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By H. P. Pew

THE Pembina oil field is in west-central Alberta, about 88 miles west-southwest of Edmonton. The field, about 35 miles long by T HE Pembina oil field is in west-central Alberta, about 88 miles west-southwest of Edmonton. The field, about 35 miles long by 85 miles wide, is the largest in Canada in areal extent, in the amount of oil in place and in the current producing rate. The discovery well was completed in the middle of 1953. The field has grown until its present area is 369,820 acres. There are 74 working interest owners in the field. Early in the producing history of the Pembina field a committee of operators was formed on a permanent basis. The Pembina Operators' Committee has established a permanent staff, which compiles and distributes pertinent field information on a regular basis to all participants. The Alberta Oil and Gas Conservation Board has dealt with field-wide problems primarily through this committee. Expansion of the field was rapid as shown by the number of wells completed -from 135

Jan 1, 1961

By John T. Whetton

"FROM 1850 when the annual production was around 50 million tons, coal output in Great Britain expanded rapidly to 225 million tons in 1900 and 287 million tons in 1913. However, during the First World War, countries which had previously bought large quantities of coal from Britain sought other sources of sup-ply or developed their own coal re-sources. Thus from the record figure of 73 million tons exported in 1913, Britain's coal exports declined until in 1938 they stood at 39 mil-lion tons. An important reason for this was the development of oil engines for marine propulsion. Today, nearly all the navies and mercantile shipping in the world have turned to oil engines. Sometime in the future, however, it is reasonable to expect nuclear power to replace oil.During the Second World War, coal output in Great Britain and manpower at the mines were reduced considerably and in 1.945, 175 mil-lion tons were produced by 709,000 miners. Exports were meagre, only 8.""7 million tons went to foreign consumption. During the severe winter of 1947, inland demand for coal exceeded production and exports were prohibited. Even importation of coal was required to meet inland demand. These were years when the coal industry of Great Britain made immense efforts to secure maximum output irrespective of economy. The energy needs of Great Britain appeared insatiable; but had it been possible to export, the nationalised mining industry could have made huge profits as there was a world shortage of coal. However, home needs were considered to be the priority and many overseas markets were lost. Other producers moved in and secured long-term contracts. Not only was the British export market lost, but also the nationalised industry had to sell the imported coal at the same prices as home-produced coal and suffered losses up to of:3 per ton. Bence, at a time when the National Coal Board might have ac-cumulated a reserve fund to cope with less prosperons times, it was having to spend large sums of money securing sufficient coal for inland consumption. This was a time when intensive efforts in the mining industry, comparable with those of many industries and establishments inclusive of the armed services during the war, would have produced a greater amount of coal and have been of immense value to the country as a whole."

Jan 1, 1960

By W. B. Coker

A helicopter-mounted lake-sediment and lake-water survey was carried out over Grenville rooks in the Renfrew area (parts of Renfrew and Lanark counties) during four days of October, 1975. In the course of this survey. 1150 square kilometers were covered, with 246 lake-sediment and 276 lake -water samples collected from every body of water on which the helicopter could land. Sample sites, which averaged one per 4.6 square kilometers, included lakes, ponds, beaver ponds, swamps and marshes. Lake-sediment samples were taken using a G.S.C. sampler. Waters were collected directly into polyethylene bottles. At each sample site , surface and bottom-water pH, dissolved oxygen content, conductivity and temperature were measured using a Martel. Water Quality Analyzer. The lake sediments were air dried and then ball milled to pass a minus 80-mesh sieve. Lake sediments were analyzed for U by delayed neutron activation and for Mo, Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn, Ni and Co by atomic absorption techniques. The organic content of the sediments was determined by loss on ignition at 450 °C. Lake waters were acidified with nitric acid on the day of collection. The U content of the water s was determined by fluorometry; the Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn , Ni and Co contents of the waters were determined by solvent extraction - atomic absorption techniques. A close relationship was found between bodies of granitic, syenitic and pegmatitic bedrock and elevated U levels in the lake sediments. The Hurd Lake and White Lake granitic intrusive were encompassed by an annulus of higher U activity. Field inspection revealed that the U concentrations occur within a zone which may represent a contact metamorphic aureole. Within these complexes, anomalous concentrations of U appear to be associated with Mo. Information derived from the lake-water data reinforces the geochemical distributions outlined by the lake-sediment survey . This survey was carried out in order to develop optimum sampling and analytical procedures for geochemical reconnaissance of the Grenville Province that may be carried out under the auspices of the Uranium Reconnaissance Program.

Jan 1, 1977

By C. J. Edmonds

Of the gold mined in Canada over 90 percent is extracted from the ore by the process of "cyanidation". In this process crushed ore is treated with lime to provide "protective alkalinity" and cyanide, usually in the form of sodium cyanide. The gold is dissolved in the cyanide solution, which after further treatments for clarification, is precipitated by the addition of zinc dust. Wastes from the process consist of tailings which will contain cyanides. Water consumption, mill size, effluent quantity and quality are depicted in transparency (1). It should be noted that as far as the wastes are concerned it has been impossible to postulate a typical situation. Variation from the above data will occur. A summary of data from tailings pond effluents is presented in transparency (2). The figures in parentheses indicate the usual range of values for the parameter.

Jan 1, 1973

By Fabio Mielli

In these times of increasing costs and diminished returns, energy consumption is one source of savings that remains relatively untapped in the mining sector. Typically, 15% to 40% of operational costs can be attributed to energy in mining operations. This ?process variable? is a complex, multi-faceted variable that involves government regulations, societal pressures, cost and competitiveness. A mining company able to successfully embrace an energy efficiency program is more often than not a successful mining company. Production optimization programs, relatively common today, provide increased production, increased availability of assets and, in many cases, improved quality. They generally ignore the energy question altogether. Production Energy Optimization combines reductions in energy consumption with production improvements to reduce the cost per unit of production while improving emissions reporting. An energy strategy in mining and mineral processing operations is a critical component of Production Energy Optimization. This strategy must support the financial and operational integrity of the business. Developing a successful energy strategy requires a well structured approach such as following: ??Understanding where energy is being used and why, ??Recommending and implementing energy conservation measures, ??Driving visibility to targets and results, ??Re-evaluating continuously. The objective of this paper is to help you better understand the process, tools and technologies that enable mining organizations today to address energy and sustainability issues more tactically and proactively.

Aug 1, 2013

By Alyson Morley

The mining sector in Canada is facing significant challenges to develop a competent workforce, including increased technical and logistical operational demands, and the imperative to promote local content. There is an increasingly unpredictable labour pool which can be aging, or have skill shortages, or non-aligned skills. As globalisation continues, companies also require efficiencies during operation across various locations. AMEC has met these challenges in the global oil and gas sector by developing our Capability Development and Competence Assurance (CDCA) program. CDCA is applicable across all process industries, including mining. CDCA supports simultaneous consistency and flexibility by defining competence at task level, with corresponding best practice blended training programs, and evaluation criteria and processes. CDCA then defines role profiles mapped to local task definition. When combined with web-based technology, this granularity allows us to manage high volume workforces, while retaining individual learning plans and progression, aiding job satisfaction, and employee retention.

May 1, 2007

By A. Yaghini, Y. Pourrahimian

"Human factors (HFs) play an important role in the mining and mineral industry, affecting operational and maintenance efficiency and safety. Despite the introduction of new technologies and automation in this sector, it is well known that a significantly large proportion of total human errors occur during the operation and maintenance phase. A comprehensive literature review of HFs across several industries is provided. From this review, the impact of HFs on operation and maintenance is summarized, with a focus on what the mining industry is currently doing and what opportunities exist for additional improvements. Future research directions and themes are also identified.RÉSUMÉ Les facteurs humains (FH) jouent un rôle important dans l’industrie des mines et des minéraux, en ce qu’ils affectent l’efficacité et la sécurité de l’exploitation et de l’entretien. Malgré l’apparition de nouvelles technologies et de l’automatisation dans ce secteur, il est bien connu qu’une grande partie des erreurs humaines (EH) se produisent durant une phase d’exploitation et d’entretien. Cet article propose une analyse documentaire approfondie des FH dans plusieurs secteurs. L’impact des FH sur l’exploitation et l’entretien est résumé à partir de cette analyse, une attention particulière étant accordée à l’évolution de l’industrie minière et aux possibilités d’améliorer davantage ses activités. Sont également identifiés les futurs thèmes et voies de recherche.INTRODUCTIONDuring the past several decades, the mining industry has focused on improving equipment, machinery, and methods that have led to more advanced hardware and software, equipment with higher reliability and productivity, and other technological advancements. These actions have improved safety and productivity and have reduced casualties and maintenance workload. Although today’s mining equipment and machinery are technologically advanced and highly reliable, the risk of accidents is still relatively high and key performance indicators have not improved significantly compared to other industries (Sorensen, 2012). A prominent reason could be due to insignificant integration of human factors (HFs) as part of planning, operation, and maintenance activities. The current mining system is a people system, and inevitably HFs and human error (HE) figure prominently in all aspects of this industry. Even the most advanced technologies and innovations require operators and maintainers with significant knowledge and skill, which could increase the potential for HE."

Jan 1, 2018

By Waldemar W. Koczkodaj, William O. MacKasey

Abstract - A consistency-driven pairwise comparisons method for mineral potential assessment is presented, using a simplified case of volcanic-associated massive sulfide type deposits as an example. Geological, geochemical, and geophysical criteria are considered on two levels: local and regional. The local geological criteria are subdivided into stratigraphy, lithology, alteration and/or mineralization, and structure. The concept of geomerit index and a procedure for computing this index are introduced. The method of consistency-driven pairwise comparisons can be combined with other quantitative and qualitative assessment methods, enhancing them by incorporation of nonmeasurable geological criteria (e.g., stratigraphy or lithology) and by computation of weights. The consistency-driven approach allows experts to refine at-times subjective judgments concerning exploration and land-use planning, and contributes to the improvement of mineral-potential assessments.

Jan 1, 1997

By Waldemar W. Koczkodaj, William O. MacKasey

A consistency-driven pairwise comparisons method for mineral potential assessment is presented, using a simpli?ed case of volcanic-associated massive sul?de type deposits as an example. Geological, geochemical, and geophysical criteria are considered on two levels: local and regional. The local geological criteria are subdivided into stratigraphy, lithology, alteration and/or mineralization, and structure. The concept of geomerit index and a procedure for computing this index are introduced. The method of consistency-driven pairwise comparisons can be combined with other quantitative and qualitative assessment methods, enhancing them by incorporation of non-measurable geological criteria (e.g., stratigraphy or lithology) and by computation of weights. The consistency-driven approach allows experts to re?ne at-times subjective judgments concerning exploration and land-use planning, and contributes to the improvement of mineral-potential assessments.

Jan 1, 1997

By V. Thangadurai

The critical problems in commercialization of the present solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and useful electrical and physical properties of IT-SOFCs electrolytes are discussed briefly. The conductivity behavior of the perovskite-type and perovskite-related structure metal oxides are summarized. Perovskite-type La0.9Sr0.10ao.8Mgo.203_8 (LSGM) exhibits high ionic conductivity of 0.1 S/cm at 800 °C. In order to improve the electrical conductivity of LSGM and the In analogue of LSGM, substitutions have been made at the A-and B-sites. Substitution of trivalent La3+ by isovalent Pr3+ in LSGM and La09Sro ilno.sMgo.202.85 (LSIM), yield new mixed conductors. Among the investigated compounds in the present study, La0APro.4Sro.21no sMgo.2028 exhibits the highest total electrical conductivity of 3.2 x 10-5 S/cm at 200 °C in air with the lowest activation energy of 0.44 eV (200-700 °C). LSIM and Pr-substituted LSGM and LSIM perovskites show p-type electronic conductivity in the oxygen partial pressure range 10-5 ? 0.21 atm at 750 °C. The perovskite-type solid solution SrSn1-xFex03 exhibits compositionally driven phase transitions. For example, compound of the composition x = 0 to 0.3 crystallizes in an orthorhombic GdFeO3-like perovskite structure, where as that of x = 0.4-0.9 crystallizes in simple cubic SrTiO3-like, and that of x = 1 in orthorhombic structure. The electrical conductivity of SrSn1_xFex03 increases with the increasing Fe content and reaches a value of about 10-1 S/cm at 25 °C in air for x = 1. Compounds with low Fe content exhibit both ionic and electronic conductivity, while the higher Fe content 0.5) perovskites are electronic conductors over a wide range of oxygen partial pressure of 10-22? 0.21 atm at 750 °C.

Jan 1, 2005

By D. M. Maijer, S. L. Cockcroft, S. Modak, A. B. Phillion

"A comparison between hydrogen-diffusion-based micro-porosity formation and growth behaviour of two important aluminium foundry alloys, B206 (Al-Cu) and A356 (Al-Si-Mg) is presented in this paper. Specifically, the predicted pore size and pore fraction distribution of these two alloys resulting from directional solidification and identical hydrogen concentration are investigated numerically based on a model proposed by Yao et al. (2011. Met. & Mat. Tran. A. 42A, 4137–4148). This model takes into consideration the initial hydrogen content in the melt, the cooling rate, the partitioning of hydrogen between the solid and liquid phases, and the evolution in solid fraction with temperature. Due to different alloy chemistries, the activity of hydrogen in B206 and A356 are quite different, as are the solidification range and the resulting solidification microstructure. Being a primary alloy, B206 has dendritic microstructure and solidifies over nearly 135°C (505–641°C), whereas A356 contains fifty percent eutectic microstructure, and solidifies over 80°C (533–613°C). This allows a very different behaviour of micropores i.e. the effective pore radius in B206 is quite a bit lower as compared to A356, as is the pore number density. The evolution of local hydrogen concentration in liquid metal is analysed and compared for both the alloys.INTRODUCTION Over the past decades, the demand for materials with enhanced strength-to-weight ratios has significantly increased in the aerospace and automobile industries in order to improved fuel efficiency. For many automotive components, particularly shape castings, the trend is towards replacing ferrous alloys with aluminium alloys. The increase in the use of Al is primarily due to its low density, about one-third that of steel, and its relatively good strength that allows for weight reduction without reducing performance. Presently, Al-Si based alloys (e.g. A356) are the most prevalent due to their good mechanical performance in strength-to-weight ratio and excellent castability (Atwood et.al., 2000). However, superior mechanical properties can be achieved using Al-Cu alloys. For example, the alloy B206 offers a higher strength while retaining excellent ductility (Poirier et.al., 1987)."

Jan 1, 2017

By A. Ducastel, S. Connemann, A. Stark, F. Bouillot, C. Fricke-Begemann, LSA, H. Knapp, L. Horckmans

"Refractory materials are essential for all high-temperature applications in industry. Depending on the position in the furnace and specific process requirements, refractories are produced from several raw materials, such as dolomite, magnesite, bauxite, graphite or chromite. Most of these raw materials are not rare but strict quality requirements limit the producers of refractories to only a few deposits in the world. Thus, raw material supply is a critical factor for the production of refractories and accounts for 40-50 % of the total costs of refractories.A possible way to lower dependency on raw material supply is recycling of spent refractories. Main challenge in recycling is the separation of different brick types from each other and the removal of impurities, such as steel or slag. The European FP7 project REFRASORT aims to apply sensor-based sorting for separation of spent refractories. Sensor-based sorting is known from food industry, recycling and mineral processing and has proven its reliability. Nevertheless, some adjustments are necessary compared to applications in mineral processing because of other sensor-types and a higher number of products in one sorting step. This paper presents the results of feasibility tests for sensor-based sorting of refractories with near infrared spectroscopy and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Both sensors showed the potential to identify different brick types but the most promising results were obtained using LIBS technology. INTRODUCTIONRefractories are solid, ceramic products, which can sustain temperatures of more than 1500°C, without losing their stability or shape. Bricks of refractories have to withstand corrosion in contact with liquid steel or slag. Various high temperature applications, such as the production of glass, steel, copper or cement, require high quality refractories. The quality requirements of refractory bricks are strict, because small impurities can lower the thermal strength significantly."

Jan 1, 2016

By T. Adamcewicz

The province's lignite resources lie mainly in the south, extensions of the much larger deposits in Montana and North Dakota. Because of planned additional capacity, conventional steam power generation will probably remain as the dominant resource usage for many decades. Conversion of coal to other energy forms is receiving emphasis and in the future will compete with steam power generation in terms of quantities used.Economic deposits, minable by present-day technology, have been generally defined. Because a large percentage of the total lignite resource is in seams containing multiple partings, future extraction will become much more difficult and capital intensive.Increased public involvement will ensure that the impacts of future coal mining and usage operations are compatible with environmental and social objectives.

Jan 1, 1982

By J. A. Morgan, W. A. Barclay, J. C. Pedersen, I. C. Campbell, D. S. Bubar, R. P. Taylor

"Abstract - The Lilypad Lakes property is host to a group of Ta-mineralized dikes that occur over an area of at least 10 km2. Field relationships are consistent with a syn- to late syn-tectonic timing for their emplacement (with respect to the major regional D1 episode of deformation), with several of the dikes exhibiting a steeply dipping, open, S- to M- to Z-shaped fold geometry. Individual dikes range up to 30 m wide (Rubellite Dyke, Pollucite Dyke), have strike lengths of up to 750 m (e.g., JJ Dyke), and are continuous to depths of greater than 250 m (e.g., Rubellite Dyke, Pollucite Dyke). Typically, they display sharp intrusive contacts characterized by the development of thin, holmquistite-rich haloes. The Tamineralized dikes are comprised of silica- and alumina-rich, sodic, granitic pegmatites that display extreme levels of geochemical fractionation (K/Rb typically < 10.0, as low as 2.2; Nb/Ta typically < 0.20, as low as 0.03), and enrichments in an economically important group of lithophile elements, most notably Li, Rb, Cs, and Ta. Geochemical assays of individual surface grab and drill core samples have yielded values as high as 1.51 wt.% Li2O, 1.25 wt.% Rb2O, 6.21 wt.% Cs2O, and 0.108 wt.% Ta2O5. Diamond drilling has established the presence of wide (~20 m), potentially ore-grade intersections of Ta mineralization (>0.045 wt.% Ta2O5) in both the Rubellite and the Pollucite Dykes.Three Ta-oxide minerals (microlite, wodginite, manganotantalite) of primary origin predominate in the Ta-mineralized dikes, where they occur as fine, disseminated grains in the albite-rich pegmatite matrix. The sequence of crystallization is typically manganotantalite wodginite microlite, which conforms to a well-established paragenetic sequence for rare-element granitic pegmatites in general. All three of the primary Ta oxides are characterized by a high degree of chemical purity (e.g., average Ta concentrations in microlite from 77-79 wt.% Ta2O5), a compositional feature consistent with the extreme levels of geochemical fractionation characteristic of the host granitic pegmatites, and one that indicates that the Lilypad Lakes pegmatites are likely to produce Ta mineral concentrates of the very highest quality.Locally, a second generation of Ta minerals is present, restricted to small vugs in the pegmatite matrix that are surrounded by fine aggregates of K-rich mica or clay. The secondary Ta minerals are dominated by microlite, which is typically intergrown with fluorite and Fe-sulphides, and is distinguished from its primary counterpart by its lower Ta content (around 70 wt.% Ta2O5) and much higher concentration of uranium (up to 9 wt.% UO2). Also, secondary microlite consistently yields low analytical totals from electron microprobe analysis, suggesting that it is H2O-rich. The presence of this second, vug-related generation of microlite, together with the occurrence of localized networks of crosscutting fractures that host high concentrations of Cs and Rb (in the minerals pollucite and Rb-Kfeldspar), suggests that a late-stage, fluid-dominated metasomatic/hydrothermal event may have been important in certain sections of the dikes, and has effected a redistribution of the economically important elements Ta and Cs."

Jan 1, 2005

By G. B. Harris, C. W. White

A study to investigate the recovery of base metals, notably copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc and manganese from iron-free concentrated chloride solutions using ion exchange was undertaken. In such solutions, apart from nickel and, to a lesser extent manganese, these metals are present predominantly as complex anions, and therefore conventional separation techniques based on cationic resins are not applicable. The results demonstrated that zinc, copper and cobalt can all be separately recovered leaving nickel and manganese behind. Specifically, zinc is a major nuisance element in nickel and cobalt processing, and the testwork showed that it can be preferentially removed prior to copper and cobalt. Selective resins for both copper and cobalt were identified, and it was demonstrated that the strength of the chloride background matrix has a significant effect on the efficiency of separation. An additional major advantage in such systems is that stripping can mostly be effected with water. Finally, some observations are made on the hurdles that must be overcome when attempting to introduce and commercialise new technologies.

Jan 1, 2015

By D. W. Euler, D. G. Brophey

"In an attempt to address the issue of rising labour costs, and to improve productivity, a laser-based system to guide underground LHDs and trucks has been developed. This comprehensive system is known as the Opti-Trak system.Essentially, the vehicle is equipped with front and rear-mounted lasers which scan a reference strip mounted on the drift back. The vehicle follows this reference strip and in addition, based on reflective bar codes mounted beside the reference strip, initiates certain functions (i.e. dump cycle, speed change, brake check, etc.). Any programming that is drift-specific is handled by the positioning of the reference strips and bar codes. Consequently, the vehicle can easily travel to many different haulageways or branches, providing the reference strip and bar codes are in place.The advantages of this system are an immediate elimination of haulage operator costs and an increase in available hauling time to 7 hours out of an 8-hour shift as compared to the typical 5Y2 out of 8 hours that a manned haulage system offers.This paper describes the Opti-Trak system and the benefits to be realized from automation of mine haulage requirements."

Jan 1, 1994

By O. Peters, D. Lascelles, R. Caldwell

Ageing tests on a crushed Cu-porphyry ore were conducted to assess the impact of sample oxidation on flotation performance. The objective of the testwork was to simulate ageing of ore that would be blasted through block caving but not milled for possibly several months. Ageing was performed in specially designed columns, using site and deionised water to keep the samples moist over the entire ageing period. Samples from each ageing interval (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 months) were examined for physical and metallurgical changes resulting from the ageing process through chemical analyses, size analyses, and batch flotation tests.

Jan 1, 2009

By H. Kudelka

Copper electrowinning at Duisburger Kupferhuette was introduced in March 1975. The electrowinning plant has a capacity of 10,000 mT of copper cathodes a year. The cuprous oxide feed material is an intermediate product of the treatment of the leach solutions, originating from chloridizing roasting of pyrite cinders. This material is characterized not only by a wide spectrum of accompanying impurities, but also by an unusually high level of precious metals. As the priority set was the production of high-purity cathodes. there was a need for developing a process which would be suited to treat complex leach liquors . The process adopted consist s of an oxidizing leach in spent electrolyte, followed by two- stage purification, By this means. a low- acid pregnant copper electrolyte is obtained free of elements detrimental to copper quality. Electrowinning is carried out at a current density of 200 A / m2 in the presence of 10 g/l zinc. The electrowon copper has a conductivity of at least 101.4% lACS and a softening temperature not exceeding 200°C, which makes it a suitable product for continuous casting and dip ?forming.

Jan 1, 1977

By Philippe Angers

This article analyzes the social acceptability process of a mining project located in an existing city. It will explore how the principles of sustainable development have been integrated in the project of the Canadian Malartic open pit mine held by the Osisko Mining Corporation, and the corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives proposed to strengthen the social acceptability of the project. This mine is located on the ancient south quarter of Malartic and has required the displacement of hundred of houses and five institutions. The location and the inherent social impacts generated by the relocation of the citizens of the south quarter makes this case particularly interesting to understand social dynamics in an era of environmental consciousness. These major constraints of the mine generate high expectations within the urban population with regard to the social and economic benefits it will receive from the project. In a context where society demands higher CSR from the corporation, Osisko is closely followed regarding their actions toward the sustainable development principles to see if they respect the environment and the desires of the community. From the beginning, the company had to be a model of sustainable development in various aspects reflected by the manifold interest of the population. To understand the endeavor made by the company to fulfill the demand of CSR, we will analyze how the company understood sustainable development principles and what CSR initiatives Osisko company put forward. We will explore the involvement of the company in various social aspects like employment, employee satisfaction, and the level of commitment to non-discrimination policy in employment, notably with the native populations. We will also take a closer look at the relationship built by the company with the community and the level of commitment with the various stakeholders of the community. In this way, we will be able to seize the level of involvement of the company in the fulfillment of the principles of sustainable development toward a higher CSR, and to specify the trajectory adopted to build social acceptance.

Aug 1, 2013

By A. F. Brock

Introduction During the past ten years, shaft sinking has been going on continuously at Inco and new shafts and shaft extensions have been sunk under a broad diversity of conditions. The Murray mine and the Stobie section of the Frood-Stobie mine have?been opened and a main hoisting and supply shaft has been sunk at each of these mines; No. 2 shaft at Murray was sunk initially from surface to 1,960 feet and is now being extended; No. 7 shaft at Stobie was sunk from surface to 3,105 feet. No. 2 shaft at Garson has been extended from 2,200 feet to 3,200 feet in depth. At Levack, No. 2 shaft is being extended from 1,860 feet to 2,850 feet for ore hoisting from the 2,650 lev el. At Creighton, No. 6 shaft, collared on 52 level, was sunk 1,740 feet to a total depth of 5,563 feet below surface. It is the deepest Inco working. At Creighton, also, No. 7 shaft is being sunk from surface to the 30 level to handle the ore from caving operations. Ail Inco main hoisting and supply shafts sunk during the past twenty years have been vertical rectangular shafts equipped with two cages and two ore skips. The cages are standard and interchangeable for all shafts except Garson No. 2; they are single-deck, 13 ft. 4 in. by 5 ft. 2 in. inside and are designed to carry a maximum material load of 16,000 lb. The man load is 48 men. Skip capacities at the several shafts vary from 8 to 15 tons. Forty-two hundred feet bas been established as the standard vertical lift, and the permanent hoisting equipment at each shaft is designed for eventual hoisting from that depth.

Jan 1, 1950