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By Juan Rassmuss

El presente artículo señala el valor del azufre y la influencia del método de beneficio en lsu explotación. Asimismo, se describe los yacimientos de Piura y los de Báyovar, como del extremo norte está Ticsani, Tutupaca, Yucamani, Cano y en el Sur, Paucarany. La formación de estos yacimientos se debe a lla oxidación parcial de sulfuro de hidrógeno de origen volcánico, a excepción de los yacimientos de Bayovar y Piura, considerados como productos resuidual de petróleo.

Jul 1, 1956

By P B. Hills

Almost a quarter of a century since Bridges (1993) documented techniques for the assessment of ground conditions in a seminal paper in the Proceedings Second International Mining Geology Conference, the necessary role of the geologist in recording geotechnical data on exploration properties and in mines remains. Typically, the geologist is the first professional on the exploration property. Of course, most exploration properties don’t become mines. However, when a property does start to come together and form a coherent mineral deposit and professionals from across the minerals industry spectrum, including specialist geotechnical engineers, become increasingly involved, it remains the geologist who has the most intimate knowledge of the deposit. By association, that knowledge extends to the character of the rock mass.Throughout the various phases of prefeasibility, feasibility, construction and production, culminating in the mature mine, the knowledge of the rock mass held by the geologists continues to grow. In the current era of minimising cost and optimising profit, meeting the requirements and expectations of stakeholders ranging from fellow employees to investors, industry and financial regulators and the broader public, in a social environment where occupational health and safety concerns are of uppermost concern in every endeavour, the value of the geologists’ observations cannot be understated. Mines nowadays employ more geotechnical engineers than they did in the early 1990s when Bridges (1993) wrote his paper. More funds are available for specific geotechnical investigations of exploration properties and mines; none-the-less, those programs remain limited in their extent and there is a wealth of additional data available for collection with the appropriate training, at little additional effort. Fundamentally it is all about the numbers. Any hole not geotechnically logged is a hole that will need to be drilled again if the data is required. Any face, surface or underground, not geotechnically mapped is one that may need to be mapped a second time. That doesn’t mean every hole or every face. However, it is the proposition of this paper that the opportunity for additional geotechnical data to be gathered during traditional geological investigations is an opportunity that cannot be ignored. Occupational health and safety requirements demand that the geotechnical risks associated with mining are appropriately managed. Mining regulations in most Australian and overseas jurisdictions requires the consideration of geotechnical risk through formalised management plans. The Joint Ore Reserves Committee (JORC) Code requires the consideration of modifying factors more than ever before. The benefit to be realised through improved geotechnical understanding by geologists on the ground leads to improved occupational health and safety, optimised reporting compliance, and improved financial and social outcomes for the exploration property and ultimately for the mine that follows.CITATION:Hills, P B, 2017. The necessary role of the geologist in geotechnical data gathering, in Proceedings Tenth International Mining Geology Conference 2017, pp 347–354 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 20, 2017

By Siddhartha Roy, Hemant Agrawal, Ram Madhab Bhattacharjee, Devi Prasad Mishra

The paper addresses heat stress in underground coal mines, which poses significant threats to miners’ health, safety, and productivity. It involves a comprehensive ventilation survey in three deep and mechanized underground coal mines in India. Using VentSim software, 3D simulation models were developed to predict heat stress conditions and explore the application of auxiliary ventilation and spot coolers to reduce heat stress.

Oct 1, 2023

By Howard E. Rollman

South Central United States, an area including Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas, is a net exporter of refractories. Nearly $45 million of these materials was shipped in 1954 from plants in the area, compared with area consumption of $18.5 million. About 88 percent of all refractories production is concentrated in Missouri. The prevalent consumption pattern, however, is one of localized shortages. For example, although Texas uses more than half of the refractories consumed in the South Central United States, production of refractories in Texas is relatively small. Also, the apparent self-sufficiency of the area is in terms of value produced rather than in terms of products consumed. Nearly all of the $6,425,000 nonclay refractories consumed in the area were shipped from other States. Local resources possibly could be developed for making refractories to serve markets that currently are being supplied from outside the area. Since other industries are growing rapidly in the area, the market for refractories is expected to continue to grow--more rapidly than the national market. The Missouri refractories industry is economically important nationally. Nearly one-fourth of the clay refractories produced in the United States are made in Missouri. Moreover, Missouri produces most of the higher grade clay refractories, about 62 percent of the high-alumina refractories, and 85 percent of the superduty refractories. The competitive position of the Missouri refractories industry is strong. The national market for clay refractories and the market in the South Central United States are expected to continue to grow. The ratio of net income to the value of refractories shipped in Missouri is larger than the national average.

Jan 1, 1960

The Ringelmann Smoke Chart fulfills an important need in smoke abatement work and in certain problems in the combustion of fuels. A knowledge of its history and method of preparation is, therefore, of interest to many. Since instructions on its use are not shown on the recent edition of the chart, those included in this revision of the previous Bureau of Mines publication now are a necessary complement to the chart, More detail regarding the use of the chart is included than was given in the earlier version.

Jan 1, 1967

By Thomas M. Barczak

This U.S. Bureau of Mines report describes methods to enhance the capacity, stiffness, and timber utilization of wood crib supports. Since stiffer supports minimize strata deflections that contribute to roof instability, efforts to maximize crib stiffness while maintaining stability through a wide displacement range should be a design priority. The stiffness and capacity of conventional crib designs, employing alternating layers of wood timbers that are loaded perpendicular to the grain, can be increased by increasing the interlayer contact area or by using higher strength wood. Contact area can be increased by using wider timbers or employing more timbers per layer. Concepts that provide parallel-to-the-grain timber loading will provide substantial increases in crib stiffness and capacity. Two concepts that utilize this principle are examined: (1) an original South African design that constructs wood cribs from preformed layers (mats) of timber where short blocks are oriented vertically between horizontal slabs; and (2) a design that employs full lengths of timber placed vertically in the interior of a conventional crib structure. These designs also provide more efficient timber utilization by providing greater support capacity per volume of wood used in the crib construction.

Jan 1, 2010

By M. A. Cristovici

"In the last few years CANMET has taken the initiative by investigating the possibility of reactivating abandoned old tailings dumps (for gold production) which would be of potential economic interest across Canada.Nova Scotia was one location where numerous gold processing plants were in operation in the early days. A survey of the old tailing dumps was conducted and some areas of interest were selected. Among them were the sites identified as Lake Charlotte and Forest Hill.Ore samples collected from those tailing ponds were examined for their chemico-mineralogical composition and investigated for gold extraction. Three technological concepts were tested: flotation, direct cyanidation and flotation followed by cyanidation of the flotation concentrate. The combined flotation- cyanidation variant, yielding a gold recovery in the range of 90%, was recommended for processing the tailing ore.Pilot-plant runs carried out by a commercial testing firm (data not included in this paper) confirmed the conditions and results of CANMET's technology.As a result a consulting-engineering firm designed the processing plant which is expected to begin operation in the near future.IntroductionIn the last few years CANMET initiated a research program to locate in Canada, abandoned gold-silver tailing dumps of potential economic interest and to explore the possibility of recovering the precious metals from these old deposits by modern techniques.A literature search revealed that the first production of gold in Canada was recorded in British Columbia in 1858 and that, production prior to 1900 was essentially restricted to the Yukon, British Columbia Nova Scotia and Quebec. During the early 1900s, Ontario, Manitoba and the North West Territories joined the ranks of the gold producers.Early milling and recovery methods were mainly restricted to sluice boxes, gravity stamps and amalgamation. Froth flotation and cyanidation were introduced at about the turn of the century.Recovery of gold at plants using flotation and cyanidation was very good, therefore the tailing ponds resulting from those operations would, very likely be of little or no economic importance. However, the gold recovery at the amalgamation and gravity concentration plants appeared to be lower, indicating the possibility that significant amounts of recoverable gold would have been carried with the tailings to the dump sites."

Jan 1, 1986

By J. F. Breedis

The morphology and crystallography of marten -site formed during quenclzing were examined by transmission electron microscopy in alloys whose compositions lie between Fe-19 wt pct Cr-11 wt pet Ni and Fe-33 wt pet Ni. Depending upon composition, four types of transformation products were observed in this portion of the Fe-Cr-Ni system. Three of these products are denoted as lath, plate, and surface martensite. The hcp structure found in association with martensite it? certain higlz-clzromium stairzless steels does not influence the transformation crystallogyaphy and cannot he Considered to act as a transitional structure in the transformation from austenite to martensite. DISTINCT changes in the characteristics of mar-tensitic transformations are produced by the partial replacement of nickel by chromium in austenitic iron alloys. Large, discrete martensite plates form in Fe-30 pct Ni, while aggregates of small crystals form in sheets parallel with (111)A austenite planes in stainless steels containing in the vicinity of 18 pct Cr and 8 pct Ni. These transformation structures are termed plate and lath martensite, respectively. In addition, an hcp structure (E) has been observed in certain high-chromium stainless steels in association with martensite. It has been suggested that the E structure acts as an intermediate step in the nucleation of martensitel-' and influences the morphology and crystallography of the final transformation product. However, this structure may be the consequence of the deformation of austenite arising from the shape distortion accompanying the transformation to bcc martensite.' An hcp stacking of atoms is produced in an fcc lattice by the introduction of an intrinsic stacking fault on alternate (111)A planes. At present, the arguments behind each explanation for the E structure are based on circumstantial evidence. This investigation seeks to determine the importance of the hcp structure to the martensitic transformation, and to examine the crystallography and morphology of the structures produced in bulk samples by quenching in alloys whose compositions lie between Fe-19 wt pct Cr-11 wt pct Ni and Fe-33 wt pct Ni. These aspects of the martensitic transformations occurring in these alloys have been studied by electron metallography and selected-area diffraction of foils examined in transmission in the electron microscope. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS The alloys have been prepared from thoroughly mixed powders of pure iron (99.6+ pct, 0.06 max pct C, 0.15 max pct N), chromium (99.9+ pct), and nickel (99.9+ pct). After sintering in an Ar-H2 atmosphere, the mixtures were melted by induction heating in recrystallized alumina boats under purified argon. The ingots were cold-rolled to 0.4-mm sheets (100 pct reduction in thickness) after the removal of at least 1.5 mm from their surfaces by grinding. Three-millimeter discs were punched from the cold-rolled sheet and annealed at 1150°C for approximately 24 hr in evacuated quartz capsules. The average grain size was 40 µ Thin foils for examination in transmission in the electron microscope were prepared from discs quenched to liquid-nitrogen temperature. A depression was first jet-machined into the center of a disc and a thin area (less than approximately 3000A in thickness) was produced at the base of the depression by electropolishing. Electron-microscope studies utilized the RCA EMU-3 and the Philips EM-100B microscopes operating at 100 kv. X-ray examination of the polycrystalline alloys was performed either in a diffractometer or in a

Jan 1, 1964

By Peter J. Szabo

In 1980, a caravan of representatives of Japanese trading companies debarked on the shores of the United States bearing gifts of watches, electronic games, and radios. In early 1983, we find in a parking lot of a major U.S. coal company, a haggard general manager of marketing returning to the Orient with a box under his arm of trinkets of his own; cross pens with company logos, alarm clocks, etc. The tables have turned, but our fellow sitting in a jet plane over the Pacific Ocean had only to heed the warning of the famous 19th Century poet well familiar with the ways of the Far East. Kipling said; "And the End of the Fight is a tombstone white and with the name of the late deceased, And the epitaph drear, a fool lies here who tried to hustle the East."

Jan 1, 1984

By Guohua Bai, Lin Zhang, Shan He, Xuling Chen, Min Gan, Xiaohui Fan, Yanbin Tang

"For reducing the dust content in flue gas during copper smelting in the Ausmelt, technologies and mechanism of strengthening the pelletizing of copper concentrate were studied. The results show that adding bentonite, organic binder or composite binder can effectively enhance the strength of green pellet and reduce the rate of shedding powder in drying process, and composite binder works best. When adding 1 % of composite binder, the drop strength of green pellet increased from 1.9 times/P to 4.5 times/P, the rate of damage dropping from 2 m reduced from 50.12% to 13.08% and the rate of shedding powder reduced from 60.28% to 25.13% at drying temperature of 400111. In addition, the mechanism of binder absorbed in the surface of mineral was investigated by infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that composite binder absorbed in the surface of copper concentrate was in the form of chemisorptions, which made hydrophilic enhanced, while bentonite absorbed in the surface of copper concentrate was physisorption.IntroductionWith the technologies of copper smelting developing, the equipment of copper smelting steps into a large-scale and efficient level in recent years. As Ausmelt smelting is characterized by being efficient, environmentally-friendly and energy-saving, it is generally recognized by the enterprises of copper smelting [l]. The process of Ausmelt smelting starts with materials mixing, and then pelletizing. From this point onwards, pelletized balls are charged to the top of the furnace, undergoing drying and smelting reaction[2]. Since copper concentrate is fine-grained, directly adding into smelting furnace can make it blown out of the furnace together with the airflow upwards, rendering flue gas high in flue dust, which can cause the loss of concentrate greatly, and make smelting environment poor as well. The concentrate transported into the furnace and smelted after disc balling is conducive to improve the capacity of melting furnace during copper concentrate smelting, reduce the powder shedding rate and improve enterprise benefits."

Jan 1, 2013

By B. W. Madsen

Research by the Bureau of Mines has shown that treatment of open pit waste by crushing and sizing followed by flotation of the fines and leaching the coarse fraction results in greater metal recoveries than obtained by leaching only. Tests with a chalcocite-bearing quartz monzonite mine waste sample that had been crushed to minus 6 inches and screened on 1/2 inch yielded copper and silver recoveries of 71 and 22 percent, respectively, by the combined flotation-leaching process, compared with 48 percent of the copper and no silver recovered leaching the run-of-mine material. Copper was more readily leached from the coarse material with the minus 1/2-inch fines removed than from material with the fines included. The improved leaching was attributed to improved permeability and the associated improved circulation of air to the interior of the ore column. Cost estimates showed that the proposed intensive treatment of mine waste will require a greater capital investment and higher annual operating costs than conventional milling and dump leaching process. However, the income from the additional metal production offsets the increase in capital investment and operating costs, resulting in additional profit.

Jan 1, 1975

By Ana Cláudia Carioca

Devido à complexidade dos minérios itabiríticos, sua caracterização é necessária, com ênfase em microestrutura. Muito usado é o microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV), com microanalisador químico por dispersão de energia (EDS). Métodos computadorizados/automatizados de análise mineralógica e microestrutural, incluindo a liberação dos minerais, têm sido propostos, usando MEV-EDS. Um desses sistemas analíticos é o MLA (Mineral Liberation Analyser), que usa análise de imagens de elétrons retroespalhados (BSE) e espectros de raios-X (EDS) na identificação dos minerais, em secções polidas de partículas de minérios. Assim, geram-se mapas de composição microestrutural, com informações importantíssimas como liberação, associações minerais e análises modais. Há grande significado estatístico, pois vários milhares de partículas podem ser analisadas. Estudaram-se 4 amostras de minérios de ferro do Quadrilátero Ferrífero, MG, com graus diferentes de complexidade microestrutural. As faixas granulométricas (-0,500+0,300 mm e -0,300+0,212 mm) foram estudadas por difração de raios-X, espectrometria Mössbauer e MLA. Pelos métodos instrumentais, os minerais abundantes foram quartzo e hematita, obviamente; também foram identificados goethita, gibbsita e magnetita, minoritários; em geral, os dados do MLA foram consistentes com esses. O quartzo se encontra liberado em 3 amostras, acima de 90%; a exceção é a amostra APV4 com liberação de 60%, onde o quartzo está associado a hematita (principalmente) e goethita.

Aug 1, 2018

By José Marcelino dos Reis

Com o empobrecimento das jazidas minerais, os novos projetos industriais e as expansões das atuais usinas de tratamento de minério de ferro, em sua grande maioria, têm sido concebidos/ adaptados para processar itabiritos pobres para produção de pellet feed. Neste contexto, a otimização dos processos já existentes e/ou a implantação de projetos mais eficazes, são medidas fundamentais para a redução do teor de ferro no rejeito; consequentemente, maximiza-se a produção e a vida útil da jazida, além de reduzir os custos operacionais. O processo de flotação reversa de minério de ferro da usina de concentração de Brucutu responde por expressiva parcela de produção, sendo constituído por quatro estágios de concentração: rougher, cleaner, recleaner e scavenger. O concentrado final é produzido no estágio recleaner e o rejeito final no estágio scavenger, cujo teor médio atual é de 18% Fe. Objetivando reduzir o teor de Fe no rejeito scavenger da flotação para teores próximos a 10%, foi realizada uma série de testes exploratórios em bancada em diferentes faixas de pH, com adição de soda caustica e/ou amido gelatinizado. Os resultados obtidos em escala de bancada se mostraram bastante satisfatórios apresentando considerável ganho de recuperação mássica/ metalúrgica, o que motivou a realização de um projeto para viabilizar a implementação desta proposta.

Aug 1, 2018

By Y. Q. He

The dynamic behaviors of the air bubbles in the dense gas-solid fluidized bed have a significant effect on the performance of dry coal separation. The combined method of experimental measurement and numerical simulation were conducted to conduct the research of the mean diameters and rising velocities of the bubbles in the fluidized bed. The calculation models of mean diameter and rising velocity of the single bubble were proposed. The results indicate that the models of the mean diameter raised by Rowe (1976) and the rising velocity raised in this work could be used to predict the bubble dynamic parameters in gas-solid fluidized bed. With the Geldart B type of magnetite powder as the medium solids and while the gas velocity of 1.5Umf=U=2.2Umf, the mean bubble diameter along the bed height is 36mm<Db<45mm, and the mean rising velocity of the single bubble is distributed in 40~65cm/s. The results of experimental measurement, numerical simulation and model predication provide well agreements finally. Based on the uniform fluctuations of air bubbles diameters and their rising velocities, the separation experiments of 50~6mm dry coal using the mixture of 0.3~0.15mm magnetite powder and <1mm fine coal as medium solids were carried out. The results show that the probable error, E is 0.06, which indicates a good separation performance by using the gas-solid fluidized bed. Keywords: dense gas-solid fluidized bed, bubble dynamic behaviors, numerical simulation, separation performance

Sep 1, 2012

By H. Y. Sohn, Y. Mohassab, D. -Q. Fan, M. Elzohiery, A. Abdelghany

The Flash Ironmaking Technology being developed at the University of Utah is aimed at producing iron directly from iron oxide concentrate. In this technology, the concentrate is reduced by H2 and CO gas mixtures formed from the partial oxidation of natural gas in a flash reactor. Natural gas represents an economically and environmentally superior reductant/fuel for the flash ironmaking. The rate equations for the reduction kinetics by H2, CO and H2 + CO gas mixtures were determined in the temperature range 1150–1600 °C. These rate equations were applied to experimental results from a laboratory flash reactor using Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD simulation. A new mini-pilot reactor, which is capable of operating at 1150–1550 °C with a concentrate feeding rate of 2–5 kg/h, has been installed. Commissioning of the reactor with an emphasis on preheating of the reactor, production of reducing gas mixtures and the feeding and collection of iron ore concentrate and product particles has been completed.

Mar 1, 2017

By A. G. Moon

Kennecott Copper Corporation&apos;s Chino Mines Division concentrator is located in Hurley, New Mexico. Construction of the concentrator was started in 1910 and its capacity was progressively increased over the years to the present nominal 20, 425 t/d of ore (22, 500 stpd). The principal copper minerals present in the ore are chalcopyrite and chalcocite with much of the chalcotite intimately associated with pyrite. Lime is used to depress pyrite, and flotation at a high pH or alkalinity is required for optimum recovery of chalcocite with good rejection of the pyrite. Regrinding is also required to liberate chalcocite-pyrite middling grains. Accurate control of the lime addition is necessary to obtain both optimum metallurgy and minimum lime usage. At low pH levels, flotation cell control is difficult due to excess froth, but excessively high pH levels can go unnoticed because froth characteristics do not change from those experienced at the deisred pH. With manual control of the lime addition, the desired pH can be exceeded for periods of up to two hours. In 1972 a major renovation of the flotation and regrinding circuits was com¬pleted and at that time a new lime distribution and control system was placed in operation. Limestone is obtained from a nearby quarry west of Hurley. The limestone is crushed, sized and fed to a rotary kiln and the quicklime product is stored prior to slaking. The lime is slaked, as required, in a mixing tank-classifier type slaker and the lime slurry is pumped to a concentrator storage tank from which it is distributed through a conventional closed loop system. The current average lime usage rate is approximately 6 kg/t of ore (12 lb per st).

Jan 1, 1976

By Kazutoshi Haga, Ryo Kawarabuki, Atsushi Shibayama, Masato Kosugi, Masanobu Kawata, Refilwe S. Magwaneng, Kohei Mitsuhashi, Altansukh Batnasan

"The recovery of copper and iron from carbonaceous sulfide ore is of economic and environmental interest despite its processing difficulty. Hydrometallurgical methods can be used to concentrate sulfide metals of these hard-to treat ores in a simple and eco-friendly manner. In this study, high pressure acid leaching process was comprehensively studied to dissolve metals from an ore with organic carbon and carbonaceous gangue material using autoclave equipment. The sample used for the experiment was reduced to an average particle size of 75 µm after undergoing flotation to reduce carbonaceous gangue minerals. A comparative study on two leaching reagents of sulfuric acid and iron sulfate and their dosage was used to observe dissolution of copper and iron. Other parameters of temperature (90-170 0C), solid-liquid ratio (1:10, 1:5, 1:3 and 1:1) were investigated through kinetic studies to access the influence of organic carbon and carbonaceous material on recovery of copper and iron. Materials balancing analysis was used to evaluate the efficiency of metal dissolution. The effects of parameters on leaching rate and concentration was demonstrated. Results obtained from the experiment indicated low concentrations of copper and iron in pregnant leached solutions, which was attributed to acid consumption by organic carbon and carbonaceous material in feed. However, the high efficiency rates of 92.4% and 86.3 % for copper and iron respectively in sulfuric acid can be concluded that leaching of concentrates of carbonaceous ore is possible provided system control on type of acid, pH and temperature. The purpose of this research is important in understanding mechanism involved in dissolution of copper and iron in concentrates of carbonaceous ore and marks an improvement in leaching of highly contaminated ores."

Jan 1, 2018

By T. B. Linde

The Morenci In-pit Crusher and Conveyor System has been designed with safe production and cost savings in mind. Large open pit mines around the world have been installing semi-mobile crushers and linking them with a pit conveyor system to lower unit cost. At Morenci two 60/89 in. gyratory crushers are incorporated into the semi-mobile crushing plants. The ore is reduced to -8 in. and transported out of the mine on a 60 in. steel cable belt. This paper includes an overview of the Morenci In-pit Crusher and Conveyor System from the drawing board to open pit installation and finally a discussion on operating and repair considerations.

Jan 1, 1990

By S. K. Pan, R. Venugopal, L. A. Kumaraswamidhas, Rakesh Prasad, Chandan Pandey

Cold compressive strength (CCS) and apparent porosity (AP) of pellets are essential properties regarding the burden of blast furnaces. The optimal required values for industries are 2.5 KN CCS and 21% AP. Blaine fineness and firing temperature are the decisive parameters analyzed here. During firing, microstructure phases such as silicate, hematite, and pore are formed. The phase’s grain density during induration influences the pellet’s CCS and AP. The influence of the factors over the response is evaluated by I-optimal (response surface methodology) design. Blaine fineness, firing temperature, pore phase grain density (PPGD), silicate phase grain density (SPGD), and hematite phase grain density (HPGD) affect the CCS and AP of pellets. The RSM-I-optimal predicted responses with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.89 for CCS and 0.91 for AP of iron ore pellets. Optimal conditions were Blaine no. = 1668 cm2/g, 1250 °C firing temperature, PPGD value 90 no/mm2, SPGD value 250 no/ mm2, and HPGD value 490 no/mm2, with 4.5 KN CCS 27%. The induration processes were investigated through statistical design of experiments for process optimization. Statistical analysis indicated the direct and interactive influence over CCS and AP. In this study, RSM-I-optimal modeling is used for iron ore pellets processing. The I-optimal prediction could be applied to make the process economical because information is obtained through fewer experiments.

Aug 18, 2020

By T. S. Mohibatsela, R. V. Ramani, C. V. Manula

The Mineral Engineering Department of The Pennsylvania State University has developed a suite of computer models for anthracite open pit mining (Fig. 1)1 Individual sub-systems have been developed to (a) interpolate geologic field data to obtain coal tonnages, waste volumes, and strip ratios; (b) simulate equipment performance on selected pit profiles to generate data required to choose coal and waste removal equipment; and (c) evaluate selected cost factors to determine either a rate of return for a specified selling price or vice-versa. This paper describes the application of two of these subsystems, namely, the Reserves Model (GEOL) and the Open Pit Materials Handling Simulator (OPMHS), and how these may be applied for the selection of equipment for a prime anthracite mining site.2

Jan 1, 1981