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By W. A. Roliff

The renewed interest of the past few years in the Appalachian and Michigan oil provinces has not, as yet, created any marked increase in activity in Southwestern Ontario. During 1960 development drilling in-creased somewhat over 1959, but exploratory drilling decreased slightly. More attention was devoted to the deeper horizons, but lake drilling de-creased considerably. Oil production reached a new peak and gas production increased slightly. During 1960 an interesting oil and gas discovery was made in the Cambrian and gas discoveries six miles off-shore in the eastern part of Lake Erie were made in the Clinton-Cataract zone of the Silurian. This paper reviews activities during 1960, summarizes the discoveries made to-date and the pertinent exploration data relating to the prospects of the region and discusses some of the economic aspects of exploration and development. D URING the last few years there has •been a marked renewal of interest in the old petroleum

Jan 1, 1961

By Frieda Saicla Barros

Argamassas feitas com cimento são comumente usadas para revestimentos de paredes, pisos e tetos. Para proteção radiológica, estas argamassas são acrescidas de pó de bário, elemento atenuante contra radiações ionizantes. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal comparar argamassas usuais utilizadas como revestimento de paredes com a argamassa baritada, cuja finalidade é proteção radiológica em ambientes sujeitos a radiação ionizante. Com base no objetivo proposto, estabeleceu-se a metodologia do trabalho constituída das seguintes etapas: caracterização dos materiais constituintes das argamassas por meio dos ensaios de análise química por fluorescência de raios-X, análise granulométrica, determinação das densidades experimental pelo método de pesagem e medição volumétrica manual dos corpos de prova, moldagem dos corpos de prova das argamassas normais e argamassa baritada (material comumente utilizado para proteção radiológica), avaliação das propriedades mecânicas e avaliação da atenuação da radiação X utilizando o programa Xcom. Por meio deste programa, foram simulados os coeficientes de atenuação em massa das composições, gerando curvas de atenuação, no intervalo de energia estimado a cada 0,01 keV. Em função destas curvas de atenuação em massa, verificou-se o desempenho das argamassas comparando-as com outros materiais desenvolvidos e com materiais de referência (chumbo).

Aug 8, 2018

By NILAMADHABA SAHU, Gajanan U. Kapure, Pankaj Kumar, Sunil Kumar Tripathy

Chromite ore processing tailings and low-grade manganese ores are typically considered waste due to their limited or negligible utility, leading to environmental and storage concerns. Researchers globally have explored various methods to utilize or upgrade these wastes, particularly because dumping chromite ore has been linked to severe health issues through Cr(VI) leaching. Individually, these ores lack economic value, and there has not been research on simultaneously reducing both low-grade ores. In this study, the focus lies on smelting these ores together, aiming to create a precursor alloy for 200 series stainless steel scrap. Initial research indicated the potential for scrap formation, validated through lab experiments with varying coke rate, basicity, and holding time. The investigation discovered that smelting this combination could yield a metal product comprising 59% Fe, 24.93% Cr, 7.56% Mn, 0.62% Ni, and 0.93% Si. The optimum basicity was found to be 0.6 with 80% recovery. Notably, this process eliminates intermediate steps in 200 series stainless steel production, potentially reducing overall CO2 emissions. This proposed method represents a cleaner, sustainable approach to repurpose these two waste ores, projecting a net profit of USD 330 per ton.

Jan 10, 2024

By A D. Wulfse, C M. D Barton

Underground fractured aquifers in the Ernest Henry deposit are to a large extent controlled by deposit scale brittle structures. The underground mine has been subdivided into nine water zones based on hydrogeological characteristics, including conductivity and connectivity, within the mining areas bound by these structures. The nine water zones and the hydrological characteristics of the associated structures are utilised for risk assessing mine development and for targeting diamond drilling dewatering activities. Wireline and conventional underground diamond drilling techniques have been used throughout the network of underground aquifers with the aim of dewatering areas within the mining footprint. These dewatering drilling campaigns have historically been highly successful at lowering aquifer water levels throughout the underground workings. As part of recent mine expansion activities, diamond drilling has intersected high pressure (>507 psi), high temperature (>50°C) and high flow water (>3 L/sec) in as yet unconstrained underground aquifers. Groundwater is typically conducted through rubble and clay rich faults, further hampering progression of drilling. Drilling through fractured aquifers at depth presents both mine planning as well as safety challenges. Recent drill holes have been delayed or abandoned when aquifers hosting this high pressure, high flow water have been intersected, risking mine planning deadlines. Recent technological innovation developed to control groundwater outflows from the diamond drill hole whilst drilling has been trialled at the Ernest Henry Mine. This case study focuses on the utilisation of alternative drill methodologies to allow the current drilling campaign to continue without delay, whilst also improving safety conditions encountered on the drill site.

Mar 22, 2022

By Martin H. Stanczyk

The direct dissolution of a typical zinc sulfide flotation concentrate by elevated temperature and pressure leaching was investigated. The concentrate assayed about 55 percent Zn, 32 percent S, 6 percent Fe, and 1 percent Pb and contained minor quantities of copper and precious metals. The influence of various factors on the dissolution of the zinc in acidic and ammoniacal pulps when using oxygen as the oxidant was determined. The tests revealed that the sphalerite was difficult to oxidize. Complete dissolution of the mineral required vigorous and intimate nixing of the gaseous, liquid, and sold phases. The addition of pyrite or sulfuric acid to water slurries of the concentrate was required to obtain a high zinc extraction when leaching under acidic conditions. The quantity of pyrite and acid used was about 0.125 and 0.25 pound, respectively, per pound of zinc sulfide contained in the leach charge. In tests with acid, about 96 percent of the zinc was extracted from the concentrate in 1 hour at 200° C. when the oxygen partial pressure was 75 pounds per square inch gage or higher. Leaching with a continuous flow of air as the oxidant gave results that were almost as good as those obtained when oxygen was used, In tests with air fed through the autoclave at 320 liters per hour, 95 percent of the zinc was dissolved in 1 hour, Acid leach solutions assaying approximately 58 grams Zn per liter and containing Fe, Ni, Cr, and Cu impurities were produced in the better tests. The leached residue consisted essentially of red iron oxide together with substantially all of the lead and precious metals.

Jan 1, 1961

By Wayne W. Murdy

Since 1993, Newmont has been actively growing through the development of three major foreign mining operations with a fourth under construction. The first project, Yanacocha in Peru began operating in October 1993 at a time when political and business risk in that country was considered high. In 1995, Newmont began operating the Muruntau Joint Venture in Uzbekistan, the first of its kind in the CIS. In early 1996, Newmont started operating the Minahasa mine in Indonesia. Now, in early 1997, Newmont is undertaking the construction of a $1.9 billion project in Indonesia and is completing a feasibility study with our partner for the development of a gold operation in Mexico. All of these projects have been considered "risky" by most standards, and Newmont has been very successful in all of them through risk mitigation programs including utilizing strong and successful in-country partners, concentrating on developing a strong national workforce with minimal expatriate employees, utilizing World Bank, EBRD and IFC financing and building and maintaining strong ties with host governments. This paper describes in more detail, some of the risk mitigation programs that Newmont has used to successfully grow the company through development of major foreign mining operations.

Jan 1, 1997

By Peter Dare-Bryan, Will Hunt, Lee Julian

It is well-known that blasting has an economic effect on grade control activities. However, until recently, methods did not exist for measuring the grade control value change caused by the blast. Rules of thumb were the best method to minimize ore loss and dilution, as simulation has been traditionally constrained by time and computer power. Even with these rules followed, an extensive study performed on over 150 blasts showed that the value change caused by the blasts followed a normal distribution – some blasts created value, and some blasts destroyed value. The question naturally asked was “How can we ensure the blast designs are optimized to create value?” Recent advancements in computer power have enabled real-time blasting simulations that create post-blast grade control models before the blast is fired. Understanding what will happen before it happens allows blasters and grade control personnel to iterate designs, searching for the highest value achievable.

Feb 6, 2023

By M. Moats

Copper electrowinning operations have dramatically improved their ability to produce high quality copper at low costs over the past several decades. Even so, some fundamental knowledge is still lacking that could allow operations to run even more efficiently. For example, a rule of thumb exists that estimates a current efficiency loss of 2-3% per gram per liter of iron in the electrolyte. While several laboratory studies have been performed that demonstrate this rule of thumb is likely true, no definitive relationship exists. In this paper, the first steps in developing a definitive relationship are presented. The effective diffusivity of ferric ions in synthetic copper electrowinning solutions was measured using chronoamperometry and the Cottrell equation. The effective diffusivity of ferric ion was determined as a function of electrolyte concentration and temperature. Synthetic electrolytes were then used in laboratory-scaled copper electrowinning experiments, where relationships between current efficiency and solution composition were found to exist under stagnant conditions. Key words: Copper electrowinning, Current efficiency, Chronoamperometry, Ferric ions

Jan 1, 2009

By Henry E. Reed

This presentation is about a small company, Industrial Mineral Products, that was formed in 1972 with one product and one customer and by a series of value-added changes avoided disaster and increased sales many times over. The principal of the company stopped by my office in Seattle looking for industrial mineral opportunities in the Northwest. We got together and went through all the minerals in Ladoo's "Industrial Minerals" from Abrasives to Zircon to see if we could find something available on the vast holdings of the Burlington Northern. At that time one of our lessees was operating a silica sand mine near Ravensdale, Washington and indicated that he might be interested in selling out. This sounded interesting to my client and within two weeks the transaction was completed.

Jan 1, 1990

By Alessandro Martinis

The performance requirements for modern steelmaking facilities are ever more stringent, as customers and markets are continuously pushing for technologies which allow having high quality steel produced in an economic and sustainable way. In the details, this paper has the aim to present the excellent results obtained by integrated steel plant where an EAF is fed with high quality hot ENERGIRON DRI. The recent technology developments, combined with the affirmed basic process design, contributed to further maximize the energy of the DRI, reaching the EAF at temperatures above 600°C with a carbon content up to 3.5%, as confirmed by plant data. These improved input material characteristics resulted in reduced electrical energy consumption and increased liquid steel production.

Aug 16, 2017

By A. Almeida, D. Castro, K. Ingmarsson, D. Ferreira, R. Tamir

Mine-to-mill improvements can be initiated at any stage, but it is our assertion that drilling accuracy is a practical anchor in any operating mine or quarry for a structured continuous improvement process. This paper will: 1. Define deviations from plan and provide some best practices for maintaining drilling accuracy. 2. Introduce tools and methods to monitor and calculate consequences of accurate versus inaccurate drilling. 3. Demonstrate the use of these tools and methods and their impact on one cost item, the mitigation of oversized material by a hydraulic hammer. 4. Provide recommendations for implementing improvements.

Feb 1, 2023

By Matt Schuett

Antamina Mine Facts • Surface Water Design Principles • Drainage Areas • SEDCAD Modeling • Impacted Runoff Collection • Clean Runoff Collection • System Flexibility • Outfall Construction

May 1, 2004

By Kazuki Morita

Dissolution mechanism and solubility of chlorine in the oxide melts, such as CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 (-Na2O), Na2O-SiO2-Al2O3 and CaO-SiO2-FeO systems, have been equilibrium technique was employed with controlled Po2 and PCl2, (Po2 = 10-6 -10 19 atm, PCl2 10-6 -10-13 atm at 1673-1748 K). The solubility of chlorine in the 40mass%CaO-40mass%SiO2- 20mass%Al2O3, slag was found to vary in proportion to Pb2/ w and pc/z/p' which proved that chlorine dissolved in the melts as C1 anion. Hence, the chloride capacity (CCI-), indicating the ability of molten oxide to absorb chlorine, has been defined as; The Ccl value was observed to increase with increasing slag basicity and temperature, and showed a reasonable relationship with that Of CS2-. Based on the result obtained in the present study, chlorine distribution during incineration with slags was predicted quantitatively.

Jan 1, 2003

Sublevel open stoping (S.L.O.S.) was introduced at Rosebery in 1972 in the wider ore blocks below 14 level, largely replacing cut and fill methods which had been in use up till that time. During 1973/74 the method produced 10% of primary stoping tonnes, and by 1981/82 it increased to 65%. Because of the increasing reliance placed on sublevel open stoping for primary stoping production, every effort was made in both planning and operating to: - maximise ore recovery and reduce dilution - increase productivity - reduce costs.

Jan 1, 1982

By W. F. Harkness, D. Hodgkinson

"A non-destructive testing program was established at Crows Nest Resources (C.N.R.), Line Creek mining operation following an in-service fatigue failure of a front wheel spindle on a large haulage truck.This failure identified a definite need for improvements in the ultrasonic techniques used during the mandatory spindle integrity examinations. Initial investigations using common mining industry ultrasonic examination techniques showed that the smallest detectable cracks were 75 mm in length for the spindle types in service at the C.N.R. site. The Initial findings indicated that inadequate inspection technique design was the cause of the poor performance. To improve inspection reliability it was identified that improved ultrasonic techniques were required. Results using designed ultrasonic techniques were encouraging, with the detection of simulated and natural cracks 12 mm long achieved. The cost benefits associated with the extended spindle life, following the removal of these small fatigue cracks, far exceeded those of the expertise and effort necessary to implement and conduct the N.D.T. program.Introduction During 50 years of evolution, non-destructive testing (N.D. T.) has progressed from a laboratory curiosity to a well accepted and invaluable tool used in the assessment of material integrity. Unlike destructive testing, N.D.T. does not deform or render the material useless. Non-destructive tests may involve many applications, from the determination of a corrosion prevention coating thickness to the examination of a raw material for internal and external deformities.Within the mining sector, highly-stressed components will normally have been subjected to some form of non-destructive test during their manufacturing cycle. These tests are used to ensure the component does not contain material flaws whichmay be detrimental to its service performance.While the component may have assured quality when produced, deterioration by fatigue may occur during an aggressive service life. Large dynamically-loaded components such as haulage truck front wheel spindles are , in particular, prone to this service related problem."

Jan 1, 1987

By M. F. Hawkes, R. F. Mehl

The rate of isothermal transformation of austenite to pearlite depends upon the rate of nucleation, N, and the rate of growth, G, of pearlite in austenite. Values of N are given in terms of the number of nuclei forming in unit time per unit grain boundary area of unreacted austenite; values of C are given in terms of the linear rate of radial growth. Variations in the isothermal rate with temperature result from variation of N and G with temperature. Depth of hardening of a steel depends fundamentally upon values of N and G; changes in carbon and alloy content effect changes in N and G and thus affect depth of hardening. Quantitative studies are available on N and G for the formation of pearlite in plain carbon eutectoid steels.3 Systematic studies in this field are necessary if the phenomena are to be well enough known to furnish a proper basis for full rationalization and for theory. Accordingly, the studies are continuing, both with respect to the effect of alloying elements upon the values of N and G in the formation of pearlite and to the values of N and G for the formation of ferrite in hypoeutectoid steels. The present paper is the first relating to the effect of alloying elements upon the values of N and G for pearlite. It offers special interest since cobalt is known to have an anomalous effect upon the rate of formation of pearlite, accelerating it, whereas all other elements retard it.4 It will be shown that cobalt increases both N and G for pearlite and that this effect is inherent in the Fe-Co-C system and not dependent upon factors relating to austenite heterogeneity nor upon any recognizable adventitious factor. Inasmuch as the rate of diffusion of carbon in austenite and the interlamellar spacing of pearlite are variables related to G and possibly to N (in a manner not yet certain), measurements of the effect of cobalt upon them are also reported here. In the course of the work, measurements were made on the effect of cobalt upon the marten-site temperature and these are given. COBALT AS AN ALLOYING ELEMENT IN STEEL Properties of Cobalt Cobalt resembles iron more closely than does any other chemical element. Its atomic number is 27, hence it is the element immediately following iron in the periodic system. The two differ in atomic structure only in the fact that cobalt contains seven electrons instead of six in the third, or transition, level of .the third shell. The next shell, which is the

Jan 1, 1948

By M. F. Hawkes, R. F. Mehl

The rate of isothermal transformation of austenite to pearlite depends upon the rate of nucleation, N, and the rate of growth, G, of pearlite in austenite. Values of N are given in terms of the number of nuclei forming in unit time per unit grain boundary area of unreacted austenite; values of C are given in terms of the linear rate of radial growth. Variations in the isothermal rate with temperature result from variation of N and G with temperature. Depth of hardening of a steel depends fundamentally upon values of N and G; changes in carbon and alloy content effect changes in N and G and thus affect depth of hardening. Quantitative studies are available on N and G for the formation of pearlite in plain carbon eutectoid steels.3 Systematic studies in this field are necessary if the phenomena are to be well enough known to furnish a proper basis for full rationalization and for theory. Accordingly, the studies are continuing, both with respect to the effect of alloying elements upon the values of N and G in the formation of pearlite and to the values of N and G for the formation of ferrite in hypoeutectoid steels. The present paper is the first relating to the effect of alloying elements upon the values of N and G for pearlite. It offers special interest since cobalt is known to have an anomalous effect upon the rate of formation of pearlite, accelerating it, whereas all other elements retard it.4 It will be shown that cobalt increases both N and G for pearlite and that this effect is inherent in the Fe-Co-C system and not dependent upon factors relating to austenite heterogeneity nor upon any recognizable adventitious factor. Inasmuch as the rate of diffusion of carbon in austenite and the interlamellar spacing of pearlite are variables related to G and possibly to N (in a manner not yet certain), measurements of the effect of cobalt upon them are also reported here. In the course of the work, measurements were made on the effect of cobalt upon the marten-site temperature and these are given. COBALT AS AN ALLOYING ELEMENT IN STEEL Properties of Cobalt Cobalt resembles iron more closely than does any other chemical element. Its atomic number is 27, hence it is the element immediately following iron in the periodic system. The two differ in atomic structure only in the fact that cobalt contains seven electrons instead of six in the third, or transition, level of .the third shell. The next shell, which is the

Jan 1, 1948

By Ramon B. Santos

The Atlas Concentrator, reputedly the largest in the Far East today, is located on the island of Cebu in the Republic of the Philippines. It started operation on a 4000 TPD capacity in 1955. An expansion program, coupled with significant improvements both in the Crushing Plant and the Mil, made the Atlas Concentrator what it is today, treating about 14,000 tons of ore per day at a comparatively low cost of about $0.50 per ton treated. The Atlas Copper Mine is at present mainly an open pit operation, with ore supplied from two pits (Lutopan and Biga) north of the Concen¬trator. Development of an Underground Mine, situated on the main ore body at Lutopan, which will be a block caving operation, has been underway since 1963, and this underground mining operation is expected to b e in full production by the latter part of 1966.

Jan 1, 1966

By D. C. Seidel

The role of surface charge in soluble salt flotation, which was developed in Part 1, is extended to relate the theory to the specific phenomena of KCI- NaCl separations. Temperature-collector solubility relationships, metal ion activation, and particle size effects are discussed.

Jan 1, 1967

By Floriza Flores

En el presente trabajo exponemos es factible el envío de gases no nocivos para el medio ambiente a partir de la colocación en la chimenea de un reactor de hecho enfocado con el catalizador idóneo, este contribuiría en macro a reducir la huella de carbono en las operaciones en mina subterránea, lo que conllevaría a ser considerados como minería peruana que trabaja amigablemente con el medio ambiente.

Sep 1, 2017