium is the volcanic ash that is abundant within several of the formations. Likewise, the required reductant is considered to be hydrogen sulfide gas, derived from deeper seated hydrocarbon accumulations, that emanate upward along fault zones into favorable host-rock sand units. Within this basic framework of source, host, structure and hydrocarbons is where most of the reserves have been discovered and where most of the current exploration is either concentrating or expanding. Structure in South Texas is predominantly faults. Swarms of faults exist in zones paralleling the coast and running from the Rio Grande to the Sabine River. These faults are usually growth faults with the down-dropped block on the coastward side. Displacement may range from a few feet to a few hundred feet. Dips are near vertical in the younger rocks at the surface but become flatter as the fault cuts older beds in the subsurface. A map of the oil and gas fields in South Texas indicates a correlation between these fault swarms and accumulations of hydrocarbons. It is not coincidental that the known uranium trends closely follow the hydrocarbon accumulations and the faults swarms, all of which supports the theory of uranium concentration by groundwater movement through volcanic ash-rich beds into favorable host rocks impregnated with reducing hydrogen sulfide gases that migrate upward along fault planes from hydrocarbon accumulations. History Newcomers to South Texas are often amazed that active entry is possible in a district that has produced uranium for over 20 years. Understanding the conditions and occurrences of the past would explain why the opportunity still exists for companies not now active in South Texas to become active. Uranium was discovered in the middle 1950's in sandstone units of the Jackson Group at Tordillo Hill in Karnes County. This discovery was followed by a rush involving most of the major uranium exploration companies as well as several of the not-so-major. Those western prospectors who were used to numerous outcrops and neat land subdivisions were further discouraged by the small size and low grade of the deposits. Then after a brief blast, they left South Texas as they found it and returned to the richer diggings of New Mexico and Wyoming. Susquehanna Western was the only one to stay and develop mines in the area. Eventually they discovered enough ore along the Jackson outcrop to warrant constructing a small mill. They managed, with limited budget and diligent effort, to find enough ore to keep the mill going and eventually expanded into exploration in other formations. By the late 1960's, Susquehanna was mining from both the Jackson and Oakville deposits. About this time, the oil companies began to enter the uranium industry and found, that because of sound forward planning, they controlled the uranium on vast tracts of acreage. At this time, which was more than ten years after discovery, there was so little literature on South Texas uranium deposits that the oil companies began following the known trends and off-setting known orebodies. This, and a few kicks on some well gammaray logs, lead to the discovery of new areas in formations that previously had n o uranium discoveries. Still, the following of the trend as it crossed from one formation to another was the main geologic guide. Nowadays, we in South Texas feel that science has entered into the quest to discover new orebodies. The work of Galloway has indicated new pathways to explore. The understanding of multiple stages of oxidation and reduction has created some doubt about areas drilled in the past and abandoned. The expanded use of oil well logs and geochemical prospecting has lured the more progressive exploration companies off the mineral trend and into unexplored areas. Prognostication The fact that uranium exploration in South Texas has been active for only the past ten years is not an indication that South Texas is not a major uranium district. The geology of the South Texas uranium deposits as described here serves only to indicate that similar geology extends in all directions from the known mineral trend as can be seen on Figure 2.

Jan 1, 1979

By AIME AIME

DESPITE the fact that its membership is spread over every continent of the globe, the Petroleum Division was able to report a very substantial attendance at its meetings. Careful planning on the part of its chairman, J. B. Urnpleby, and his associates resulted in the presentation of a program that was of timely interest -and led to discussions that will unquestionably prove to be of major value to the petroleum engineer and to the oil industry in general. Scheduling of meetings so as to avoid all conflicts made it possible to obtain a higher average attendance at the several sessions* than in previous years, and gave everyone a chance to hear all of the papers that he was interested in. The chairmen of the various meetings are to be congratulated especially for their skill in handling them so that at .no time was there the least indication of lagging interest.

Jan 1, 1930

By A. M. Rowe

A considerable quantity of experimental hydrocarbon K-factor data has been correlated as a function of component identity, temperature, pressure and convergence pressure. To utilize these correlations effectively, convergence pressure must be determined accurately, particularly for volatile mixtures near their critical states. This paper presents phase diagrams that illustrate physically the meaning of convergence pressure. A new method, referred to hereafter as the "critical composition method", will be outlined for calculating convergence pressure. An example calculation has been included to illustrate how to use this new technique. INTRODUCTION The principle of hydrocarbon phase composition calculations as applied to such diverse problems as optimizing separator performance or predicting fluid compositions at various stages of reservoir depletion is the same. Usually, temperature, pressure and the numbers of moles of the various components of the fluid contained in a given volume are known. Questions answered by the phase calculation are what fraction of the total mass of fluid exists in each of the equilibrium phases, and what are the mole fractions of the various components in the two phases? To answer these questions the Natural Gasoline Supplymen's Assoc. (NGSMA) has correlated a considerable quantity of K-factor data as a function of temperature, pressure, component identity and convergence pressure.l To use these correlations to obtain the best answers possible, one must be able to calculate the convergence pressure. This is particularly true for over-all fluid compositions in the neighborhood of the critical state. STATEMENT OF THEORY Use of convergence pressure as a correlating parameter is based on a postulate similar to the law of corresponding states used in correlating PVT data of hydrocarbon gases. This postulate, which proposes convergence pressure as a correlating parameter, has been stated as follows: "The equilibrium vaporization constant for one component in a complex system is the same as the equilibrium constant at the same temperature and pressure for the same number or kind of components, providing only that the convergence pressures of the two systems are exactly the same at the same temperature and that the components are of the same homologous series".2 This law, as with all laws of physics, cannot be proven theoretically. It can only be justified by experimental data supporting its premises. Arguments have been made that this law violates Gibb's phase rule. For example, consider a four-component system. By Gibb's phase rule, which is thermodynamically rigorous, f = c — P + 2 =4, for a four-component, two-phase system. Thus, four independent intensive variables must be specified to establish completely all the intensive variables of the equilibrium phases. On the other hand, according to convergence pressure theory, only three variables need be specified for any mixture containing four different components. These variables are temperature, pressure and convergence pressure. Thus, the two laws appear to be in conflict. However, the convergence pressure postulate is more restrictive than Gibb's phase rule. It applies only to mixtures of the same homologous series. Hence, these two concepts are not in disagreement. PHASE DIAGRAMS DESCRIBING CONVERGENCE PRESSURE This paper presents phase diagrams grading from the simple two-component system to the more complex four-component system to illustrate convergence pressure. A less abstract definition of convergence pressure will be stated that is

By AIME AIME

FELIX E. WORMSER was born in Santa Barbara on Oct. 31,1894, so is one of the youngest members of the Board, only H. D. Wilde t 39) and W. M. Peirce (43) being his juniors. After graduating from the Columbia School of Mines as an E.M. in 1912, he went West and worked for the Snake River Mines, the Baker Mines Co., and the Cornucopia Mines CO., all in Oregon. Then for a year or two he was the youngest U. S. Mineral Surveyor in Oregon. In 1918 he was in the Army from which he was honorably discharged as a Second Lieutenant. Early in 1919 he joined the staff of the Bureau of Mines, at Washington, assisting in compiling reports and in War Minerals Relief work. His acquaintance there with J. E. Spurr led to his joining the staff of the Engineering and Mining Journal as assistant editor in April, 1920. He specialized in market studies and assisted in the compilation of the Journal's metal quotations until June, 1925, when he resigned to engage in active mining examination and consulting' work in the Northwest for H. H. Armstead. Three years later he returned to New York at the time of the formation of the Lead Indus- tries Association, becoming its Secretary and Treasurer, a position that he has since held.

Jan 1, 1940

By John W. King

Uranium ore was first discovered in the Edgemont district of the southern Black Hills in the summer of 1951. The discovery was not made known for some time, but after the news leaked out prospecting became intense, and several hundred claims were staked in the spring of 1952. The Hot Springs Sub Office of the Atomic Energy Commission was established at that time and airborne radiometric surveys were commenced by the Government and by private companies. During the succeeding summer another important discovery was made by private airborne surveys in the northern Black Hills, and the area favorable for uranium ore was expanded many times. Between that summer of 1952 and the present, many individuals and groups have explored, developed, and exploited their claims until now uranium ore is produced in significant quantities and substantial reserves have been developed. The Black Hills portion of the geologic map of the U. S. issued by the U. S. Geological Survey is shown in Fig. 1. Sedimentary formations are exposed as a series of cuestas and hogbacks in a roughly annular pattern with the older sediments resting on the pre-Cambrian core, which is exposed in the eastern and southern portions of the dome.

Jan 1, 1956

By E. Goldin, H. J. Juretschke

THE electrical properties of porous conductors have been studied ever since such materials, usually prepared by pressing and sintering of metallic powders, obtained practical importance. In most cases, however, the results have not been easy to interpret because of the great number of independent variables such as powder size, pressure, pressing rate and temperature, subsequent thermal history, porosity, and so on, which enter into the fabrication of industrially desirable materials. In recent years an interpretation of these properties has become of interest because the electrical properties of many new substances, prepared as fine powders by crystallization from the vapor phase or by reactions in the solid state at high temperatures, have to be determined on porous samples formed from the powder. Since theoretically significant information must refer to the fully dense state of the material, it is important to relate the electrical properties measured on such porous samples to those expected for a sample of 100 per cent density. A simple theory for the porosity dependence of the electrical conductivity and the Hall effect was recently proposed by Juretschke, Landauer, and Swanson.' Their model, assuming a distribution of pores of equal size and shape, sufficiently far apart so that each pore is embedded in a region of uni-

Jan 1, 1959

By Frederick J. Rich

INTRODUCTION Coal characterization involves a variety of analyses which are designed to yield as much information as possible about the properties of coal. The types of analyses which are now regarded as necessary for any truly quantitative assessment of coal include the following: 1. proximate analysis 2. ultimate analysis 3. petrographic analysis The two traditional forms of analyses are the proximate and ultimate types. A proximate determination reveals the amount of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash which are present in the coal. Nowadays, a sulfur determination is usually included in the proximate analysis. The ultimate analysis, in contrast, includes a major alkaline oxide determination, which tells how much sodium, calcium, and potassium are found in a sample. Sulfur forms, i.e. sulfide and sulfate vs organic sulfur, are also identified as well as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and trace element concentrations. Proximate and ultimate analyses have been used for many years. The petrographic analysis, one which identifies and quantifies organic microcomponents of coal, is a comparatively new technique of coal characterization. Petrography adds great detail to a coal analysis and, to be sure, is a necessary component of any complete analysis. Coal is not at all uniform in its composition. Material from different mines within one coal-producing region will display varia-

Jan 1, 1983

By P. L. De Bruyn, R. J. Charles

The transfer of kinetic energy of translation into other forms of energy by impact is a fundamental process in most crushing and grinding operations. During and after the impact process the original source energy may be accounted for in any of the following possible forms: 1) Kinetic energy of translation of both the impacted and impacting objects. 2) Kinetic energy of vibration of the components of the impact system. 3) Potential energy as strain energy of the components of the system or in the form of residual stresses. 4) Heat generated by internal friction during plastic deformation or during damping of elastic waves. 5) New surface energy of fractured materials. At any instant during the impact process only the strain energy of the components of the system can contribute directly to the brittle fracture process. If fracture is the desired result, as in comminution, it would seem advantageous to choose or arrange the conditions of impact so that a maximum amount of the original kinetic energy could be converted to strain energy at some moment during a single impact. The present work deals with determination of these desirable conditions for a simple case of impact and application of the principles involved to general cases of impact.

Jan 1, 1956

By Robert M. McGeorge, Edward S. Frohling

Most mining engineers and metallurgists who get out of school usually wind up working for a large or medium-sized company and are seldom heard of again. The enterprising few who decide to go into business for themselves soon discover that while they can adequately tackle the various technical problems involved in developing a new ore body, they know little about putting together a feasibility study-and even less about financing their project. If you are in that predicament, you'll probably tend to view the financing problem as insurmountable, especially when the economy is in a slump, capital is scarce or seemingly non-existent, the equity market is in the doldrums, labor and equipment costs keep going up relentlessly-and, to make things worse, you must operate within the competitive context created by large mining firms that seem to have in abundance all the capital and managerial expertise you feel you lack. If it's any consolation, many potentially successful properties, whether owned by big companies or small firms like yours, never reach the production stage either because of illogical expenditures made in the early phases of development or because of inefficient management. And inefficient management is a common plague in big and small companies

Jan 9, 1975

By James Cudworth

THE Birmingham district of Alabama has utilized the slag from its blast furnaces consistently since the earliest development of the slag industry. Today there are producers of slag cement who started business in 1900, and who have, under a progressive policy, expanded the number of their products to meet present demands. There are producers of slag aggregates and other crushed slag products who have been successful for periods of over thirty years. There are at the present two companies, Cheney Lime and Cement Co. and the Southern Cement Co., manu-facturing puzzolan cement; three companies, Birmingham Slag Co., Woodstock Slag Co., and Swann Chemical Co., making slag aggregates and by-products; one company, Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railway Co., a subsidiary of the U. S. Steel Corporation, producing ground open-hearth basic slag for soil conditioning. Two companies, the Sloss Sheffield Steel and Iron Co. and the Woodstock Slag Co., make slag concrete in ready-mix plants and one company, the Superock Company, manufactures fine and coarse slag aggregates under a new granulation process. No Portland cement is made with slag as an ingredient, because dolomite is used so extensively as a blast-furnace flux that the magnesium content of the slag is excessive.

Jan 1, 1937

By George B. Clark

THE geological data emphasized so successfully in prospecting for new deposits, that is, structural controls, strength of solutions, and type of mineralization, are basically those required for successful exploitation. In the mining of newly discovered deposits the most economical methods should be employed as early as possible to keep the overall cost per unit produced at a minimum and to permit maximum extraction of valuable minerals. A crucial question is: How can geological data be translated into useful quantitative results which will aid in achieving this end? H. E. McKinistry1 has suggested that a solution may be reached in one of two ways: 1-the usual approach, use of judgment based on experience; or 2-mathematical calculations and tests on models, both subject to certain limitations. He also suggests that in addition to better use of geology more case data and theoretical data are needed on which to base sound judgment. Further research, therefore, is necessary. Perhaps in this field the emphasis should be on more specialization in mining methods and ground movement by men with thorough training in physics, engineering, geology, and underground mining. These specialists would be equipped to point out the most economical and scientific methods of exploitation.

Jan 8, 1954

By J. W. Axelson, J. N. S. Kwong, J. T. Adams, E. L. Pire, J. F. Johnson

CRUSHING has always been a major operation in the chemical and metallurgical industries, yet little is known about the theory of crushing, and today, the design of crushers is still based almost entirely on empirical knowledge and accumulated practical experience. In view of the increasing national need for the economic working of poorer grades of ores, the lack of a fundamental understanding of this unit operation hardly presents a satisfactory situation. Basic investigations of crushing have been concerned mainly with three phases of the problem, 1—the mechanism of the fracture process itself, 2— the particle size distribution of the crushed product, and 3—the relationship between the energy input and the amount of new surface produced. Probably adequate information on these phases will be required for a comprehensive understanding of the process of crushing. A bibliography covering these phases will be given as well as a review of the work done in recent years at the University of Minnesota on the relationship between the energy input for crushing and the amount of new surface produced. Fracture of Solids This phase of the crushing problem is the most fundamental because it is concerned with the actual mechanism of fracture. The main problems in a study of the fracture process are concerned with the questions of why and how fracture occurs and why there is such a discrepancy between the actual and theoretical energies needed in a fracture process. In considering the how of fracture, Poncelet40 carried Out experiments On the crushing of glass under compression. Actual photographs were taken of the glass plates in various stages of fracture-From these experiments Poncelet was able to postulate a probable mechanism of fracture. Probably because of the quantitative nature of the problem, considerable effort has been expended to find an explanation for the low tensile strength of materials and the conversely high energy for crushing. Tensile strengths are often only 1/500 of the theoretical while the energy for crushing is usually at least 500 times the theoretical. A review of the work to explain the low strength of glass is given by Weyl,52 in which the work of Griffith," Joffe,32 and Powell and Preston " are discussed. In a recent paper Seitz46 holds that the presence of flaws and fissures, as originally expounded by Griffith, is the most probable reason for the low strength of metals. Since a mass of data has been accumulated on the fracture strength of materials, several investigators have attempted to correlate this data in the form of an equation. Glathart and Preston," Taylor,40 Ponce-let,40 Machlin and Norwich," and Frederickson and Eyring,20 have all considered this problem, and the final relationship has always been that the stress for fracture is proportional to the logarithm of time. Murgatroyd30 arrived at a very similar relationship by a different method. The study of the fracture process has used many methods. Among some of these are the thermody-namic approach used by Furth21 which was based on the work of BornxL and later used by Saibel,43 and the statistical method applied by Fisher and Hollo-mon.10 In recent years metallurgists have concerned themselves with the problem of brittle .fracture as opposed to the usual plastic failure of metals. The great amount of interest shown is reflected by the number of contributors to the recent symposium on the fracture of metals.' Repeated failures of welded ships during World War II have accelerated these Studies.31,50,34 The shifting of thought from an emphasis on the

Jan 1, 1952

By Harold B. Goldman, Don Reining

The sand and gravel industry is the largest nonfuel mineral industry in the nation (Drake, 1972), Table 1. In 1970, the production of sand and gravel totaled 944 million tons valued at $1.1 billion. California, which leads the nation with more than 140 million tons, together with Michigan, Ohio, Minnesota, Illinois, Wisconsin, and New York, account for 43 % of the total production in the nation. In commercial usage, "sand" applies to rock or mineral fragments ranging in size from particles retained on a No. 200 sieve (0.074 mm openings) to those passing a No, 4 sieve (4.76 mm openings). "Gravel" consists of rock or mineral fragments larger than 4.76 mm, ranging up to 3%-in. maximum size. The construction industry consumes 96% of the sand and gravel produced; the remainder is sand used for specialized products such as glass (see the chapter on "Silica and Silicon"). Utilization The building industry uses sand and gravel chiefly as aggregate in portland cement concrete, mortar, and plaster; the paving industry uses sand and gravel in both asphaltic mixtures and portland cement concrete. Aggregate is commonly designated as the inert fragmental material which is bound into a conglomerate mass by a cementing material such as portland cement, asphalt, or gypsum plaster.

Jan 1, 1975

By Joseph G. Wargo

An investigation of trends in exploration expenditures for a selected group of mining companies was undertaken for the interval 1968-1971. These trends were compared with financial factors that are associated with various groups of companies and the implications of these trends are indicated. The sample consists of 21 mining companies, of these, 19 are listed on the New York Stock Exchange and 2 are listed on the American Exchange. Twenty are American, one is Canadian. All are fundamentally "mining companies" in that they derive the bulk of their income from the ex- traction, sale, and at times, fabrication of metals from their own mines. This is in contrast to companies which have mineral exploration departments but derive the bulk of their revenues from sources other than mining, such as oil and gas sales. No companies which can be considered strictly as exploration companies are included in the sample. This definition held up in 1968, however, its strict application became more difficult through the years. In 1971, three or four of the companies were changing their character in that they were phasing out of the mining business and deriving a substantial part of their income from activities other than mining.

Jan 5, 1973

By P. A. Beck, A. H. Lutts

IN the classical picture of recrystallization the growth of strain-free grains at the expense of a strained and work hardened matrix is responsible for the softening of cold worked metals on annealing. It has been commonly assumed that the release of the stored energy of cold work, softening, and re-orientation take place simultaneously, as the high angle boundaries of the new recrystallized grains sweep over the cold worked matrix. However, recent evidence indicates',' that, at least in some cases, considerable or even complete soften- ing may take place essentially without reorientation (i.e., without the migration of ordinary high angle grain boundaries, or "recrystallization'') and the release of most of the stored energy of cold work may precede softening. These cases suggest that the property changes, taking place during the annealing of cold worked metals, may be associated with various distinct processes. The study of such situations is of considerable interest, since quantitative data are still scarce. In the present work, isothermal softening curves were determined for a heavily rolled aluminum single crystal, under such conditions that no "recrystallization" occurred until after complete softening. The hardness data were correlated with X-ray diffraction pinhole patterns in order to detect any reorientation that may occur and with measure-

Jan 1, 1955

By A. D. Kennedy

No major breakthroughs in concentration technology were made during the year, but solid advances were made in engineering. Perhaps the most significant was the growing acceptance of the unified or "systems approach" to mineral extraction, processing, refining, transportation and marketing. Under the systems approach, transportation is no longer some- one else's business, but a high cost item within the planning engineer's purview. The Savage River pipeline 1,2 and the Marconaflo process3,4 for land and ocean transport of iron ore slurry, are examples showing that evaluation of transportation as part of a unitized system can lead to innovation, and the determination of the physical location of some of the operations. There is even speculation that the cost reductions possible by ocean transport of iron ore slurry may bring in more plants using direct-reduction steelmaking processes.4 Some perennial problems can be solved by application of the systems approach; for example, under this concept the replacement of three small shovels in the pit with two larger shovels is not permissible on the basis of lower operating costs; the resulting change in ore blending upon metallurgical performance must first be evaluated to prove whether or not the change is economically beneficial to the entire operation (perhaps new storage-blending facilities will be indicated).

Jan 1, 1970

An old philosopher once said, "God grant me the serenity to accept those things I cannot change, the courage to change those which I can, and the wisdom to know the difference." It is time to take stock of how the human race has progressed-whether the trend now points toward greater evils or finer things. It is time that we stop fooling ourselves and put into effect a program of "real" conservation. By this it is not meant that we limit our concept to planting new forests, preserving wild life or preventing soil erosion, but rather taking stock of the expectancy of our resources, expanding human resourcefulness and effecting careful utilization and replacing of, or producing substitutes for, material resources. Man is still dependent upon energy and matter in certain usable forms, despite the fact that energy is inherent in all matter. Until such progress is made that the energy contained in all matter can be controlled, man must continue to utilize the common fuels. Advancement of research in atomic energy has cast a gleam of hope for future use of the tremendous energy contained in the atom. Use of atomic power for industrial pursuits would open up limitless resources of power. This energy, of course, is a two-edged sword, since man's progress and his means of destruction have always evolved parallel to each other. Thus it is estab-

Jan 1, 1950

The Raymond Memorial Volume, which the Members of the In-stitute have been so anxiously awaiting since the beloved man's death, is nearly ready for publication. It will contain about 45,000 words and some illustrations and a frontispiece portrait. This book promises to fill every expectation of the contributors to the volume and the host of admirers of the genius who so long guided the destiny of the Institute. It will contain one of Doctor Raymond's best stories, entitled "James and Jim;" his famous article on "Job on Mining;" and one of his poems entitled "The Grand Canyon." A biography of Doctor Raymond has been written by his daughter, who is the wife of a member of the Institute. The memorial addresses delivered by Dr. Henry F. Drinker and T. A. Rickard at the annual meeting in New York in 1919 will be included. There will also be very interesting reminiscences by H. M. Howe, A. S. Dwight, C. W. Goodale, R. W. Hunt, Lyman Abbott, J. F. hemp, T. A. Rickard. The volume has been edited by T. A. Rickard, which promises all that can be wished for the volume from a literary standpoint. The edition will he limited so that it is very desirable that orders for this volume be sent in to the Institute as promptly as possible. The price will be $5.00.

Jan 12, 1919