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Located in Timmins, Ontario the Porcupine Joint Venture, a pooling of assets between two existing operations (the Dome Operation of Placer Dome (CLA) and the Hoyle Pond Operation of Kinross Gold Corporation) came about on July 1st, 2002; Placer being the manager of the Joint Venture with 51% ownership and Kinross with 49%. The formation of the Joint Venture was the realization of the dream of many who could envision the benefits of the whole area being operated as one entity ? the combination of the majority of assets in the Porcupine Camp into one venture containing tremendous synergistic potential of manpower, infrastructure, land tenure and exploration development. The name Porcupine in the gold mining industry brings with it the legacy of world class gold mines; the Hollinger, McIntyre and Dome with a proud tradition of excellence. The name Porcupine brings with it the legacy of over twenty individual mining companies in operation at any one time, producing over 65 million ounces of gold.

May 1, 2003

A diverse selection of rockbolt designs and resin anchors are available for use in underground mines. Research in recent years at the UNSW Mining Research Centre led to the construction of a rockbolt pull-testing facility. This facility has subsequently been upgraded, commissioned and initial test work has been completed to verify the pull-test process. A test program has been completed with the objective to understand the load transfer mechanism and improve the general performance of rockbolts. This paper describes the results of this research. Une sélection diverse de dessins du rockbolt et ancres de la résine est disponible pour usage dans les mines de métro. Faites des recherches ces dernières années à l'UNSW que le Centre de la Recherche Minier a mené à la construction d'une facilité de l'essai de la traction du rockbolt. Cette facilité a été améliorée par la suite, le travail de l'épreuve en commission et initial a été complété pour vérifier le processus de la traction-épreuve. Un programme de l'épreuve a été complété avec l'objectif comprendre le mécanisme du transfert de la charge et améliorer la performance générale de rockbolts. Ce papier décrit les résultats de cette recherche. Eine verschiedenartige Auswahl an rockbolt-Designs und Harzankern ist dafür verfügbar, benutzen Sie in unterirdischen Bergwerken. Forschung in letzten Jahren beim UNSW-Bergbau Forschung Zentrum führte Ruckerprobung-Einrichtung zur Konstruktion eines rockbolt. Diese Einrichtung ist anschließend befördert worden, ist beauftragt worden und wird abgezeichnet, prüfen Sie, die Arbeit ist vervollständigt worden, um den Ruckprüfung-Prozeß zu verifizieren. Ein Prüfungsprogramm ist mit dem Objektiv vervollständigt worden, den Lastübertragungsmechanismus zu verstehen und die allgemeine Aufführung von rockbolts zu verbessern. Dieses Papier beschreibt die Ergebnisse dieser Forschung.

Jan 1, 2003

By H. K. VAN POOLLEEN, W. Hurst, H. C. Bixel

In an earlier publication* I showed the development of the instantaneous point source solution for a well producing at a constant rate at the center of a system of two radial, adjoining sands of different permeabilities. I also showed how a wellbore radius could be incorporated if this were the development required. For the purpose of that paper and the point I wished to make, this solution served. It yielded a simplifying solution of sands in series identified by Eqs. VI-26 and VI-27. (These equations are reproduced in part by Bixel and van Poollen as their Eq. 3, Page 302.) I am well aware that the simplified solutions are approximations. The facts that these Ei-functions satisfy the diffusivity equation and meet the boundary conditions both at the well and at the interface between sands, and that the earliest time considerations yield zero pressure drop, are evidence that the solutions are good approximations. This was the purpose for these formulas, which I interpret that where the permeabilities are of finite order of magnitudes in the respective media, the relations give satisfactory answers. However, from the authors' point of view there are reservations, which leads me to consider their entire generalization as illustrated in their Figs. 1 through 14. What I understand from their storage capacity, relationship Fs, which is the ratio of the product of porosity and compressibility of Sand II to Sand I, that is employed here by the authors as a correlative means of identifying one figure from another, there is nothing in the exact mathematics that supports such a term as a means of correlation. This is taken out of context, unsustained that this applies. Here the mathematics are known, where the true correlation is the diffusivity term of one sand to another. This entails permeability that refers back again to the term M in their paper for the transmis-sibility of fluid from one sand to the other that should have also been a part of this storage capacity. In Figs. 8 through 14, which purported to show the simplified equation following this correlation, there are apparent discontinuities for M equal to or less than 0.1000 that differ from the trends for greater values of M. In this connection there is no reference radius given for this cumulative pressure drop in the paper that would permit me to make these calculations. However, what is clear for M equal to 0.1000 or less we are treated to almost a closed barrier at the interface; a condition entered by the writers without qualification. This across-the-board treatment of these simplified formulas, whatever the motive of the authors, enters into a range of permeabilities that even I as the contributor would have reservations that such could apply. Under comparable conditions I would be looking at a closed reservoir or some facsimile for such. The extent to which the approximation or the exact equations pertain is not evident in the generality offered by Bixel and van Poollen in their paper. Only when they or other writers show the comparison of the pressure distributions within the formations can one be able to judge the rational limits to subscribe to the simplified formulas.

Jan 1, 1969

By Karl J. C. Harries

13.1. RIGHT TO RECEIVE ROYALTY CONTRACTUAL ONLY1

Jan 1, 2003

By Gerasimenko MP

The authors consider the features and advantages of a new promising trend in mineral processing - column flotation. Design aerohydrodynamic and process characteristics of pilot-scale columns are studied. Optimum process parameters for various ores and operations are studied. Flow patterns in cells of various cross-sections are investigated and the relationship between Peclet criterion and specific capacity of cell is determined. On this basis options were developed for optimisation of hydrodynamic characteristics of large capacity cells, including longitudinal sectionalising of the collection zone. It is shown that advantages of high column cells (10 - 13 m) produced in the West can be implemented in a sectionalised machine of smaller height (5 - 6 m). Investigations on the influence of slurry and air bubbles flow patterns indicated that to increase flotation rate of particles of various flotabilities it is expedient to combine co- and counter-current flows of phases in a single column. The proposed designs allow tailings to repeatedly return tailings to the collection zone and alternate co- and counter-current slurry and air flows. For the first time columns with alternating slurry flows (combination of co- and counter-current flows) are developed and commercialised. Unique multi-sectional cells having a number of essential advantages compared to monocells are developed. Design features of the cell allow: implementation of different flotation process flowsheets in a single unit, improved beneficiation process results, reduced specific power requirement, and elimination of sludging of the aerator and cell bottom part. Operational problems restricting introduction of column cells are connected with the aeration unit. The new cells are supplied with pneumohydraulic and stepped airlift spargers, allowing control of bubble size distribution with a service life of not less than three years. Successful operation of the new generation of columns with cell volumes of 15, 25, 40, and 80 cu m and the height of 5 - 6 m in copper, molybdenum, antimony, tungsten and nickel ores and coal slurry processing at different plants in this country illustrated their considerable process and operational advantages and verified the proposed options and relationships. A simulation technique of the flotation process and models for the solution of various problems are developed. A modular model of column flotation is constructed taking into account the kinetic relationship of the process and the hydrodynamic regime in the cell. Based on this, a technique of calculating the column parameters based on laboratory tests is developed (scaling-up), and applied for calculating the design of commercial-scale columns is developed.

Jan 1, 1993

Keywords: Stellenbosch, university, teaching, research The pyrometallurgical activities at Stellenbosch University are reviewed in this paper. The history of the activities, both in teaching and research, is outlined, as well as some of the perceived research opportunities that the University of Stellenbosch is currently focusing on. The course content, as well as its relationship to other courses in the curriculum, is discussed and the interfaces between the courses are explained to present a holistic picture of the education an engineering graduate receives in process pyrometallurgy.

Jan 1, 2006

By Y. Mitani, F. Vallier, T. Esaki

Shear-flow coupling tests are conducted using an original apparatus, and a shear-flow coupling model using Geographic Information System (GIS) is developed in order to evaluate shear-flow coupling properties of a rock joint. Shear-flow coupling tests indicate that the hydraulic conductivity of joint once decreases, and then rapidly increases at the shear displacement near the peak shear stress. The proposed model simulates the test results relatively well. However it indicates that it is difficult to apply the local ‘cubic law’ model in the initial shear stage, in which the change of selective flow path is remarkable. Scher-Fliess-Kopplungsversuche werden mit einem neuartigen Versuchsgerät durchgeführt und mithilfe von Geo-Informationssystemen (GIS) gedeutet, um so ein Modell für die Scher-Fliess-Kopplung in Gebirgstrennflächen zu entwickeln. Die Versuche zeigen, dass die hydraulische Leitfähigkeit zuerst abnimmt, dann aber schnell wieder zunimmt sobald die maximale Scherfestigkeit erreicht ist. Das vorgestellte Modell bildet die Testergebnisse relativ gut nach. Es zeigt auch, dass es schwierig ist, das lokale Cubic Law im Initialstadium der Scherbeanspruchung anzuwenden, in dem die Variationen selektiver Fliesswege gross ist. Les essaies hydro-mécaniques couplés en cisaillement sont réalisés grâce à un appareil éxperimental prototype et un modèle de couplage hydro-mécanique utilisant le S.I.G (systeme d'information géographique) développé dans le but d'évaluer les propriétés hydro-mécaniques des joint rocheux. Les résultats indiquent que la conductivité hydraulique des joints décroit puis augmente rapidement en se rapprochant du pic de cisaillement. Le modèle proposé simule relativement bien les résultats expérimentaux ; mais indique également qu’il est difficile d’appliquer localement la loi cubique au début du cisaillement où, les changements d’orientation dans le réseau d'écoulement sont considerables.

Jan 1, 2003

By J Coward, S Bulatovic

There are currently two operators producing oil from the surface-mineable portions of AlbertaÆs oil sands (Syncrude Canada Ltd and Suncor Inc) and two other companies are proposing to enter the industry (Albian Sands Energy Inc in 2002 and True North Energy LP in 2004). Tailings from the two current oil sands plants contain approximately 220 000 tonnes per year of TiO2 and approximately 80 000 tonnes per year of zircon. This represents approximately six per cent of the worldÆs TiO2 consumption and approximately nine per cent of the worldÆs zircon production. With the commissioning of plants by Albian and True North, and the announced expansion of plants by Syncrude and Suncor, it is expected that these tonnages could quadruple in the next ten years. All of these operators have at least 50 years of reserves even at these expanded production rates. The occurrence of heavy minerals in AlbertaÆs oil sands has long been known and is well documented in the literature. There have been a number of attempts to produce market-grade products from this resource and the results of this work have been quite mixed. Typically, researchers have used the normal mineral dressing techniques of the industry and have found the mineral assemblage does not respond to these techniques all that well. This has led to the widely-held suspicion that there must be some difficult metallurgical problems associated with this resource. There are three main problem areas that have created difficulties for previous researchers:the bitumen coating on the sand grains; secondary mineralisation such as pyrite, siderite and calcite; and a high proportion of aluminosilicates (approximately 25 per cent) that have the same gravity, electrostatic and magnetic properties as other minerals in the heavy mineral suite. Recent work by Lakefield Research shows that these problems can be largely overcome with some novel approaches. The bitumen can be removed by washing with a solvent in the presence of a demulsifier; the pyrite can be removed by flotation; and the titanium and zircon minerals can be separated by selective flotation followed by conventional electrostatic and magnetic separation.

Jan 1, 2001

By J R. Goff, R Carver, D S. Sheppard

The REGCHEM (Regional Exploration Geochemistry) stream sediment geochemistry database of open file mining company data, managed by GNS Science, was recently made accessible via the internet (http://maps.gns.cri.nz/website/minmap/). REGCHEM provides coverage of selected elements in mineral rich areas of New Zealand. Analysis of REGCHEM data highlights problems with inconsistencies between different surveys in terms of sampling methods, number and types of elements analysed, analytical techniques and detection limits. New, consistent multi-element geochemical surveys with national coverage are required. To test sampling, analytical and data treatment techniques for the new surveys, a pilot stream sediment geochemical survey was carried out in the Thames area, Hauraki Goldfield. Seventy samples were collected in an area of 220 km2 representing about one sample every 3 km2. The samples were analysed for 50 elements, mostly by XRF.   Regional patterns are apparent in the concentrations of some elements. Several elements, such as As, Cd, Cu, K, Pb, Sb, Se, and Zn exhibit anomalous concentrations mainly in the western part of the study area, related to Au-Ag-Zn-Pb-Cu epithermal quartz veins and porphyry Cu occurrences in hydrothermally altered andesitic terrane.   Mercury is anomalous in southern samples, reflecting cinnabar occurrences in the Kauaeranga valley (eg Mangakirikiri), and the occurrence of cinnabar as a late stage mineral in some of the Thames epithermal veins. Ba and U are anomalous in the eastern samples, and these anomalies are probably related to the presence of rhyolitic rocks in the eastern part of the project area.

Jan 1, 2006

By M. Fujikawa, S. Goto, M. Nishikawa

"The semi-pilot scale plant for injection smelting of zinc calcine was operated under the committee of Joint Research Organization of Injection Metallurgy. The capacity of the plant is 10 ton metallic zinc per day. The plant was designed by the resul ts of basic and bench scale tests of the capacity of 1 ton metallic zinc per day which was published at ""Zinc '85"". The equipments of the plants, operational conditions, results of the operation such as recovery of zinc in injection furnace and condenser, combustion rate of powdered coke and consumption of energy in this process are presented in this paper. The results of the study of the feasibility of the commercial plant of 100,000 ton zinc per year by the injection smelting are also discussed in the paper. IntroductionThe research committee of new smelting process of zinc by injection was established in 1981 under the finantial support of Mining Promoting Foundation of Japan. Six zinc producing companies joined in this organization. The price of zinc was very low at that time and the energy cost, especially, cost of electric power in Japan was extremely high. Invention of a new economical process for zinc extraction had been stronglydesired. The author proposed a injection smelting of zinc as a economical process in energy saving after a calculation of thermodynamical equilibrium and heat balance(1 )(2).The research committee has been studying the injection process since 1981. The small basic experiment by using a crucible furnace was carried out from October 1981 to March 1983 and the reaction of reduction of calcine by injection smelting was ascertained (2). Vaporizatipon of zinc and behaviours of impurities were examined. After the basic experiment, the bench scale test with the production capacity of zinc of 1 ton per day was carried on from November 1983 to October 1984.The bench scale tests were carried out to obtain the proper design of feeding devices of calcines and coke into a furnace and also to obtain fundamental data for enlargement of this smelting process(3,4). The recovery of metallic zinc in this small equipments was about 50% and main loss of zinc was formation of dross in the condenser."

Jan 1, 1988

By Tristan Worsey, Nathan Rouse

The Florida legislature allocated funding for the Florida State Fire Marshal (FSFM) to review the applicability of the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) Report of Investigations (RI) 8507 blast vibration limits with respect to Florida and its soils. The study also discusses whether the current blasting vibration limits set by statute are still appropriate, including a review of measured vibration amplitudes and frequencies, structure responses, and theoretical analyses of material strength and strains

Jan 1, 2019

Probably no other country or coutinent has so many rich deposits of various different minerals as Australia. Long ago in the days of my boyhood in the old land the marvellous discoveries of high percentage copper at Burra Burra, Peak Downs, Yudanamutana, and other mines, was one of the principal themes of conversation in mining circles whilst the specimens of malachite, azurite, etc, brought home by returning miners were the admiration of my boyish eyes.Later on the WalIaroo and Moonta mines still further helped to heighten the reputation of Australia as a copper-producing country. During the 21 years that the writer has been resident in the Australian colonies, other mineral deposits have sprung into prominence, and with a Mount Bischoff for tin, a Broken Hill for silver and lead, and a Mount Morgan for gold, Australia can now boast that it has had within its borders the leading mines of the world, in four different minerals, and still at least maintains that pre-eminence in gold, silver and tin. To the miner from the old land, Australian mining is at first a revelation and a wonder. In very many instances he looks in vain for the regular strike and dip of the veins he has been accustomed to'Smooth hanging and foot alls are often wanting. 'Huge irregular deposits, like those mentioned above, viz., Burra Burra, Mount Bischoff, Broken Hill, and Mount Morgan, are mysteries that will take time to fathom-if, indeed, they are ever thoroughly understood and in many a smaller deposit there is much to interest alike the professor in the college and the miner in the mine.

By Harold E. Marr

A simple algorithm is presented for processing digitized X-ray spectra obtained with a Si(Li) or Ge(Li) semiconductor detector coupled to a multi- channel analyzer. The simplified least-squares procedure is used to smooth out the statistical fluctuations in the spectrum by repeatedly fitting a quad- ratic equation to a predetermined number of channels and performing a traveling smooth across the spectrum. A logarithmic transform is applied to the raw data to minimize the distortion of the gaussian-shaped peak profiles. The efficacy of the technique is evaluated by observing the distortion of several gaussian-shaped peaks that have been subjected to the smoothing operation. The locations of maximums and minimums in the spectrum are predicted in the process as well as the values of the peak heights. The convolution integers from a least-squares fit of a quadratic equation are calculated as part of a FORTRAN subroutine. The building-block approach to computer programing in a small laboratory is discussed.

Jan 1, 1972

By A. S. Macfarlane

The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy was approached by the Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy to present a paper on the current practice in terms of the valuation of mineral projects and properties, given the development of a Code for the Valuation of Mineral Properties, developed in Australia (the VALMIN Code), and a similar Code in Canada (the CIMVal Code).This paper is the result of research and investigation into the matter, in terms of the reporting of Mineral Resources and Reserves, financial reporting practice, the Listing Rules of the Johannesburg Securities Exchange, and various practices in valuation. The paper establishes that a strong linkage has already been established between the SAMREC Code for the reporting of Mineral Resources and Reserves and the Listing Rules, and that, for completeness, a Code for Valuation needs to be developed. This Code will be similar to its international counterparts, with the necessary inclusions which are relevant to South Africa, and will provide guidelines and definitions on matters such as transparency, materiality and competency in valuation. It proposes that a multi-stakeholder steering committee be established under the auspices of the SAIMM, to deliberate and design a process for establishing such a Code.

Jan 1, 2002

By Klaus Pöllath

The Netherlands RandstadRail project makes use of a large range of sophisticated geotechnical techniques to allow a shield driven tunnel to approach the central station of Rotterdam. This paper describes the construction of three deep excavation pits constructed with 1.2 m and 1.5 m thick diaphragm walls. Besides the presentation of the actual diaphragm wall activities special consideration is given to the break-in and break-out situations of the TBM into the deep excavations pits using sealing blocks and partly glass fibre reinforcement in the diaphragm walls.

Jan 1, 2006

Novel flotation reagents were developed to improve the flotation of coarse particles. Laboratory tests conducted on an anthracite coal sample from Kyung-Dong Coal Company, Korea, showed that the reagents can successfully clean 2?3 mm top-size materials. Pilot-scale tests conducted on a 1.41 mm x0 coal gave substantially better results than those obtained using kerosene as collector. The pilot-scale test results were used to develop a flowsheet, in which the 1.41 mm x0 fraction is cleaned by flotation and the 4 x1.41 mm coal is cleaned by single-stage spirals. The performance of this circuit was compared with another flowsheet, in which the 0.5 mm x0coal is floated using the conventional flotation reagent, with the 4 x0.5 mm material being cleaned using two separate spiral circuits. The performance of the two flowsheets was compared by computer simulation. The results showed that the flowsheet consisting of the coarse particle flotation circuit can give substantially higher yield sat a given product grade. Keywords: coal flotation, coarse particle flotation, collector, spirals, computer simulation.

Jan 1, 2002

By W. I. Nissen

This Bureau of Mines report presents the design for a commercial-sized flue gas desulfurization (FGD) demonstration plant that uses the citrate process. The goal of the Bureau's citrate process is to minimize the undesirable environmental impacts of industrial plants emitting SO2-bearing gas. The FGD plant is located at the George F. Weaton powerplant, Monaca, Pa. Construction was completed in April 1979 and will be followed by preliminary testing and a 1-year testing and evaluation program. Design capacity of the FGD plant is 156,000 scfm of 0.2-volume-percent-SO2 flue gas yielding about 16 tons of sulfur per day. The plant is intended to (1) clean fly ash, SO2, and Cl- from the gas while cooling the gas in a venturi scrubber, (2) absorb SO2 from the gas using 1,200 gpm of a countercurrent-flowing citric acid-sodium citrate-sodium thiosulfate solution, (3) react the absorbed SO2 in two 13,000-gal stirred closed vessels with added H2S, thus precipitating elemental sulfur and regenerating the citrate solution for recycle, and (4) recover the sulfur from the slurry by air flotation, followed by melting in a heat exchanger and separation from the occluded citrate solution in a sulfur decanter at 35 psi and 135° C.

Jan 1, 1979

By Diane M. Doyle-Coombs

In late July 1985, air samples from a sealed portion of the Quinland coal mine in West Virginia showed the presence of carbon monoxide (CO). Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) personnel concluded that a fire was burning behind the seals. Since an imminent danger existed, the mine operator was given a closure order. The gases behind the seals were monitored and almost 2 million ff of carbon dioxide (C02) gas was pumped into the sealed area to stabilize the environment. Sixteen days after the closure order was issued, MSHA allowed the mine to return to production. Approximately 1 yr later, mine management submitted a seal breaching request to MSHA in order to drive a set of entries to further develop the mine. The Bureau of Mines established a sampling strategy and monitored gases from behind the sealed area during the breaching operation until the atmosphere was safe. This report is an account of the seal breaching conducted by the mine, MSHA, and the Bureau. The logistics of this event, the sampling strategy, and the equations applied could be used by the mining industry in future breachings or mine recovery operations. Time to reenter the area was calculated by using the methane (CH4) concentrations sampled at the discharge of the seals. Tracer gas was used to verify the ventilation flows through the area.

Jan 1, 1988

By Robert L. Lagace

An investigation is made of the feasibility of developing compact transmit antennas and/or other means to efficiently couple VLF to MF band radio energy between portable wireless communication units in coal minus. The completely wireless communication ranges between two portable radios equipped with practically-sized reference loop antennas in representative coal mine environments are estimated. Antenna technology is assessed with respect to transmit moment, range, intrinsic safety, battery and wearability requirements to determine the most suitable antenna types for use by miners. It is concluded that air-core bandolier loop antennas, and perhaps ferrite-loaded loop antennas, having peak transmit moments of about 2.5 ampere-m2 will be the most effective antenna choices for portable units. This choice, however, will not allow the range goal of 1350 feet to he attained in mines having unfavorable signal attenuation and noise environments. Rectangular air-core loops are compared with grounded horizontal-wire and vertical-wire mode exciters for fixed station applications. The potential for significantly increasing the wireless communication range by inductively coupling to communications and power lines in a mine is evaluated and found to be considerable based on theoretical coupling equations. Lastly, the theoretical performance of a hybrid noise cancelling diversity receiving technique that utilizes both the electric and magnetic field components of the ambient noise to improve the receiver output signal-to-noise ratio under certain adverse conditions is estimated and shown to be favorable when the magnetic and electric field noise components are highly correlated.

Jan 1, 1977

By A. Tylczak, C. Shook, A. Doogan-Smith, S. Loif, B. Hilscher, P. Nayak

"This paper discusses how to effectively conduct energy efficiency studies during the design of new mineral processing plants and plant expansions. Energy management studies for new plants are ideally conducted as part of the feasibility study, but can also be done at the detailed design stage prior to the purchasing of equipment. Energy management engineers work as part of the mineral processing plant design team.Such studies usually result in energy savings of approximately 3-8% of the predicted plant’s energy consumption and energy demand. Potential cost savings can be significant. A variety of mineral processing systems – crushing/grinding, pumping, materials handling, fans/blowers, compressed air, and others – are assessed within this study.Energy Management Information System (EMIS) studies can also be performed for the new plant or plant expansion, as an independent study. EMIS can be incorporated into the electrical and controls design of the plant.Most Canadian Utility companies fund new plant design studies and provide financial incentives based on the predicted energy savings and incremental cost of the more energy-efficient design. A new plant energy efficiency study improves the potential for energy reduction because only the incremental equipment cost is included in the project return-on-investment calculation. After the design and construction phases, energy efficiency projects must justify the entire cost of the upgrade, which is significantly higher than the incremental cost alone.This paper outlines the major steps of a new plant/plant expansion energy efficiency study, the available utility company incentives, and the areas yielding the largest potential energy savings.IntroductionThis paper discusses energy efficiency studies and energy management systems with regards to mining operations. Energy management refers to the systems of monitoring, analyzing, and optimizing energy usage within a facility. It includes energy efficiency optimization of the initial plant design as well as the implementation of an Energy Management System (EnMS) and Energy Management Information System (EMIS) for optimizing energy usage over the lifetime of the facility. An EnMS is the organizational framework and procedures for managing energy use; an EMIS is the system of monitoring, reporting, and tracking process energy use against targets."

Jan 1, 2016