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By J. F. Wright

During the last three years prospecting has been active in southeastern Manitoba and a number of interesting gold, nickel and copper deposits have been discovered within an area 90 miles north of the international boundary, and extending about 40 miles westerly from between mileage 60 and 110 on the Manitoba-Ontario boundary. As known at present, two-thirds of this area of 2,000 square miles is underlain by pre Cambrian granite and granite gneiss and is not likely to contain mineral deposits of economic importance. The remaining one-third is underlain by metamorphosed sediments and lavas (greenstones), penetrated by the granite and granite gneiss and, at various localities, cut by bosses, sills, or dykes of gabbro, diorite, granodiorite, and other types of intrusives. The nickel, copper, and gold mineralization accompanied or followed the intrusion of these different rock types. The gold deposits are limited in distribution, so far as known, to the northern part of this prospecting area and occur along Manigotagan and Wanipigow rivers. These deposits have recently been described in some detail, (3) and therefore only the copper and copper-nickel deposits of the southern part of this area, along Oiseau and Maskwa rivers, will be described in this paper.

Jan 1, 1925

[This is the eighth in a series of reports on properties of commercial motor fuels, made in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the Cooperative Fuel Research (C.F.R.) Committee and the Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of the interior. The fir t report gave data on motor gasolines sold during the winter of 1935-36.3/ The present report, covering 1,679 simples, represents the products of US companies plus those from the Pacific coast, witch were averaged by the Pacific Coast Technical Group before being submitted and arc published exactly as they were submitted. The three groups of data on samples of regular, premium, and third-grade gasolines are averred separately. the, number of samples and brands representing each grade are as follows: Regular price, 869 samples, 76 brands; premium price, 452 sample, 45 brands; third-grade 358 samples, 52 brands. In this report the same marketing districts are retained as were used in the preceding report, and as for as possible the actual sampling points in each area are indicated on table 1.]

Jan 1, 1940

By Guojun Wang, Zejun Chen, Wenchang Liu

Al/Mg/Ti laminated metal composite sheet (LMCS) can combine the merits of each of metal components, and obtain excellent performances. It incorporates the advantages of high strength, light weight, easy melt and atomization, and good space adaptability to substitute for the bumper Al sheet of Whipple shield structure for space debris shield. The Al/Mg/Ti LMCS was fabricated by hot roll bonding technology in a certain sequence. The manufacturing process and parameters were analyzed and studied, including the first rolling reduction, roll boding temperature and stacking structure of each metal. The microstructure of dissimilar metals and bonding interface were characterized and analyzed. The optimized manufacturing procedures and parameters were presented based on the microstructure and mechanical properties of LMCS. The research results offer some guides and references for controlling the shape of bonding interface, optimizing the annealing process, improving the mechanical properties of Al/Mg/Ti LMCS.

Jan 1, 2015

By S. A. Diatchkov

There is a misconception that mineral-project economic evaluations in the former Soviet Union are either nonexistent or very limited. This is not the case. In fact, there are at least two basic methods that can be utilized to evaluate the vast mineral resources of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Evaluation procedures are based either on a comparison to known projects, which may rely on limited available data, or on potential-profit calculations, which generally uses more extensive databases. Significant philosophical differences between these systems and those utilized in the Western world include the following: •Under the centralized-government system, the economic evaluation of a mineral project was based on artificially determined mineral prices and costs. Every ten to 12 years, prices for concentrates and metals were established by the Council of Ministers and remained unchanged until the next reconsideration of prices .

Jan 1, 1995

By D. L. Yopps

In research conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, platinum-group metal (PGM) flotation concentrate from the Stillwater Complex, MT, was subjected to biooxidation using Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in an effort to break down the sulfide minerals and liberate the associated PGM's for subsequent chemical leaching. Bacterial preleaching oxidized up to 94 pct of the sulfide present, destroyed the PGM-bearing pentlandite [(Ni,Fe)9S8] mineralization, and dissolved most of the nickel in the concentrate. Cyanidation at 80° C proved to be the most attractive chemical leachant, removing 34 pct of the platinum, 76 pct of the palladium, 94 pct of the rhodium, and 97 pct of the gold from the biooxidized concentrate. Research also indicated that increased sulfide oxidation during the preleach phase led to improved PGM recovery in the subsequent chemical leaching phase.

Jan 1, 2010

This is the eighth in a series of reports en properties of commercial meter fuels, made in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the Cooperative Fuel Research (C. F. R.) Committee and the Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of the interior. The first report gave data en meter gasolines sold during the winter of 1935-36.3/ The present report, covering 1,679 samples, represents the products of 118 companies plus these from the Pacific coast, which were averaged by the Pacific Coast Technical Group before being submitted and are published exactly as they were submitted. The throe groups of data en samples of regular, premium, and third-grade gasolines arc averaged separately. The number of samples and brands representing each grade are as follows: Regular price, 869 samples, 76 brands; premium price, 452 samples, 45 brands; third-grade, 358 samples, 82 brands. In this report the same marketing districts are retained as were used in the preceding report, and as far as possible the actual sampling points in each area arc indicated on table 1.

Jan 1, 1940

By Marcelo de Oliveira, Antoine Allanore, Dennis P. Chen, Davide Ciceri

Potassium fertilizers (potash) are mined in a handful of countries in the Northern Hemisphere. Potash is either expensive or unavailable to the farmers of the Southern Hemisphere. Alkaline alteration of K-feldspar rock (ultrapotassic syenite) in autoclave in the presence of Ca2+ generates a mixture of K-bearing calcium-aluminum-silicate-hydrate (C-A-S-H) minerals that potentially can be used as an alternative local fertilizer. This work investigates the effect of processing temperature (200 °C, 220 °C, and 230 °C) and time (from 0.5 to 3.0 h) on pH, mineralogy, and elemental availability of the C-A-S-H mineral mixture. Increasing temperature results in an increased conversion of K-feldspar and increased content of both the mineral tobermorite (Ca5Si6O16(OH)2·4H2O) and amorphous phase in the resulting C-A-S-H mixture; increasing time results in an increased conversion of α-dicalcium silicate hydrate into tobermorite. The amount of K leached from the mixture is relatively constant across all processing conditions. Hydrothermal alteration in autoclave of K-feldspar-bearing rocks such as ultrapotassic syenite permits the synthesis of a potential potassium fertilizer which alkalinity and mineralogy can be tailored according to soil requirements.

May 22, 2020

By G. E. Norman, A. L. Mckague

"The new smelting process commenced operation in 1978. The pelletizing and sinter plants were replaced with slurry-fed roasters and the blast furnaces with electric furnaces. The existing converter aisle and matte handling facilities remained unchanged.Process DescriptionNickel-copper concentrate is partially roasted in two slurry-fed fluid bed roasters. After gas cleaning, the sulphur dioxide gas is transferred to the acid plant. The roaster product is conveyed to two electric furnaces for smelting to produce a waste slag and furnace matte. The slag goes to the disposal area and furnace matte containing the metal values is processed in the converters for further removal of iron and sulphur.The final matte containing about 75 per cent metal values is shipped to the refinery in Norway.The commercial smelter was designed for 2135 tonnes per day of concentrate, with an availability of 85% . Roasters and electric furnaces were sized at 117 per cent of design, or 1250 tonnes per day on each of two lines. Concentrate storage capacity in the plant is sufficient for two to three days' plant operation.The new smelting process will be discussed under the following headings:Concentrate Slurry HandlingFeed PreparationRoaster OperationRoaster Gas CleaningCalcine TransferElectric Furnace Operation and Process Control Converting and Matte HandlingUnder these headings, process control , equipment changes, and plant performance after three years' operation is reviewed. A brief discussion of accident prevention , and working environment is also included ."

Jan 1, 1984

By M. SIDDARAJU, Rameshwar Sah, T. Umadevi, K. S. SRIDHARA, B. D. Ganesh Shetty, M. RAJU

The production of high strength iron ore sinter for blast furnace iron making unit was developed by optimizing the granulometry of less than − 0.150 mm fines in sinter base mix which consists of iron ore fines (− 10 mm size with 0.150 mm: 41%), beneficiation plant jig concentrate, i.e., washed ore (− 3 + 0.150 mm size with − 0.150 mm 3 to 9%), beneficiation plant concentrate (− 0.150 mm size 97%), limestone, dolomite, coke breeze, lime, sinter return fines, direct reduced iron (DRI plant) fines, and micropellets produced from steel plant waste. The sintering process consists of preparation of base mix, mixing, and production of nodules using mixing and nodulizing drum by maintaining the optimum moisture, transferring of nodules to the sintering machine, and firing of sinter by applying optimum suction pressure. To optimize the < 0.150 mm fines in sinter base mix, the − 10-mm size iron ore fines was replaced with washed ore. The size analysis, granulation index (G index), and optimization of moisture w.r.t. sinter bed permeability were carried out by varying the washed ore addition from 0 to 55% in sinter base mix to vary the − 0.150 mm fine size. With decrease in washed ore addition from 55 to 0% in sinter base mix the finer fraction, i.e., − 0.150 mm in sinter base mix increased from 9.4 to 26.7%. Granulation (G) index increased from 1.46 to 3.10, sinter bed permeability increased from 33 to 53 Japanese Permeability Unit (JPU), and balling index increased from 1.4 to 3.0. With increase in − 0.150 mm fines in the sinter base mix from 9.4 to 26.7%, the sinter tumbler index (T.I) increased and sinter reduction degradation index (RDI) decreased. Increase in sinter strength and decrease in sinter RDI was due to increase in formation of Silico ferrite of calcium and aluminium (SFCA) phase and decrease in pore phase. The SFCA is the main bonding phase in iron ore sinter, and it provides strength to sinter. Sinter base mix with − 0.150 mm fines 18.9% (washed ore addition 25%) achieved desired sinter properties with moisture 8.0%, G index 2.44, balling index 2.3, and sinter bed permeability > 45JPU. Decreased the sinter properties with washed ore addition in sinter base mix beyond 25% due to decrease in − 0.150 mm fines in sinter base mix. Further, to improve the sinter properties with washed ore 30 to 45%, 3 to 10% beneficiation plant concentrate, i.e., − 0.150 mm fines was added to maintain the 18.9% of − 0.150 mm fines in sinter base mix. From the laboratory sintering studies, it was found that minimum 18.9% (range from 18.9 to 26.7%) − 0.150 mm fines should be maintained in the sinter base mix to achieve desired sinter properties.

Oct 16, 2021

By Alexander N. Winchell

"THE MICHIGAN COPPER DISTRICT.Location. The copper mines of Michigan are all in the north¬ern part of that state on the Keweenaw Peninsula, which extends from the (Michigan) mainland for about seventy miles northeast¬erly toward the middle of Lake Superior. The mines occur in a belt or zone occupying the central portion of the peninsula from end to end.. The most productive mines for many years past have been those located not far from the city of Houghton in&apos; the central part of the zone, in a section extending about ten miles southwest of Houghton and fifteen miles northeast. The most important mines in order of.location, from the northeast to south¬west, are the following: Mohawk, Ahmeek, Allouez, North Kearsarge, Wolverine, South Kearsarge, Centennial, Calumet. and Hecla, Osceola, Franklin, Quincy, Hancock, Isle Royale, Superior, Baltic, Trimountain, and Champion. The first three named are in Keweenaw county and all of the others are in Houghton county. Still farther to the southwest are the Lake, Mass, Adventure, Michigan, Victoria, and White Pine mines. These are in Ontonagon county.History. The exploitation of these copper mines extends back into prehistoric times. There is little evidence that the American Indians carried on mining operations in this region in the period shortly before the advent of white men, but there is abundant evidence that the ancestors of the Indians, •or some earlier inhabitants of the region, carried on primitive mining operations. For example, Mr. S. O. Knapp, Agent of the Minne¬sota Mining Company, in the winter of 1847-48, made the first discovery of prehistoric mining. This event is described as fol ,lows by Foster and Whitney : Location: As shown on the accompanying map, the Mar-quette district extends from the region of Marquette on Lake Superior westward for about forty miles. The main basin of the district is only about three to six miles wide, but outlying areas which are commonly regarded as belonging to the same mining unit, make the north and south dimension of the district about twenty miles. The most productive portion of the area is in the vicinity of Negaunee and Ishpeming, .about ten miles from Mar¬quette, but important mines are found also all along the range as far west as Michigamme and also to the south in the fold known as the Republic Trough. Comparatively recent developments indicate that important ore bodies have been developed in the outlying Swanzy district about eighteen Miles nearly due south of Marquette.The Marquette Iron District.History: The first discovery of iron ore in the Lake Supe¬rior region was probably that made in 1844 near the site of Ne-gaunee by the government surveying party in charge of William A. Burt, sent out under the direction of Douglass Houghton. This surveying party was using a solar compass, invented by Mr. Burt, and noticed variations in the direction of the magnetic needle at various times and places, but. on the 19th of September, while running the east line of Township 47 North, Range 27 West, the needle varied from its normal position until it stood nearly at right angles thereto."

Jan 1, 1920

By A. M. Evans

Because of an urgent national need for manganese, the deposits in the Little Florida Mountains of Lune County N. Mex., were visited by O.H. Metzger, an engineer of the Bureau of Mines, on June 12 and 13, 1940, accompanied on the second day by S. G. Lasky, a geologist of the Federal Geological Survey. After this preliminary examination, it was recommended that exploratory work be done by the Bureau of Mines on several properties in the district. An exploratory project of trenching, sampling, and core drilling was started by the Bureau of Mines in September 1940 and completed in May 1941.2/ Work was done on three properties - the Luna mine, the American group of claims, and the Manganese Valley mine. The Little Florida manganese district is situated on the eastern slope of the Little Florida Mountains about 2 miles south of U. S. Highway 80-90, 12 to 14 miles southeast of Deming, Luna County, N. Mex. The principal claims comprise the Luna Manganese, American, and Manganese Valley groups.

Jan 1, 1949

By A. B. Parsons

DOWN in Washington an army of individuals constituting the government of a so-called "&apos;democratic" nation is trying to manage the conduct, in its rnultifold phases, of the greatest war in history for the country that is potentially, at least, the strongest in the world and on which, consequently, the major responsibility rests. The enterprise is one of unprecedented magnitude and complexity. That individuals and groups have made and are making serious blunders, both as to the establishment and execution of policy, is to be expected.

Jan 1, 1942

By D K. Weatherley, G R. Ballantyne, S Ali, M Yahyaei, M S. Powell

This paper explores development of a novel ore characterisation method for the precise measurement of practical minimum comminution energy. A monolayer of particles with a narrow size distribution is broken using a precision rolls crusher (PRC); an ore characterisation device developed to overcome the shortcomings of conventional tests. For energy measurement, PRC uses two shaftmounted rotary torque transducers. These transducers acquire precise torque and angular speed data in response to the load applied to the rotating shafts during breakage events, which is converted into energy. The test progressively crushes feed particles down to final product size in many controlled breakage stages. The generation of fines in each breakage stage is then plotted as a function of input energy. The inverse of the gradient of this plot provides the size specific energy (SSE) in kWh/t of material generated below a predefined marker size; -75 μm in this case. The PRC has potential to evolve as a geometallurgical ore characterisation test—it is simple, fast, requires small sample mass (200–300 g), covers a wide feed particle size range (10 mm to 115 µm), and provides ideal SSE measurements that can be used for the calibration of on-site production equipment.

Aug 24, 2022

USBM Contract H0133045 consists of the design, build and test of 50 waveform generators. The waveform generator is a small ULF transmitter operating in the 1 to 3 KHz frequency range for the purpose of locating trapped miners during a mine disaster. This contract provided for the design, test, and building of 50 waveform generators using a discrete component construction with an option of using hybrid construction techniques within 105 days after the effective date of the contract. Because of large quantity economic considerations, this option was not initiated. Two engineering models were designed, constructed and tested and 50 final production units were fabricated using discrete construction. Complete documentation is supplied under a separate package which includes final schematics, parts list, layout information, equipment specification, production test procedures and qualification test procedures. Ten units have been delivered to the USBM. The remaining 40 units are being retained for packaging under contract H0242010 Transmitter Package and Receivers. A great deal of experience has been gained as a result of this contract. A final discrete potted printed circuit configuration has been arrived at that is now ready for field testing. After field testing, any desired changes should be incorporated into a final design. However, as a result of the current experience gained building and testing the production units, this printed circuit package together with potting procedure could be improved to reduce future costs. For example, the printed circuit board could be increased in size by 0.125 to 0.2 inches and all components could be mounted directly to the board eliminating costly hand stacking of components. The new printed

By Dr Karsten Galipp, Kai-Julian I. Hendler, Prof. Manuel G. Pinheiro, Dr Peter J. Bourne-Webb

With a share of approximately 11% of global greenhouse gas emissions, the construction industry contributes significantly towards climate change. This is why construction projects should not only be assessed on costs and technical solutions, but also on their carbon emissions. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool which can quantify the environmental impacts of a construction project over its entire lifetime. The objective of this study was to determine the carbon footprint of three types of quay wall structures, namely sheet pile combi-walls, open piled decks and caissons using an LCA approach. Each of these quay walls were studied under the same boundary conditions, such as design life, ground conditions, dimensions, location and so on. The analysis showed that the sheet pile wall has the lowest carbon footprint whereas the open piled structure has the highest. Furthermore, it could be shown that the largest share of greenhouse gases (approximately 80%) is emitted during the production of construction materials. The transportation of materials and construction activities each contributed under 12% to total emissions. The sensitivity analysis showed that with innovative approaches, such as adapting the concrete mix design, the carbon footprint could be reduced by 26% to 40%.

May 1, 2022

By E. H. Rose

This paper, describing the concentrator practice of the Moctezuma Copper Co., is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of Mines. The Nacozari concentrator of the Moctezuma Copper Co. (the Mexican subsidiary of the Phelps Dodge Corporation) is located about 75 miles south of Douglas, Ariz., in the Moctezuma District of the State of Sonora. Nacozari is the southern terminus of the Nacozari Railroad, ever which all concentrate is transported to Douglas for smelting.

Jan 1, 1930

By J. Z. Cheng

The extraction of thorium from industrial radioactive wastewaters discharged from Rare Earth (RE) plants was studied by the liquid membrane emulsion technique using P507- Span80-sulphonating kerosene-HCl. The emulsion conditions, the technological factors such as ratios of oil to the internal aqueous phase and water to emulsion, and the extraction time etc. were investigated.

Jan 1, 2008

By D. Stüben, G. P. Glasby

"Abstract - Shallow submarine hydrothermal fluids from Paleohori Bay off the Greek Island of Milos have been investigated in detail. The extensive gas and warm (max. 93°C) water vents are enriched in major components such as C1-, Na+, Si, Ca2+, Mn, PO4 3-, NH4 +, K+, Sr2+, H2S and CH4 and depleted in Mg2+, O2 and SO4 2- relative to ambient seawater. Based on zero-Mg calculations, it is deduced that the submarine vent fluids are related to the geothermal reservoir beneath Milos which has a similar chemical composition. Fluid samples from each vent in Paleohori Bay represent a mixture of hydrothermal end-member fluids derived from the upper and deeper geothermal reservoir systems of Milos, a mantle-derived source, a high-chloride fluid resulting from phase separation of geo thermal fluids and a steam-heated CO2-rich meteoric water. Résumé - À l’île de Milos dans la mer d’Égée, des fluides sous-marins hydrothermaux en eau profonde ont été récherchés en détail près de la baie de Paleohori. Les larges émanations de gaz et d’eau chaude (temperature maximale: 93°C) sont enrichies en constituants principaux tels que de Cl-, Na+, Si, Ca2+, Mn, PO4 3-, NH4+, K+, Si, Sr2+, H2S et CH4 et appauvries en Mg2+, O2, SO4 2- comparé à l’eau de mer environnante. Selon le calcul du zéro-Mg, nous en déduisons que les fluides sous-marins hydrothermaux sont dérivés du réservoir géothermal sous l’île de Milos car leur composition chimique est la même. Les prélèvements des fluides de chaque source hydrothermale représentent un mélange de fluides hydrothermaux dérivés des réservoirs géothermaux supérieur et inférieur, d’une source dérivée du manteau, d’un fluide très enrichi en chlorure produit par la séparation des phases et de l’eau météorique enrichie en CO2 et chauffée par la vapeur."

Jan 1, 1999

In 2005, a total of 2,063 coal mining operations reported employment to the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). Coal mines comprised 14.1% of all mining operations. ? Bituminous mines comprised 92.6% (n=1,911) and anthracite mines 7.4% (n=152) of coal mining operations. ? Approximately 70% of all coal mines were located in three states: Kentucky (28.0%), West Virginia (21.8%), and Pennsylvania (20.6%).

Jan 1, 2008

By D. Karpoff

"IntroductionUNTIL the recent discovery and development of deposits at Allard Lake, on the Lower Romaine river, practically the whole of Quebec's - and indeed of Canada's - production of ilmenite had come from deposits in the vicinity of St. Urbain, Charlevoix •county, a village about eight miles north of Bay St. Paul on the north shore of the St. Lawrence, some sixty miles below the city of Quebec (see Figure l) . Although these deposits were known nearly three hundred years ago and were worked in a small way during the years 1872-74, when a charcoal blast furnace was operated by the Canadian Titanic Iron Company for making white pig iron, it was not until 1908 that more or less continuous production commenced and has •continued to the present by the American Titanic Iron Company. The whole of the output has been exported to the United States.The ilmenite occurs in lenses •and dyke-like bodies within anorthosite. Production has come chiefly from three deposits: General Electric, Furnace, and East and West Coulombe. During 1951 -52, an extensive diamond drilling programme was carded out under the direction of the writer to test the Furnace and the East and West Coulombe deposits (Figures 2 and 3), which form part of the property of St. Lawrence Iron and Titanium Mines, Limited. The average tenor of the orebodies encountered in the course of the drilling was 38.60 per cent TiO2 and, in addition to these high-grade •bodies, there was found a very considerable tonnage of lower grade ore."

Jan 1, 1953