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By Karl J. C. Harries

"11.1. INTRODUCTIONA royalty is the most common form of interest retained by an owner who is disposing of his property or by a joint venturer who ceases, voluntarily or otherwise, to participate in the joint venture.1 Rarely does a non-participating party have a direct interest in the property and/or assets of a project, except during the period when a non-participating joint venturer may be having his interest diluted.2 In fact, it is most unwise to permit a non-participating party to have such an interest. It may give rise to significant problems that could prevent or substantially delay the development of an orebody and require a considerable amount of time, effort, and money to correct.3In negotiating a royalty, it is important to be aware that there is no law or convention that says, “You just don’t do that in a royalty agreement.” As with any agreement, inventiveness and flexibility on the part of the negotiator are not just assets, but virtual necessities. It is also for this reason that it is essential to read the royalty provisions, particularly the definitions, fully and carefully, especially if you are the recipient. On the other hand, if your inventiveness and flexibility cause your accountant to question the advisability of one of your ideas, pay close attention to him.4 He will, no doubt, have had experience with many royalties, and no competent professional adviser disparages a client’s ideas without good reason. Besides, he will probably be the person who will be determining the royalty or certifying the determination of it. At the very least, he will be auditing your general financial statements, which must, of course, reflect the royalty determination. Heeding his advice not only may make the determination easier but also will probably save you money in professional fees later on. Nevertheless, do not simply accept his comments or recommendations without understanding what they mean, why they have been made with respect to your royalty agreement (sometimes professionals have comments that they make as a matter of course and, even though they may be valid, you should require them to be justified to you), and how they will affect your royalty determination.It is surprising how many corporate payors insist that their standard royalty provisions5 be used as a matter of policy, thereby effectively tying the negotiator’s hands. It is even more surprising, and to professional advisers frightening, how many of the senior employees who insist that such a policy be adhered to, virtually without variation, do not know what is in the standard provisions and would be hard-pressed to explain them to a property owner. If standard provisions are appropriate, by all means use them, but do allow experienced and sensible negotiators some flexibility and make sure that everyone within the corporation who may have to use such provisions – negotiator and supervisor alike – knows what they contain and why they are as they are. For example, there are often good and convincing reasons to describe a deduction in a certain way or to include a certain specific type of deduction. On the other hand, quite often the answer to the question “why?” is that “it has always been there”; this is, or should be, an unacceptable answer. In any event, if you, as the negotiator, appear to know what you are talking about, are familiar and comfortable with your royalty provisions, and are backed up by your boss with the same words or reasoning, a property owner cannot help but be satisfied that you are knowledgeable, even if he still does not agree with your provisions. Finally, if you do use standard provisions, make sure that they are reviewed and updated regularly."

Jan 1, 2003

By R. K. Collings

Mineral wastes from the mining, metallurgical and chemical processing industries in Canada amount to about 800 million tonnes annually. Such wastes often are largely non-metallic in composition and are of interest for traditional non-metallic mineral uses and applications. Mineral waste disposal and maintenance are costly; furthermore, these wastes may pollute groundwater, rivers and lakes. These factors and an increased appreciation of the potential utility of some mineral wastes have stimulated research in this area.

Jan 1, 1984

By P. J. Lunder, R. C. Pakalnis

This paper presents the results of research that has been undertaken in order to develop an improved method of determining the strength of hard-rock mine pillars. Pillars are found in various shapes and sizes in all underground mining operations. Prudent engineering design requires that if pillars are to perform as desired, both the pillar strength and the pillar stress must be determined. A detailed pillar stability study has been combined with an extensive database of published pillar case histories (178)resulting in a new “hybrid” pillar strength formula, “The Confinement Formula”, that utilizes classic strength of rock methods combined with empirical methods. “The Confinement Formula” utilizes a “mine pillar friction term” calculated from the average minor/major stress ratio with-in the pillar core. Statistically, the new formula provides better results at predicting pillar strength for the combined database than the best empirically ft pillar methods that currently exist. “The Confinement Formula” allows for the determination of the strength of mine pillars with an increased level of confidence over previously applied methods.

Jan 1, 1997

By Marc Arpin

La Bolivie possède tout pour réussir. Son vaste territoire de plus d'un million de km2 et qui occupe une position stratégique au coeur du continent sud-américain recèle des ressources naturelles (forêts, minéraux, gaz naturel, etc) variées et abondantes. Elle a une frontière avec pas moins de 5 pays dont le géant que constitue le Brésil ainsi qu'avec l'Argentine, l'autre puissance régionale. Pourtant, malgré tous ces atouts, la Bolivie demeure l'un des pays les plus pauvres du continent. Ce paradoxe n'est nulle part mieux reflété que dans le secteur minier. Celui-ci fait face à une situation de crise en dépit d'une tradition minière de plus de quatre siècles et d'un potentiel géologique indiscutable ayant conduit à la découverte et à l'exploitation de fabuleux gisements d'argent et d'étain. Les habitants des districts miniers vivent dans des conditions de pauvreté extrême et les indicateurs de développement humain de ces régions sont parmi les plus bas en Amérique du Sud. La Bolivie réussit difficilement à attirer les compagnies minières alors que, chez les voisins, et particulièrement en Argentine, qui n'a pas de tradition minière, les investissements miniers majeurs affluent. Dans cette conférence, nous chercherons à expliquer les causes de cette situation et proposerons des solutions possibles.

May 1, 2001

By O. D. Maurice

"This paper will essentially update the information that is already known and published on the limestones of the Province of Quebec. The excellent report by M. F. Goudge (1935)m is difficult to improve upon and the areas of limestone quarrying are generally the same as they were at the time of Goudge's report. Our knowledge of the limestones of Quebec has been improved considerably in recent years by the publications of T. H. Clark, 2 who, since 1938, has been mapping and reporting on these lime-stones and has discussed their stratigraphy, their structural features, their history and their economic value. One economic aspect is the presence of natural gas in these formations and the possible occurrence of oil. A total of 150 test holes had been drilled to a depth of more than 500 feet by the end of 1967 and, in addition, at least 256 more shallow holes had been put down in the St. Lawrence Lowlands. The information from these test holes has greatly improved our knowledge of the thickness and extent. of the various formations of Paleozoic limestone and shale in Quebec.This paper will then review briefly the limestone occurrences in Quebec, using the old as well as the more recent reports as principal references"

Jan 1, 1970

?Founded in 1969 by the Ruia family ?Diversified global business corporation with a balanced portfolio of assets in the manufacturing and service sectors; $15 Billion revenue in FY 2009-2010 ?Employs 70,000 people worldwide with offices in Asia, Africa, Europe and North America

May 1, 2011

By M. Noaparast, N. Nickoletopoulos, André R. Laplante

"This paper presents an application of the use of synthetic ores to study gold recovery by gravity. Three case studies are presented: the first focuses on the use of tungsten to study applications of Knelson Concentrators for upgrading gravity concentrates; the second on tungsten again, in this case to study the performance of a 86 Falcon Concentrator; and the third on lead to mimic gold's grinding behaviour.It is shown that the use of synthetic ores with metallic substitute for gold is not only expedient, but it can also lead to an increased understanding of separation and grinding mechanisms, because of the more accurate results and controlled particle shapes. The case studies highlight the problems associated with gold particle flakiness and gangue density. The grinding behaviour of malleable materials is shown to be complex, as particles can migrate to coarser size classes by flattening and cold welding, and to finer size classes by folding and actual breakage.IntroductionThe title of this contribution is not entirely misleading. Mineral processing has much to do with philosophy, rather Philosophy, as described by Georgius Agricola:""Furthermore, there are many arts and sciences of which the miner should not be ignorant. First there is Philosophy, that he may discern the origin, cause, and nature of subterranean things; for then he will be able to dig out the veins easily and advantageously, and to obtain more abundant results from his mining. ""1"

Jan 1, 1995

By J. A. Brusset

Introduction I am indebted for most of the information in this paper to Mr. P. S. Lea, Deputy Chief Inspector of Mines of Great Britain, and Mr. A. E. Crook, Engineering Inspector of Mines, Ministry of Fuel and Power. Other coal-mining men in Canada may be as surprised as I was to learn that there are twenty-five Diesel locomotives in service underground in British gassy coal mines. Many more are in use underground in non-gassy coal mines and in metal mines. Approval has been granted for an additional fifty flame-proof locomotives to be used in gassy mines, and these should be in operation by the end of 1946, or as soon as manufacturing facilities permit.

Jan 1, 1946

By R. Agius, A. Nacu

"Cyanide destruction technologies are implemented at gold and silver operations to comply with the International Cyanide Management Code and meet ever more stringent discharge limits. Currently, the most common chemical cyanide destruction processes used in industry are sulfur dioxide/oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and Caro’s acid. The cyanide destruction process used at an operation must reliably generate streams of acceptable quality at all times, and depends on numerous factors, including permit discharge requirements, tailings chemistry, location, site-specific climatic conditions and size of the operation. Selecting the most appropriate cyanide destruction process and determining the process design criteria requires accurate laboratory testing. This paper presents and discusses the results of a number of cyanide destruction evaluations that have been conducted to reduce cyanide concentration in process solutions or cyanidation tails. Laboratory testing provides important insights into reagent consumption and other factors required to achieve the target residual weak acid dissociable cyanide (CNWAD) levels.INTRODUCTION Process solutions associated with the extraction of gold and silver contain several forms of cyanide. The most toxic form of cyanide is free cyanide, which can be present as a dissociated cyanide anion (CN-) or gaseous or aqueous HCN. Weak or moderately stable cyanide complexes such as those of zinc, copper and nickel are classified as weak acid dissociable (CNWAD). Although less toxic than free cyanide, weak acid dissociable cyanide complexes are considered “ecologically sensitive” forms of cyanide and are regulated in most jurisdictions. In practice, reported WAD cyanide values comprises both free cyanide and weak acid dissociable cyanide complexes. Cyanide complexes with gold, mercury, cobalt and iron are referred to as strong acid dissociable complexes (CNSAD) and are much more stable, even under mildly acidic conditions. Another term commonly used in cyanide chemistry is total cyanide, which represents all cyanide compounds present in solution. Total cyanide levels in solutions are always equal to or higher than WAD cyanide values and the difference between the two usually indicates the presence of iron-cyanide compounds. Typically in Canada, CNTOTAL levels cannot exceed 1 mg/L in solutions discharged to the environment."

Jan 1, 2017

By C. T. Harper, B. J. Fryer, R. P. Taylor

"IntroductionThe Maurice Bay deposit is one of a number of uranium deposits that have been found in recent years in the Athabasca Basin of northern Saskatchewan (Tremblay, 1982). This deposit, along with the others, belongs to the unconformity type deposits (Beck, 1977). They are, for the most part, polymetallic, being characterized by a suite of metals which include U, Ni, Co, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, V, Ag, Au, Pt-group elements, S, As, Bi, Se, Te, and Mo, some of which, besides U, are present in economic concentrations (Amok, 1974; Ruzicka, 1975; Tapaninen, 1976; Hoeve and Sibbald, 1978; Dahlkamp, 1978). The Maurice Bay deposit was known to be a small low grade deposit in which the ore was essentially monomineralic, consisting mainly of pitchblende (Harper, 1978). However, the occurrence of trace amounts of some of the elements common in the larger polymetallic ore bodies (e.g. Key Lake, Cluff Lake D) was anticipated. Thus a lithogeochemical sampling project was undertaken in 1979 across part of the Maurice Bay deposit (Harper, 1979). Major oxides (SiO2, Al2O3, FeO, Fe2O, MgO, CaO, K2O, Na2O, MnO, P2O5, and TiO2) and a group of the most common trace metals (U, Ni, Co, Cu, Pb, As, Au, V, and Se) were analyzed to determine whether any elemental patterns (halos or depletions) could be detected which would reduce the number of pathfinder elements needed for exploration purposes. In addition to the above metals, Th was also checked because some conglomerate strata in the Maurice Bay area are known to be thorium-enriched (Harper, 1978). Only the trace metal distributions will be discussed in detail in this report.General GeologyThe Maurice Bay area is underlain by three major groups of rocks, the White Lake metamorphic complex, an unnamed granodiorite complex, and the Athabasca Group, described previously (Fig. 1; Harper, 1979). Table 1 summarizes the stratigraphic features as deduced by geological mapping and the examination of drill cores."

Jan 1, 1986

By M. W. Grabinsky, J. H. Curran

"Characterizing the spatial distribution of rock stresses is a challenge, especially in the geologically complex environments typically found at most metalliferous mines. Therefore, instead of focusing, specifically, on the task of making stress measurements, the engineer should instead attempt to develop a better understanding of the interaction between stress, mining geometry and rock mass behaviour. This paper demonstrates such an approach using a Canadian Shield hardrock mine case study, in which geomechanical models are used to relate stress, mining geometry, and rock mass properties to observed excavation response, and numerical modelling is used to better quantify this interaction.IntroductionUnderstanding how the mine geometry, field stresses and rock mass interact to produce the observed rock mass response to mining can be a significant challenge. Consider our present ability to quantify the basic geomechanical design input data. Mine geometry is normally quantified in more detail than is required for analysis purposes. Our understanding of rock mass strength and stiffness is far from complete, but established procedures do exist to obtain estimates of these parameters based on index and laboratory testing data and field mapping. Our ability to quantify field stresses is probably the most limited, in part because stress measurements are difficult and expensive to carry out, and in part because the stresses vary to an unknown degree from point to point within the rock mass. The engineer must, therefore, consider whether or not stress measurements are justified and, when they are, where the average stress state needs to be quantified and how many of which type of measurements will be required to determine the average stresses.Such was the case at Ansil mine, a massive sulphide deposit in hard rock located at a depth of more than one kilometre in the northern Québec portion of the Canadian Shield. The Ansil orebody was relatively rich, but small, with the potential for significant stress-related problems. As a result, geomechanical design had to be done carefully from the start – there would be little opportunity to modify the mining strategy once production had begun, and the economic consequences of stope dilution and rock mass instability would be severe. An extensive stress measurement campaign was carried out, but the determined stress magnitudes were unexpectedly low. The designers were, therefore, faced with a dilemma:"

Jan 1, 1997

By F. Doxey

Introduction Numerous papers have been written dealing with the construction and functions of, and the environmental conditions created by, Diesel locomotives. Therefore, it is not my intention to attempt to deal with these phases of Diesel transportation other than to make reference to them in ?relation to and in connection with actual operation. The rapid expansion of industry during recent years and the necessity of products being made available at competitive prices in home and world markets has made the demand for cheaper coal a very serious factor for the coal industry. This condition has meant each coal producing country looking into ways and means whereby greater productivity and reduction in cost could he achieved. Surveys made show that, in addition to face mechanization, savings, in some cases substantial, can be made in transportation. Ventilation The most efficient mines are in-variably the well ventilated ones, for it is true that, where there is good ventilation, there are usually good roads. These combined factors are very essential where Diesel locomotives are used. Good roadways and track allow speed, and good ventilation dilutes rapidly any disagreeable exhaust gases. Locomotive Development In the older types of auxiliary rope haulage, coal hauled per haul-age hand is usually very low.

Jan 1, 1951

By B. Panton, J. Carvalho, E. T. Brown

"A major consideration in the design of high capacity tiedown anchors for dam, bridge and tower foundations is the tensile resistance of the rock mass to pullout, typically as a result of overturning moments or hydrostatic uplift. Rock mass pullout capacity for installed anchors is developed from the tensile strength and fracture propagation properties of intact rock, the orientation and physical properties of the discontinuities and anchor confinement at depth. The typically assumed, but generally conservative, design approach is to calculate anchor pullout capacity using the dead weight of a uniformly shaped inverted “cone” with an assumed initiation point and breakout angle. In some cases, some tensile or shear strength is considered across the area of the assumed pullout cone, however, these strength estimates are based primarily on based on limited historic testing data, empirical relationships for rock mass strength developed for other applications, and engineering judgement.As an alternative to the current foundation anchor design method, this paper presents a new approach to the rock cone pullout problem using Discrete Fracture Networks (DFN) combined with numerical simulations. The simulations presented in the paper investigate the influence of fractures in a synthetic rock mass on ultimate anchor strength. In addition, the global influence on fracture network statistics on rock mass pullout failure is also discussed and it is contended that some of the aleatory and epistemic uncertainty inherent in the design of rock anchors can be reduced by considering fracture statistics in anchor design."

Jan 1, 2015

By K. Howard Poulsen

Shear zones are tabular tructures which tend to occur either discordantly within, or concordantly along the margins of, competent rock masse uch as plutons, sill or flows. They contain deformed equivalents of their host rock and are common sites for gold mineralization localized in tructure oriented y tematically relative to the shear zones and internal linear fabric. Apan from genetic implications, hear zone analysis proves useful in exploration for this type of deposit because the zones are generally wider and more continuous than associated mineralization and because there is an element of predictability to mineralization geometry (i.e. vein orientation. plunge).

Jan 1, 1986

By Adam Moore, Ryan Gillespie, Jarrett Quinn, Audrey Walters, Peter Radziszewski

"Vale Long Harbour Processing Plant (LHPP) was designed to process Voisey’s Bay nickel concentrate into finished nickel and associated copper and cobalt products. The plant includes a secondary grinding circuit comprising two Stirred Media Detritors (SMDs) operating in parallel. The ultrafine grinding circuit was designed to process concentrate at a rate of 33 t/h and produce a ground product (P80) of 20 µm to feed the leach circuits. Start-up of the grinding circuit at LHPP was undertaken in December 2014.The objective of this paper will be to describe the design, commissioning, start-up and performance of the secondary grinding circuit with a focus on the two Metso SMD-355-C mills. Following a brief overview of Vale’s LHPP and the SMD technology, the paper will review the design of the SMD secondary grinding circuit from lab tests through to scale-up performance prediction. This will be followed by the results of circuit commissioning outlining some of the issues raised and addressed after which SMD performance will be outlined. Specifically, the SMD circuit grinding performance will be examined since start-up which will include the effect of media size and wear on grinding. Furthermore, impeller wear will be examined by determining initial “shear volume” and worn “shear volume” as well as its effect on mill power and the means to maintain it. The paper closes with a discussion on grinding performance."

Jan 1, 2016

By F. W. Gray

IN 1922, the writer communicated to the Institute a paper entitled The Development of the Coal Industry in Canada (1), which summarized the considerations set out in a series of papers (2) concerned with coal-mining in Canada which he had presented in 1920 and 1921. This paper contained a forecast by decades, commencing 1920, of Canadian coal production, importation, consumption, and exports, based on anticipated rate of population increase, and continuation of the gradual increase in the per capita rate of coal consumption in Canada that had taken place every year up to 1920. The following comparative statement brings our the differences between the forecast and actual experience:

Jan 1, 1936

Of the many organic impurities present in Bayer liquor, sodium oxalate is known to have one of the most detrimental effects on the Bayer process. Because of its limited solubility, it will co-precipitate with gibbsite during the precipitation stage which results in many operational challenges for the refinery. Despite the importance of this phenomenon, the interaction mechanism between gibbsite and sodium oxalate is not well understood. In this study, the growth of sodium oxalate on three main morphologies (random agglomerates, prims and hexagons) of water-washed and caustic-washed gibbsite was observed under synthetic Bayer conditions using in situ optical microscopy. After a short induction period, oxalate started to nucleate on gibbsite crystals, and grew with a needle-shaped morphology which eventually developed into oxalate bundles. In addition, the results indicated that caustic washing was able to partly decompose gibbsite crystals and thus make the gibbsite surface rougher, which provides more potential sites for oxalate nucleation and growth. The growth rate of oxalate crystals on the basal (001) face of water-washed gibbsite was 1.33 µm/min determined by the time-lapse imaging of in situ optical microscope.

Jan 1, 2014

By M. C. Ethier, A. L. Laramie

"The Granisle and Bell Copper mines were officially put into production in 1966 and 1972, respectively. The Granisle Mine was purchased in late 1979by Noranda and the two operations were amalgamated as one division. Both mines were closed in 1982after sustaining heavy financial losses during a period of low copper prices beginning in 1981.This paper describes the resumption of operations at the Bell Mine in 1985 after its shutdown period of three years and the dramatic and sustained improvements in productivity and efficiency realized as a result of a commitment by employees and management to the application of Participative Management and Employee Involvement principles. After a general description of the effects of such a philosophy on the operation as a whole, and a comparison to the operation's last full year as a producer, it deals with the practice of this philosophy in the maintenance department at the Bell Mine and the superb results realized.IntroductionThe Bell Copper deposit was discovered in 1963 and came onstream as a 10000 ton s per day open pit mine in the fall of 1972. Identified reserves at that time were 46 million tons of ore containing 0.50% copper. The mine shared facilities of the townsite of Granisle with the nearby Zapata-Granby mine which had established the community six years earlier.Because of easy grinding ore and improvements to milling circuits, Bell's throughput rate was increased to 17 000 tons per day by the late 1970s. In the open pit, improvements resulted in mining of additional reserves with higher stripping ratios. At startup, a half ton o f waste was mined for every ton of ore processed.By the end of 1982, with 48.2 million tons already mined, the Bell Mine had identified additional mineable reserves of 39.4 million tons containing 0.52% Cu.In November 1979 the Granisle Mine was purchased from Zapata-Granby. The two mines, with a total of 700 employees, were operated under common management as the Babine Division until 1982 when low copper price s forced the closure of both for an indefinite period.The outlook for copper prices remained bleak and only 50 people were retained on the payroll to maintain the two plants, most of them working on a part-time schedule.The population of the Village of Granisle dwindled from over 1500 inhabitants to under 500, as people moved away to seek other employment.Prior to the shutdown, the Bell Mine employed 370 people and pit extraction averaged nearly 50000 tons per day of which 16000 tons was mill feed, and the remainder waste. Total cost to produce a pound of copper was C$1.36 in 1982."

Jan 1, 1990

By Alain Simard, André Gobeil, Sylvain Lacroix, Maurice Rive, Denis Racicot, Pierre Verpaelst

"The Abitibi volcano-plutonic belt forms the major portion of the Abitibi lithotectonic subprovince in the Superior Province. The Abitibi belt is composed essentially of"" (1) approximately 2.7 Ga old volcanic and sedimentary rocks; and (2) gabbro, tonalite, granodiorite and syenite intrusions occurring in well-defined prekinematic ( synvolcanic ), synkinematic and post-kinematic plutonic suites. Most of these rocks are metamorphosed to greenschist facies. Regional multi-phase deformation affects the volcano-sedimentary rocks. Deformation was initiated as these rocks were formed, and peaked at the end of the Keno ran orogeny with the emplacement of granitic batholiths.There are 145 former and current mines in the Quebec segment of the belt. To date, more than 420 Mt of ore have been extracted yielding 1,600 tonnesof Au, more than4,000 tonnesof Ag,4,400,000 tonnes of Cu and 5,300,000 tonnes of Zn. Mineral production is concentrated in geologic domains that approximately coincide with the boundaries of lithotectonic domains. We have compared the geology and mineral deposits of different domains to illustrate their distinct metallogenic signature. Certain domains are dominantly gold-producing (Cadillac-Malartic, Val-d'Or, Caopatina), others are base-metal producers (Matagami and Normetal), while others produce both gold and base metals ( Rouyn-Noranda, Chibougamau, Casa-Berardi-Joutel).Gold is extracted from quartz-rich vein deposits (for example, Val-d' Or), sulfide-rich veindeposits(Cadillac or Chibougamau) and from volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits ( Rouyn-Noranda). Base metals are generally mined from volcanogenic massive sulfide( RouynNoranda, Matagami, Normetal), although certain vein deposits yield base metals (Chibougamau) . Certain sectors are dominantly zincrich (Matagami, Normetal)."

Jan 1, 1990

By Alain Simard, Andre Gobeil, Sylvain Lacroix, Maurice Rive, Denis Racicot, Pierre Verpaelst

"The Abitibi volcano-plutonic belt forms the major portion of the Abitibi lithotectonic subprovince in the Superior Province. The Abitibi belt is composed essentially of"" (1) approximately 2.7 Ga old volcanic and sedimentary rocks; and (2) gabbro, tonalite, granodiorite and syenite intrusions occurring in well-defined prekinematic ( synvolcanic ), synkinematic and post-kinematic plutonic suites. Most of these rocks are metamorphosed to greenschist facies. Regional multi-phase deformation affects the volcano-sedimentary rocks. Deformation was initiated as these rocks were formed, and peaked at the end of the Keno ran orogeny with the emplacement of granitic batholiths.There are 145 former and current mines in the Quebec segment of the belt. To date, more than 420 Mt of ore have been extracted yielding 1,600 tonnesof Au, more than4,000 tonnesof Ag,4,400,000 tonnes of Cu and 5,300,000 tonnes of Zn. Mineral production is concentrated in geologic domains that approximately coincide with the boundaries of lithotectonic domains. We have compared the geology and mineral deposits of different domains to illustrate their distinct metallogenic signature. Certain domains are dominantly gold-producing (Cadillac-Malartic, Val-d'Or, Caopatina), others are base-metal producers (Matagami and Normetal), while others produce both gold and base metals ( Rouyn-Noranda, Chibougamau, Casa-Berardi-Joutel).Gold is extracted from quartz-rich vein deposits (for example, Val-d' Or), sulfide-rich veindeposits(Cadillac or Chibougamau) and from volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits ( Rouyn-Noranda). Base metals are generally mined from volcanogenic massive sulfide( RouynNoranda, Matagami, Normetal), although certain vein deposits yield base metals (Chibougamau) . Certain sectors are dominantly zincrich (Matagami, Normetal)."

Jan 1, 1989