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By Yuan Zeping

This paper describes the distribution and removal of the main impurities in the pyrometallurgical process ?at the Guixi Smelter. The paper discusses in detail our converting schedule?of3S-SB and injecting deeply a mixture ofNa2CO) and CaO flux into the converters to enhance impurity removal.

Jan 1, 1998

By Ma Shao Xian, Li Dong, Li Zhen Guo

"The new type shaft calciner ( SK-10 Serials) is developed and designed by CADRE itself on the basis of the conventional shaft calciner. The actual application in a number of calcinations plants have proven that they are of very good effect. Calcined coke calcining heated by the shaft calciner has a high quality, lower lost by fire. The shaft calciner needs no additional fuel when it is working. Anode Carbon Plant and calcined coke Plant commonly used the shaft calciner in domestic. The waste heat from the shaft calciner can be recuperated to generate electricity and to make the steam for produce. Exhaust waste heat is recovered by 90% or more. The new type shaft calciner's structure is optimized by computer simulation for fire-wall structure, combustion air to fuel ratio, volatile combustion is fully in use, furnace cooling zone structure, the exhaust smoking structure and calciner heat balance. Furnace structure and production operating parameters has been got the best optimized results. This paper introduces the working principle and characteristics of the shaft calciner - the equipment for calcining of the petroleum coke. It also demonstrates measured process parameters of the new type shaft calciner. Through comparison with the rotary kiln and conventional shaft calciner, it proves its own technical characteristics and advantages: higher capacity, high quality products, provides more energy for power generation, equipment operation and maintenance costs lower.IntroductionChina's petroleum coke market is mainly dominated by the delay raw petroleum coke. Rotary kiln and shaft calciner are the main process equipment for calcined petroleum coke. As the shaft calciner burning less, no external fuel, waste heat utilization is high, long service life, the utilization rate in China is more extensive than the rotary kiln."

Jan 1, 2012

By T. Mutoh

Tellurium in raw slime has recently been recovered as copper telluride in Onahama Smelter & Refinery. The slime is decopperized with sulfuric acid solution in conventional leaching tanks. The pregnant leach solution containing 45 g/l of copper and 1 g/l of tellurium is introduced to a copper telluride recovering reactor. The tail solution from the reactor containing less than 20 mg/l of tellurium is recycled directly to circulation tanks of copper electrolysis. The impurities of the product copper telluride is kept below 1% without any purification.

Jan 1, 1990

By R. F. Hammen

Copper is one of the most widely used metals in industrial processes and is also present in most mining operations. Extraction of copper from solutions often proves difficult due to the presence of complexing agents. ChromatoChem, Inc. has developed a Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) support (HiPAC) for removal and recovery of metals from wastewater. The HiPAC SPE support employs chelating agents covalently coupled to a long linker molecule. Several solutions containing copper and complexing agents were tested including 1) copper and carbonate, pH 9.8, 2) mixed metals and anions with copper and cyanide, pH 11, and 3) copper and the chelating agent EDTA, pH 11. The copper was extracted from solutions one and two at high pH, but the EDTA containing solution needed the pH lowered to make the copper available for capture. In each example, the copper concentration was significantly reduced by HiPAC SPE treatment.

Jan 1, 1994

By Ignacy A. Lipiec

The advantage of microorganisms used in bioleach systems to conventional chemical reaction systems is that these apply the available energy more precisely where it is needed, either directly onto the mineral of interest or by efficiently catalyzing the production of a reactant. The literature cover the range from empirical models used in describing macro heat balance in heaps to detailed studies relating the micro heat effects of bacteria adhesion energy to the surface of minerals. In this paper, the heat effects are reviewed in a general way describing bioleaching in two macro systems, heap leaching and slurry bioreactors. The micro scale heat effects is the reactions and conditions at the microorganism scale, including the mechanism of leaching and bacterial behavior.

Jan 1, 1998

By K. Knuutila

The behaviour of thiourea, animal glue and chloride ions in the electro¬lysis of copper has been investigated by various different electrochemical experiments, i.e. polarization curves with stationary copper electrodes, long-time galvanostatic electrolyses and Hull cell experiments. Polarization curves with stationary copper electrodes show that animal glue has a polarizative effect on the deposition potential. Small thiourea contents affect depolarizatively when high concentrations retard the copper deposition. The microstructures of the deposited copper after the long-time electrolyses show that animal glue favours a basis oriented deposition structure. With thiourea the field orientated structure was evident. It was also observed that the deposited structure depended much on the grain structure of the starter sheet. The chloride ion concentration has a drastic effect on. the crystal size of the deposited copper as it was found out in Hull cell tests. Chloride ions flattened the the crystals and the deposition became smoother when the chloride ions were added. The cathode copper quality is discussed according to the literature. Special attention is paid on the codeposition of thiourea and the origin of sulphur impurities in copper cathodes.

Jan 1, 1987

By K. Soldenhoff

The Bulong deposit, situated near Kalgoorlie in Western Australia and owned by Resolute Limited, is a lateritic deposit containing on average 1.1% nickel and 0.09% cobalt. A process has been developed and tested at the mini-plant scale for direct solvent extraction and separation of Co and Ni from solutions derived by acid pressure leaching of Bulong ore. In this paper, two solvent extraction processes are described. The first process uses Cyanex 272 to extract cobalt and reject nickel to the raffinate. The second process uses Versatic 10 to extract and purify nickel. The loaded strip nickel solution is suitable for electrowinning. Results of both batch laboratory tests and continuous mini-plant trials are presented. The selectivity of the solvents with respect to the major impurities such as Mn, Mg, Ca, and Zn is also discussed.

Jan 1, 1998

By Lianjun Liu, Ying Li, Qianyi Zhang

"Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 by H2O for production of Cl fuels (CO and CH4) was studied using copper and iodine co-modified TiO2 (Cu-IffiO2) nanocomposites, with copper deposited on the surface and iodine doped in the lattice. The nanocomposites were prepared via a combined hydrothermal and wet impregnation process. All I-doped samples demonstrated visible light activity. Under UV-vis irradiation, co-modification of Cu and I significantly increased TiO2 photoactivity compared with bare TiO2 or those modified with only one species.IntroductionThe photoreduction of CO2 into fuels on photocatalysts such as TiO2 has been regarded as an important approach to solve both energy shortage and globe warming problems [1]. However, the wide band gap and fast recombination ofphotoinduced hole (h+) and electrons (e"") limited the application of TiO2 in CO2 photoreduction reaction. Extensive research has been conducted to improve the photocatalytic ability ofTiO2 by depositing or doping foreign ions that can enhance charge transfer and/or creates intra-band-gap states to induce visible light absorption at the subband- gap energy. Compared with mono-doping, co-doping of metal/nonmetal species has been reported to have higher photocatalytic activity for TiO2 [1-3]. Our previous studies showed that Cu deposited on TiO2 [4] or iodine doped in TiO2 [5] significantly enhanced the catalytic efficiency for CO2 photoreduction and increased the response to visible light. We hypothesize that there could be a synergetic effect if TiO2 is co-modified by both Cu and I species resulting in further improvement in CO2 reduction efficiency. In this work, we synthesized and characterized Cu-IffiO2 samples and investigated their activity toward CO2 reduction under visible and UV-vis illumination, respectively.Experimental MethodsMaterialsTitanium tetra-isopropoxide (TTIP, 98%) and isopropanol (C3HsO, 99.8%) were purchased from Acros Organic. Iodic acid (HIO3,99.8%) and Copper Chloride (CuCh, 99.9%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. All other chemicals were analytical grade and used without further treatment."

Jan 1, 2012

By C. E. Hunt

Since the turn of the century, copper-nickel sulphide ores have been processed at the Sudbury, Ontario operations of INCO Limited, currently the largest integrated mining, milling, smelting and refining complex in the free world. Through the years operational, ecomomic, social and legislative changes have dictated the need for research and development directed at mitigating the impact of existing operations on the surrounding natural environment and also the reclamation of areas affected by earlier mining activities. Approximately one hundred years of mining history and the current annual processing of some 12 million tons of ore presents significant challenges with respect to waste disposal, liquid effluent treatment and land reclamation, particularly in light of rapidly evolving environmental regulations' and controls within the Province of Ontario.

Jan 1, 1992

By John T. Berry, Robert D. Pehlke, Michael J. Beffel

"Pattern making and metal casting organizations are currently adopting CAD/CAM systems and implementing this technology in design and production. Al though significant progress has been reported, these systems generally are based on two or two and one half dimensional analyses. Very few are based on solid geometric modelers.The present paper emphasizes the need for solid geometric modeling of the casting and rigging system and linkage with a solidification simulator. The nature of some of the technological challenges which have slowed this development are discussed, including accurate description of complex surfaces and their intersections and the bridging of computer encoded information with NC technologies and with FEM-based simulators for stress and thermal analyses. A recently prepared modular-structured FEM simulation code implemented on a micro computer is described.Construction of a solid geometric model of the casting and rigging and validation of the combination for optimum characteristics of soundness, quality and yield by solidification simulation are I inked as key elements in the foundry of the future. Data base support for this CAD/CAM system is rapidly being developed throughout the world.INTRODUCTIONThe simulation of shaped casting solidification using the digital computer, goes back to at least the early nineteen-sixties when Forsund (1) in Denmark applied the technique to the problems of casting surface quality.Prior to that time, the work of Paschkis and co-workers using the analog computer ranges back to the nineteen-forties, when work sponsored by the AFS Heat Transfer Committee at Columbia University revealed many hitherto unknown or only partly anticipated aspects of casting solidification (2).Three reviews of the various historical aspects of simulation should be referenced. Firstly, the AFS monograph by one of the present writers (RDP) and his colleagues - describing background and later work, again sponsored by the AFS Heat Transfer Committee at the University of Michigan (3). Secondly, a review prepared by Durham and Berry (4) which discusses broad aspects of casting solidification simulation. Thirdly, a review by Erickson (5) which contains an excellent bibliography to 1980. In addition to these papers, the publications lists of the CADCAST project* and the proceedings of the two Engineering Foundation Conferences of Casting and Welding Modeling, published by ASME, are also most notable (6) •"

Jan 1, 1986

By Kathryn Hindmarsh

The most common method for the concentration of cyanide in gold leach circuits is based on the titration of cyanide ions with silver ions. This can either be done manually as a titration with a visual end-point or by using one of several commercial cyanide analysers which are 'based on the same titration but use a potentiometric end point This method has 'its limitations in the case of some ores such as those containing high amounts of soluble copper and those that are treated at low (less than pH 9) pH values in that the titration results do not accurately reflect the concentration of cyanide which is available for the dissolution of gold. This paper will present the results of the development of a novel "active" cyanide analyser which is based on the rate, of the reaction between gold colloids and cyanide. Gold colloids have a deep red colour and can be very simply prepared and stored for extended periods of time when stabilized. t has been shown that colloidal gold behaves similarly to metallic gold, dissolving in aerated sodium cyanide solutions to give the colourless Au(CNh-ion, This allows the reaction between the colloids and cyanide to be monitored spectrophotometrically at 520 nm. An automated instrument has been developed around this concept which can analyse a filtered pulp stream every few minutes with periodic calibration using standard cyanide solutions, Results of test work on synthetic solutions and solutions derived from several Australian gold plants will be presented as will the results of a comparative evaluation with a commercial titration analyser on a local gold plant

Jan 1, 1998

By Sergio N. Monteiro

The interface between the matrix and the reinforcing fiber plays an important role in the efficiency by which an applied load is transmitted through the composite structure. The shear stress at the fiber/matrix interface can be associated with this load transference and,consequently,affects the composite strength. In the present work, pullout tests were used to evaluate the interfacial shear stress of curaua fiber in epoxy matrix composites. A small critical length was found for the curaua fiber embedded in epoxy, which corresponds to a relatively weak fiber/matrix bond and lower interfacial strength.

Jan 1, 2009

By Xia Hong-ying, Peng Jin-hui, Zheng Zhao-qiang, Zhang Li-bo

"Preparation of activated carbon from the walnut shell by microwave assisted steam activation was studied. Influences of the three parameters, activation temperature, activation duration and steam flow rate on the adsorption capacity and yield of walnut shell activated carbon(WSAC) were investigated,optimization process was obtained by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimum preparation conditions were as follows: activation temperature of 980°C, activation duration of 41 min and steam flow rate of 1.66 ml/min. The optimum conditions resulted in an activation carbon with an iodine number of 1025 mg/g and a yield of 52.17%, while the BET surface area, total pore volume and average pore diameter of WSAC were 1328m2/g, 0.72ml/g and 2.2nm respectively. The study supported the potentiality of comprehensive utilization ofWalnut shell and the benefits of the microwave heating.IntroductionActivated carbons are one of the most important adsorbent materials in modern society because of its abundantly developed pore structure, strong adsorption ability, high surface area and thermo stability. They have extensive application in many industries fields which include gas purification [1], catalyst supports [2] and other pollutants [3]. However, in recent years, the industrial production of activated carbon is facing the problem of raw material scarcity and high cost, which limit to be widely used. Therefore, the selection of an appropriate precursor plays an important role and it has become hot sport to seek cheap raw material to lower preparation cost. As a kind of reproducible resource, the waste from agriculture and forestry is a high-grade raw material for preparing activated carbon due to is high carbon content, such as palm shell [4], rice hull [5], and coconut shell [6]. At present Walnut shell is widely accepted to be a renewable source of biomass. According to statistics, there is more than 1000,000 tonnes of walnut shells are produced in China annually [7]. As a good precursor for activated carbon production, Walnut shell is a major agricultural waste, to make better use of the cheap and abundant agricultural waste, it is proposed for activated carbon production."

Jan 1, 2014

By Sergio N. Monteiro

Jute fabric obtained from discarded sackcloth is a promising low cost and post-used material being considered as reinforcement of polymeric matrix composites. In particular, the combination of this fabric with a recycled plastic constitutes an environmentally correct composite with both economical and environmental advantages. The present work investigates the toughness of recycled polyethylene composites reinforced with up to 40 wt% of post-used jute fabric extracted from discarded sackcloth. Standard Izod notched specimens were impact tested and the results showed an increase in toughness with the amount of jute fabric. Observation of the composite fracture by SEM revealed that the fabric weave, in spite of damages caused by the previous use of the sackcloth, act as an effective obstacle to crack propagation.

Jan 1, 2009

By Jiling Wang, Xuefeng Liu, Haojian Duan, Lifeng Zhang, Ying Ren, Wen Yang

"In order to study the influence of MgO-C refractory on steel cleanliness and inclusions during steelmaking process, and to understand the reaction mechanism deeply, laboratory deoxidation and equilibrium experiments were respectively performed in MgO crucibles at 1873K. In the former experiment, after Al addition, steel samples were taken at different holding time. In the latter experiment, different slag components and different contents of carbon and aluminum in steel were considered respectively. The inclusion characteristics of each experiment were analyzed. The results showed that with the increasing of holding time after deoxidation by Al, MgO existed in the small inclusions firstly, and then in the large ones such as the clusters. The MgO content in the inclusions increased with the increasing of holding time, indicating that the MgO in crucible could be individually reduced by the aluminum in the molten steel. The reaction could occur within nine minutes.IntroductionNon-metallic inclusions would have positive or negative effect on steel quality depend on the quantity, size and composition of inclusions. Large inclusions are always detrimental. From the point of view of inclusion property, plastic inclusions are required by steel cord, while hard inclusions are preferred by pipeline steel. One of the most important ways to increase the steel quality is reducing the inclusion size and controlling the inclusion composition in steel. Nowadays, MgO based refractory is used as ladle glaze material with more and more frequency, which results in different inclusion characteristics in molten steel, for example, the inevitable generation of MgO contained inclusions during ladle treatment of steel. In other words, the inclusions in this type ladle will influence on the steel cleanliness and the product property. Thus, keeping an eye on the inclusion formation behavior in the steel with MgO-C ladle glaze is important for the steel industry. There have been a few studies in this regard. Li et al[l] studied the reactions between MgO-C refractory, molten slag and metal using a high temperature X-ray radiographic apparatus. They found that the local corrosion was regarded as due to the cyclic dissolution of MgO and graphite in the refractory into slag and metal phase. The gas bubbles formed according to the reaction of (FeO)+C(s)=Fe(l)+CO(g) greatly influenced the corrosion. On an industrial scale, Du[2] found that ladle glaze is a major source of inclusions in the ladle. An experimental study has been performed by Lehmann in order to estimate the importance of the reaction between a MgO-based tundish refractory and an Al-killed steel[3]."

Jan 1, 2014

By Maria Salazar-Villalpando, Todd H. Gardner

"Efficient utilization of CO2 can help to decrease global warming. Methane reforming using carbon dioxide has been of interest for many years, but recently that interest has experienced a rapid increase for both environmental and commercial reasons. The use of CO2 provides a source of clean oxygen, which eliminates the need for costly oxygen separation plants. The product of dry reforming is useful syn-gas, which can be used to generate electrical power in a SOFC or in the production of synthetic fuels (hydrocarbons and alcohols). Hexaaluminate catalysts prepared at NETL may represent a product that can be utilized for the conversion of CO2 to syn-gas. In this work, transition metals dispersed in barium hexaaluminate have shown to be promising new catalysts for dry methane reforming. In this investigation, a series of BaNixAl12-yO19-d catalysts with varying Ni content were prepared by co-precipitation followed by calcination at 1400°C. CO2 reduction by dry methane reforming was carried out to determine catalyst performance as a function of temperature and carbon formation was also quantified after the reforming tests. Results of catalysts characterization, dispersion and surface area, were correlated to catalytic performance.IntroductionEfficient utilization of CO2 can help to decrease global warming. Methane reforming using carbon dioxide has been of interest for many years, but recently that interest has experienced a rapid increase for both environmental and commercial reasons. The use of CO2 provides a source of clean oxygen, which eliminates the need for costly oxygen separation plants. The product of dry reforming is useful syn-gas, which can be used to generate electrical power in a SOFC or in the production of synthetic fuels (hydrocarbons and alcohols). The dry reforming reaction has been known for a long time. Recent publications have reported studies over several catalysts. For example, the CO2 reforming of CH4 over mesoporous nanocrystalline zirconium powders (ZrO2–3%M2Ox; M: Ce, La and K) at 700ºC have shown methane conversion up to 60% (1). Similarly, the effect of Ni content (1–12 wt%) on the surface and catalytic behavior of bimetallic PtNi catalysts supported on ZSM-5 for reforming of methane with CO2 has been studied and report shows a maximum conversion of 16% and catalyst deactivation was observed during the first hour of time on stream (2). In another report, (3) Ni/a-Al2O3 catalyst was tested for syn-gas generation at 750ºC. The maximum methane conversion was 25%."

Jan 1, 2008

By W. Dresler

Design details of a 100 kVA DC electric-arc reduction furnace are described. The furnace is equipped with a 610 mm (24 inch) diameter graphite crucible hearth. A 76 mm (3 inch) diameter top graphite electrode is used as a cathode. The current passes through the bottom of the crucible and is carried to a bottom plate (the anode) by conductive magnesia carbon bricks. The furnace can be operated up to a maximum of 120 V, 1800 A, and presently 100 kW. The start-up operating experiences and metallurgical results of one reduction test with a Montana chromite containing 38% Cr2O3 are discussed.

Jan 1, 1994

By Jilai Xue, Jun Zhu, Liang Liu

"Separation removal of fluorite and calcite from scheelite is a difficult technical operation in current industrial practice with a heating process causing large energy consumption and high production costs. In this work, the floatation separation at room temperature were carried out using two types of skarn scheelite ores. The results showed that CaO and Na203 are better than NaOH as a regulator in pH value. In the rough floatation and first cleaning floatation, CaO (500g/t), Na203 (3000g/t) were used as a pH regulator, waterglass (4000g/t) was as a gangue depressant, oleic acid or sodium oleate were used as a collector. The degree of the obtained W03 concentrate was more than 65% (commercial product).IntroductionThe mainly gangue in scheelite are quartz, calcite, barite and some rare metal ores. There are three main types of scheelite for floatation: scheelite--quartz (silicate minerals) type, scheelite-calcite/ fluorite type, scheelite--calcite/fluorite/barite type. Generally speaking, scheelite--quartz type is separated easily, and others are difficult, on the contrary. The last two kinds of scheelite are always called scheelite--calcite/fluorite (barite) type, because there are similar floatation ability and floatation process between them. Scheelite, calcite and fluorite have same cation - Ca2+, it makes them have close floatation property [1]. Separation removal of fluorite and calcite from scheelite is a difficult technical operation in current industrial practice.The traditional separation method is a heating floatation process (Petrov's process) [2]. It can deal with many kinds of scheelite, and can be obtained stable quality ofW03 concentrate. On the other hand Petrov's process causes large energy consumption, high production costs and bad operational environments. Since 1980s, scheelite ambient temperature floatation has become the mainstream of study [3]. Nowadays more and more studies on scheelite floatation focus on complex reagent system [4, 5], rigid operating rules and at the same time development new regulator [1, 5]. Some research show there are new regulators can concentrate scheelite efficiently, but it may cause high costs, potential pollution and difficulty to spread. Oleic acid and sodium oleate used as collector have high adsorption capacity to scheelite, but same to calcite and fluorite[6]. So, it would not get ideal effect for separation of scheelite. In this work, the floatation separation at room temperature were carried out using two kinds of skarn scheelite ores. Calcium oxide and sodium carbonate was used as a pH value regulator, waterglass was used as a depressant and Oleic acid/sodium oleate was used as a collector. The result of experiment showed that the degree of the obtained W03 concentrate was more than 65% by one time ambient temperature roughing floatation, several times ambient temperature cleaning process."

Jan 1, 2014

By Liangying Wen, Feng Xia, Chenguang Bai

"The situation of the Ti-V-Magnetite samples reduced with microwave has been investigated in laboratory. Firstly, the paper focuses on the heating behaviors of vanadium-titanium magnetite and characteristics of carbothermic reduction of V-Ti-magnetite in the microwave field. The effect of concentrate's size, quality on heating behaviors and reduction processes were researched. Results show that microwave heating may be a new heating resource replace of carbonic combustion reaction in reducing reaction. When the allocation of carbon is (16.7-30)%, carbothermic reduction of V-Ti-magnetite in the microwave field can proceed; with the increasing of carbon mixed, the metallization rate increases; and Fe, V can be reduced from their oxides in the microwave field; Titanic low oxide can be reduced from TiO2.1. IntroductionThe resource of Ti-V-Magnetite is abundant in the western area of Panzhihua in China, so far a mineral deposit of 4.64 billion tons have been proved up, it contains 14.75 million tons of V2O S which accounted for 87% of the vanadium and 5.93 hundred million tons of TiO2 accounted for 94% of the titanium resource respectively in China. The previous study proved that the major composition of mineral of the Ti-V-magnetite are Ti-magnetite, limonite, iron spinel, magnesium spinel etc, and the main elements of the Ti-V-magnetite in this area are Fe, Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Ga, Sc etc[1] Due to the restrict of the BF-BOF process technical, during the smelting of the iron, the level of extracting the vanadium, titanium as well as other metal elements is limited. This results serious wasting of resources. To develop a new reduction process of Ti-V-magnetite is on the agenda, the microwave assistant reduction could meets this need, based on its characteristic of easy controlling of heating rate. To make use of the microwave energy to substitute the released heat sources of carbon combustion with air, use the solid phase state reduction at a relative lower temperature, make the beneficial element in Ti-V-magnetite transferred into the metal phase, then separated from the impurity. It is well worth to point out that once the microwave based reduction method has its industrial scale, it will take an outstanding position by its less release of carbon dioxide. This new environment-friendly process will play a vital role in the development of social industry and economy."

Jan 1, 2008

By J. Fogarty, J. Sofra

The mobile telecommunications sector is one of the fastest growing industries worldwide. However, increasingly stringent environmental regulations are placing pressure on manufacturers to accept responsibility for end of life products. The companies are therefore exploring avenues to recover the valuable components contained within the mobile telecommunications devices thus reducing the quantities of toxic components going to landfill. Batteries used to power the devices, are typically based on either nickel-cadmium, nickel metal hydride, or lithium ion cells. They contain toxic metals including nickel, cadmium, lithium, potassium, lead, and cobalt in a complicated arrangement of battery cells surrounded by a metals then plastic casing. The Ausmelt Catalytic Waste Converter (CWC) for waste treatment and recycling is well suited to processing all three mobile phone battery types for the recovery of valuable metals in marketable products that can be recycled to industry without turning out harmful levels of toxic emissions. Ausmelt recently demonstrated the capabilities of its CWC by continuously processing 4.5 tonnes of nickel-cadmium batteries. Using Ausmelt's pilot plant facility in Australia, the nickel-cadmium batteries were processed to produce a nickel iron sulphide (matte), a cadmium fume and a final slag which satisfied CS toxicity leach test criteria and was safe f<~r disposal to landfill. This paper explores the commercial development of the Ausmelt CWC for treating each of the three battery types in light of (a) the outcomes of the recent demonstration, and (b) the current and expected future availability of batteries for processing.

Jan 1, 2000