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The Northparkes E26 Mine is AustraliaÆs first block cave mine. This paper presents an outline of the design and construction philosophies that drove the project development and details the excavation, ground support and construction methods used. Features of the block caving method at Northparkes include:high production rates from multiple drawpoints;hard blocky ore fractured along gypsum veins; andloading/unloading of openings due to mining induced stresses.The drawpoints are subjected to high abrasion from the flow of ore, as well as impact from both secondary blasting and from the production LHDs. In order to withstand these harsh conditions and to ensure a low maintenance environment, a conservative approach to ground support was taken. The experiences gained during construction are discussed and whether the design expectations have been achieved. By installing a high level of ground support during excavation of the openings subject to mining stresses, a low maintenance environment has been constructed. Operating costs are therefore minimised and Northparkes E26 Mine continues to produce at the lowest cost per tonne of all Australian underground mines.

Jan 1, 1999

By D R. Seaman, Y Peng, F Burns, D J. Bradshaw

Telfer Gold Mine is a gold-copper mine in the eastern Pilbara of Western Australia, owned and operated by Newcrest Mining Limited. TelferÆs ores are processed by a dual train, 21 Mt/a, concentrator where gold is primarily recovered by gravity concentration and the flotation of a gold-bearing copper concentrate. A minor portion of TelferÆs gold is also recovered to a pyrite concentrate that undergoes treatment via carbon-in-leach (CIL) cyanidation. The gold recovery of the CIL circuit is below the industry standard and operates with a high reagent consumption rate.With a new fine-grinding facility, the Telfer process plant will have the ability to liberate copper and gold from the pyrite concentrate and recover these by flotation prior to the existing leaching circuit. This process will improve overall gold and copper extraction, while reducing reagent consumption in the CIL circuit.This article is an overview of the development of this methodology. Size-by-size analysis and mineralogical studies of monthly composites identified factors limiting the CIL gold recovery and the causes of high reagent consumption. Laboratory studies confirmed a relationship between the regrind product size and gold leach recovery. The addition of an intermediate flotation stage ensured that the regrind circuit will improve overall recovery while at the same time reducing operating costs. Without the addition of a flotation stage, the additional reagent consumption from regrinding alone would be prohibitive towards increasing recovery. Pilot scale studies confirmed the conditions required to selectively recover gold and copper from the pyrite concentrate as well as establishing the full scale regrinding energy requirements. Construction of this facility at Telfer is currently underway.CITATION:Burns, F, Seaman, D R, Peng, Y and Bradshaw, D J, 2012. Development of a pyrite regrind circuit at Telfer Gold Mine, in Proceedings 11th AusIMM Mill OperatorsÆ Conference, pp 45-52 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Oct 29, 2012

By T Baumgartl, C Gonzales, A Soliman, M Edraki

A soil cover isolates potentially acid-forming (PAF) mine wastes from atmospheric interaction and thereby mitigates acid mine drainage. As a cover that comprises either a single layer or a composite barrier, it essentially manages percolating rain water from flowing into these PAF materials and minimises air flow as oxygen has low diffusivity in saturated soils. However, the availability of suitable soils as cover materials is limited, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where weathering rates are low.This paper investigates the potential use of mine wastes as cover materials in a water-shedding soil cover in north-west Queensland. Four cover trial plots were built using mine wastes as cover materials. Each 2.3 m cover trial plot consisted of a 1.5 m soil cover made up of waste rocks and fines, a 0.5 m drainage layer that consisted of 0.1 m waste rock aggregates and a base layer made up of blended mine tailings. The hydrologic properties of cover materials were determined by in situ measurements and laboratory experiments, which, in turn, were used as input in a numerical model that described the cover’s transient soil moisture profile. The successful performance of the cover is reliant on the long-term stable geochemical behaviour of the substrate used as cover material. Therefore, investigations were carried out to determine the geochemical properties of the cover materials constructed from benign waste rock using static and kinetic tests, with the objective to increase the level of certainty of the material’s benign characteristics. Consequently, the long-term performance of this water-shedding cover design is described in terms of the physico-chemical characteristics of its outflows.CITATION:Gonzales, C, Baumgartl, T, Edraki, M and Soliman, A, ?2014. Mine wastes as cover materials in a water-shedding soil cover in north-west Queensland, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2014 , pp 261–270 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 16, 2014

By J L. Mauk

The Favona adularia-sericite epithermal Au-Ag deposit is located at the southern end of the Hauraki Goldfield, about one kilometre southeast of the world-class Martha deposit. The deposit occurs in Late Miocene andesitic lava flows and local dacitic tuffs of the Waipupu Formation. In some places, post-mineralisation ash fall and ignimbrite, up to 50 m thick, cover mineralised rocks and andesite. We collected soils samples from 110 sites along eight traverses over Favona, and from three regional lines: two south of Favona, and one north of Favona.   Analyses of soils identify prominent enhanced concentrations of Au, Ag, and Hg, and lower enrichments of Sb and As. At Favona, Au and Ag appear to be highly anomalous in areas over mineralisation with Au concentrations greater than 100 ppb and Ag concentrations greater than 1000 ppb, whereas background concentrations are approximately 5 ppb and 50 ppb respectively. The background concentrations of Hg in soils are approximately 100 - 200 ppb, but in mineralised areas, Hg generally exceeds 200 ppb, and some soils contain greater than 600 ppb. Antimony shows enrichments, although weak, above known veins and As locally shows some enrichment above areas of known mineralisation. Therefore, soil sampling at Favona defines geochemical anomalies that correlate with the position of known mineralisation at depth. Thus, there is strong empirical support for the use of Au, Ag and Hg, and possibly Sb and As geochemistry to identify mineralised trends associated with buried deposits at other epithermal prospects.

Jan 1, 2007

The treatment of mixed lead carbonate and lead sulphide concentrates at Mount Isa presents a problem which is unique ,in the lead smelting world; a problem whose solution is far from simple, and is not yet complete. Two years of study under plant conditions have definitely proved, however, that a most satisfactory sinter can be made in a single-pass roast.The object of this paper is to present a brief record of the development of the single-pass roast and a resume of current practice in the smelting plant. The sintering operation is discussed in greater detail, as it is upon this phase of the work that every item in the smelter operating programme depends.The smelter, to-day, presents a very much simplified layout, equipped for economical, straightforward operation, requiring, however, very careful and constant supervision, due to the extreme delicacy of the sintering operation and to the rapid and wide variati9n in the nature of the concentrates which are to be handled.

Jan 1, 1933

By R N. Humphries, R J. K Thompson

Large-scale coal mining in South Wales dates back to the late 18th and early 19th centuries with the birth of ironmaking on an industrial scale. This rapidly gave rise to new and large communities with immigration from far and wide across the United Kingdom (UK). These new communities were largely dependent on coal mining and served as the main form of employment and social cohesion until the industry’s demise in the 1990s. With wholesale mine closure and the concomitant loss of employment, the extensive environmental degradation and chronic mine-related illness left a deep scar on the psyche on many still living in the South Wales mining communities. This coupled with memories of strife in the 1980s has resulted in ongoing hostility toward the surface coal mining of the remaining accessible coal reserves in the proximity of these communities.The purpose of this paper is to set out the historical basis of the concerns of these legacy mining communities in South Wales and explain how they are being positively addressed by both the recently evolved planning and regulation system and by today’s surface mining industry. Reference is made to experience gained from two recent applications for surface coal mining adjacent to former mining communities. Ways are suggested in the approval process that surface mining can work in more harmony with the local communities through working partnerships between the mining company, the authorities and regulators and the affected communities. It is concluded that partnership is key to creating a more responsive mine-operating culture and a means to securing approval for future surface coal-mining prospects in South Wales, and probably elsewhere too.CITATION:Humphries, R N and Thompson, R J K, 2014. Surface mining and legacy mining communities in South Wales, UK, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2014 , pp 399–412 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 16, 2014

By D Cliff, B Belle

Trigger action response plans (TARPs) are inherent to managing multiple hazards such as high gas content with multiple coal seams, high spontaneous combustion propensity, heat and ventilation. TARPs aim to provide assurance and guidance when the situation deviates from the original plan or there is a change in conditions that could be hazardous. Over the years, learnings from various incidents have continuously required coal operations to revisit the TARP trigger values that were based on historical data or guidance values from the industry. In most cases, the background to the basis of TARP statistical data (ie average, maximum, hourly or daily for the monitoring or sampling location) is unknown. The introduction of real-time monitoring devices to monitor gases and airflows has provided greater understanding of the hazard scenarios and their controls. This paper analyses the carbon monoxide data from operating longwall mines and compares these with the historical trigger values to understand the changes and identify improvement opportunities while setting trigger levels in the TARPs. As an example of setting trigger values, those used during the sealing of a panel are explored in terms of setting values based upon the sampling location and the level of risk. It is envisaged that the learnings shared herein will further enhance the understanding and management of multiple hazards in Australian coalmines.CITATION:Belle, B and Cliff, D, 2015. Improved trigger action response plan development based upon mine-specific data, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference, pp 73–78 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 31, 2015

As Pliny commented two millennia ago, The only certainty is that nothing is certain. Despite the many breakthroughs, advances and promises, the way we each live and work remains awash with technological, economic and political uncertainty. The resources sector is no exception in this regard. Mining itself is much more than a complicated process or recipe; it is a complex adaptive system. The way we adopt and adapt new technologies, the way we evolve data into corporate wisdom, the way we make decisions and even the way we view our concept of rationality should each be the subject of intense review. Translating these sentiments into sustainable company growth is indeed the challenge. This is unlikely to be achieved within convention, but through innovation. The game is changing!

May 1, 2010

By Pilkington T, Noy A

The Yallourn North Extension (YNX) open cut mine ceased mining operations in early 1989. YNX may be used again for coal supply at the discretion of the Coal Corporation Of Victoria (CCV); this has resulted in the need for interim rehabilitation of the site which may last many years, or indeed, permanently.The site has suffered substantial surface erosion over the years with large areas of bare clay and coal batters remaining exposed. The first priority is to reduce the quantity and improve the quality of stormwater runoff from the site. This is best achieved by appropriate revegetation and the use of existing landform depressions as silt trap/wetland areas. Proposed rehabilitation needed to take into account the sensitive fire safety of the open cut and the option to re-open the mine if CCV deems appropriate.The authors detail the factors involved in the rehabilitation proposal and the multi-disciplinary approach to planning including engineers, scientists, a forester, landscape architects and community input. The rehabilitation design included early consideration of land use and ongoing maintenance issues linked to water quality improvement factors including vegetation. Engineering input was required for reshaping and clay covering exposed coal batters and the design of silt traps which will revert to wetlands in future. The integration of each discipline has produced a rehabilitation design pleasing to both the SECV and community alike.

Jan 1, 1992

By N J. Beukes, S T. Netshio, M O. de Kock

The Thabazimbi iron ore deposit comprises a series of stratabound orebodies, on average 18 - 25 m thick that are aligned along the faulted basal contact between the Penge Iron Formation and dolostones of the Malmani Subgroup, Transvaal Supergroup. Field geological relationships and petrographic observations suggest that the formation of high-grade iron ores took place after contact metamorphism related to the intrusion of the Bushveld Complex (2.06 Ga) but before the deposition of red beds of the Waterberg Group at ca 1.9 Ga. Hard, high-grade iron ores are predominantly composed of martite and microplaty hematite. Goethite is restricted to supergene-modified ores close to the Late Cretaceous û Early Cenozoic Old African land surface. At depth, the high-grade hematite ores interfinger with low-grade dolomite-hematite and calcite-hematite ores. Iron oxides (martite, microplaty hematite) present in these low-grade ores are texturally indistinguishable from those in the associated high-grade ores, ie ore formation is genetically associated with carbonate metasomatism. Microthermometric studies of fluid inclusions in sparitic carbonates and rare megaquartz reveal their hydrothermal origin. Two compositionally distinct aqueous fluids of shallow crustal origin are identified, namely a Ca-Na-rich high-salinity brine (26 wt per cent NaClequivalent, TH ~160¦C), and an aqueous Mg-K-bearing fluid of intermediate salinity (8.3 - 12.6 wt per cent NaClequivalent, TH~120 - 150¦C). The results confirm that high-grade hematite orebodies at the Thabazimbi deposit owe their origin to an event of extensive oxidative carbonate metasomatism (calcification), similar to that recognised at other important high-grade iron ore deposits in the world. Hydrothermal ore formation is both structurally and lithologically controlled. Size and quality of the orebodies was improved by Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic deep lateritic weathering as carbonate-hematite ores were enriched to friable high-grade ores, but this supergene modification is second in importance compared to the primary event of hydrothermal ore formation.

Jan 1, 2005

By K Ellis, B Lumsden

A full-scale statistically-based on/off plant trial of a new flotation conditioning technology designed to improve fine mineral recovery was undertaken to determine whether the recovery of selected fine sulfide minerals can be increased. The technology is selective for certain sulfide minerals only, including chalcopyrite and sphalerite. The technology has been shown to selectively aggregate the fine chalcopyrite and sphalerite minerals giving increased flotation recovery. The plant trials have shown an increase in the mineral recovery, without decreasing selectivity. Size by size recovery shows a significant increase in the fine (

Jan 1, 2005

By L R. Sousa, M He

Rock burst is common in deep underground excavations and is characterised by a violent ejection of block rocks from excavation walls. It is critical to understand the phenomenon of rock burst and particularly the failure mechanism. Laboratory experiments are one of the ways. For that purpose, a rock burst laboratory test system was developed at the State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering at the China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing. A true triaxial test system, designated the Deep Underground Rock Burst Analogue Test Machine, was developed, which can transfer a stress state from three-direction-compression on six surfaces to the compression on five surfaces with one set free. The rock burst experimental system comprises an acquisition of acoustic emission signals, a high-speed recording in order to accurately record the kinetic characteristics of rock fragments ejected during a rock burst event and the possibility of infrared thermography showing the surface temperature of the samples. In this paper, analyses of typical results from rock burst tests are presented with a description of the obtained results. The mechanisms of rock burst are illustrated, and a rock burst classification is proposed based on these laboratory tests. For the control of rock burst, the constant resistance, large deformation (CRLD) bolt or anchor is presented for accommodating the large displacement of surrounding rock masses and absorbing the impact of the sudden release of rock burst while outputting a constant resistant force in response to the external load. The CRLD bolt or anchor has had practical applications in underground mines. Finally, in situ tests performed in a tunnel at Qingshui coalmine, China, are analysed in detail.CITATION:He, M and Sousa, L R, 2014. Experiments on rock burst and its control, in Proceedings AusRock 2014: Third Australasian Ground Control in Mining Conference , pp 19–32 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 5, 2014

By T Berryman, C Adams, L Griesel, C Buxton

The Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines (KCGM) schedule model is used for short- to medium-term planning and scheduling at the Fimiston Open Pit Mine (the Superpit). The model bridges the gap between grade control models, which are generated one to seven days prior to mining, and the annual Resource and Reserve model update that is used for budget and life-of-mine plans. The schedule model uses close-spaced grade control data (up to 20 000 m drilled each month) as well as resource definition drilling to estimate production volumes three to six months ahead of current mining. From this, a rolling 12 week mining and processing schedule is generated on a monthly basis. As the KCGM operation is mill and sulfur constrained, the schedule model needs to be an accurate predictor of ounces as well as tonnes, gold and sulfur grades. The process must also be time efficient in order to meet monthly planning and reporting deadlines. Due to the large amount of new data generated each month, model updates using conventional interpretation and estimation techniques have proven to be impractical and too time consuming. This paper will examine the evolution of the Superpit schedule model process over time, recent improvements and the effect of different model outcomes on short- and medium-term mine planning.CITATION:Griesel, L, Buxton, C, Adams, C and Berryman, T, 2014. The superpit schedule model – A time-efficient data-driven estimation for short- and medium-term planning, in Proceedings Ninth International Mining Geology Conference 2014 , pp 397–410 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 18, 2014

Large GDP increases in the Pacific Rim countries have been accompanied by similarly large increases in demand for oil products. In the case of residual fuels, this demand has been tempered by the substitution of other energy products such as coal or gas.In the region's developing and newly industrialised nations, it has not been possible to make the very large investements in infrastructure which allow other energy sources to be used for transportation. As a result, GDP growth has been mirrored in the demand growth for automotive fuels. Other non-sustitutable products such as lubricants have also benefitted by the region's GDP growth.The combination of a number of years of sustained growth, coupled with increasing quality requirements is now stretching the upgrading capacity of the region's refineries. If, as seems likely, the region continues to enjoy a high GDP growth rate, then this will be accompanied by increasing reliance on finished products coming out of the Middle East. The owners of the most simple form of refinery in which crude is simply distilled and the naphtha reformed into petrol will face major capital investments. If they decide not to bear this cost, they will face increasing problems in selling their surplus residual fuel oil at an economic price. Quality will become an increasingly important issue. Not only in the well publicised areas such as unleaded petrol, but also for products such as lubricants which play a major role in the efficiency of modem equipment. Quality of service such as hours of opening, ease of access, and service station facilities will also become increasingly important as the oil companies use these to attract customers and gain brand differentiation.

Jan 1, 1990

By A Hall, D Kratochvil, P Littlejohn

Economic recovery of gold from complex gold ores, including poly-metallic deposits, is impacted by the presence of cyanide-soluble base metals. These base metals can create both a metallurgical challenge plus waste handling and disposal challenges. Base metals such as Cu and Zn compete for the cyanide reagent and often increase the total cyanide consumption to the point of making precious metals recovery uneconomic. In addition, the accumulation of base metals in cyanide solutions represent a challenge for cyanide detoxification and waste water treatment as these metals report to waste sludge. Such sludge requires safe handling and disposal, with possible long-term liabilities.Base metal interference can be removed with sulfidisation-acidification-recycling-thickening (SART) process technology. SART liberates the base metal from the cyanide complex and precipitates the metal as an insoluble sulfide product that can be recovered as a commercial grade concentrate. With the base metal precipitated, the cyanide can be regenerated as free cyanide and recycled to the gold extraction circuit.BioteQ completed laboratory testing for two projects, one employing cyanide leaching of copper-gold sulfide flotation concentrate and one employing a Merrill Crowe process, to determine the effectiveness of SART to remove and recover Cu and Zn in high-grade sulfide concentrates and to reduce the impact of cyanide-soluble metals on gold recovery and cyanide consumption. This paper will provide an overview of the testing methodology and results along with a review of the potential for SART to be applied to complex gold ores with poly-metallic deposits to improve project economics, operability and waste management.CITATION:Littlejohn, P, Kratochvil, D and Hall, A, 2013. Sulfidisation-acidification-recycling-thickening (SART) for complex gold ores, in Proceedings World Gold 2013 , pp 149-156 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 26, 2013

Orebodies in the Mt. Charlotte-Hannan's North area N. and E. of the town of Kalgoorlie provide a marked contrast to the pyritetelluride lodes of the Golden Mile, although both groups of orebodies appear to be fundamentally related.These highly siliceous telluride-free orebodies N. of the Golden Mile are closely related to strong oblique faulting. The Golden Mile lodes, while possessing an apparent overall relationship to the oblique faults also have a close relationship to E. dipping strike faults.INTRODUCTIONThe Mt. Charlotte-Hannan's North area lies N. and E. of the town of Kalgoorlie and is separated from the Golden Mile by the Golden Pike fault. The orebodies discussed lie in an area approximately 3 miles long by 1 mile wide (Fig. 1).The area includes the site of the original discovery of gold in the Kalgoorlie district in 1893. There have been numerous mining operations over the years, the bulk of the production coming from two orebodies, Mt. Charlotte and Hannan's North. These have provided approximately 900,000 tons of the 1,100,000 tons of ore mined in the area.Production to date from the principal orebodies in the area has been as follows.1. Hannan's North orebody, 582,000 tons of ore for 275,000 oz of gold2. Mt. Charlotte orebody, approximately 230,000 tons for 75,000 oz3. Pharlap and Golden Goose orebodies, each orebody approximately 8,000 tons for 2,700 oz4. Maritana Hill orebodies, approximately 170,000 tons for 70,000 oz...

Jan 1, 1965

NEARLY all problems in mining engineering involve the transport and distribution of materials from place to place, and in general the most economically managed mines and plants are those in which the transport of materials has been carried out most efficiently. Of all these transport problems, the hoisting of ore out of the mine and the distribution of same to the various treatment works is perhaps one of the most important. It is proposed in the present paper to traverse the conditions,affecting the location, scale of operations, and design of the main shaft and head gear at the Mount Morgan mine; afterwards describing the designs and workings of the shaft house, winding engine, and transport from the shaft house to the treatment works.LOCATIONWhen the copper-gold ore was developed sufficiently to determine approximately the boundaries of the ore-body, it was found that the existing vertical shafts would be wholly inadequate to deal with the increased quantity of ore required to be handled. It was proposed, therefore, to construct a new shaft, and to handle in this...

Jan 1, 1911

By K White, R Hardie, J Merritt, B Kirsch, R Lucas

Constructed stream diversions are a common element of mine sites across Australia. A review of constructed stream diversion performance in the Bowen Basin funded by the Australian Coal Association Research Program (ACARP) in 1999 found over 80 per cent of constructed stream diversions failed to meet regulator and operator expectations. Since that time, improvements have been made in the assessment, design, monitoring and management of constructed stream diversions. Fundamental to these improvements has been the development of a better understanding of the regional stream systems and efforts to replicate the natural stream processes in the function and operation of constructed stream diversions.This paper discusses the history of constructed stream diversions through the Bowen Basin in central Queensland recorded in the outcomes of a series of ACARP funded research projects. Further, the paper reports on the outcomes of a current ACARP funded project that has reviewed the success or otherwise of constructed stream diversions in the region. The assessment has compared the performance of diversions that have been designed to replicate and provide for ongoing stream geomorphic processes with those diversions that were designed and built prior to the development of these design improvements. Based on these investigations we have identified design and construction successes and issues requiring further research and management attention.CITATION:White, K, Lucas, R, Hardie, R, Merritt, J and Kirsch, B, 2013. Challenges and opportunities for constructed stream diversions in the Bowen Basin, Central Queensland, in Proceedings Water in Mining 2013 , pp 73-82 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 26, 2013

By Savage E. N

The porphyry copper minerals of Melanesia occur within a host of narrow veinlets in predominantly quartz diorite stocks or as contact metasomatic masses in skarns adjacent to the intrusion. Some 90 per cent of the constituent minerals comprise pyrite or marcasite, chalcopyrite, and magnetite with the remainder mainly bornite and hematite with accessory rutile and chalcocite together with several trace minerals. Gold is found mainly as inclusions in chalcopyrite, and minor molybdenite occurs likewise.Of particular significance is the persistent occurrence of accessory rutile of hydrothermal origin intimately intergrown with chalcopyrite. The rutile occurs relatively late in the hydrothermal sequence and upon weathering of the deposit may be released on a cumulative basis possibly in sufficient amounts to constitute a particulate pathfinder mineral which may aid in prospecting.Rutile is present in all the Melanesian occurrences studied and is also prominent in several American deposits.The porphyry copper mineralogy is characterized by the presence of accessory hydrothermal rutile intergrown with chalcopyrite.

Jan 1, 1975

By J W. Glatthaar, M Mavotoi

The occurrence of fluorine in the copper/gold concentrates produced by Ok Tedi Mining Limited has provided a series of challenges to metallurgists since 1988. Although fluorine is distributed throughout the gangue minerals contained within Ok Tedi ores, itsÆ presence in talc and phlogopite (naturally floating fluorosilicates) has proven to be the predominate sources of fluorine in the final concentrate. Initial treatment for the fluorosilicates consisted of the use of a carboxy-methyl cellulose depressant added to the flotation cleaners. This was superceded in 1998 with the installation of a fluorine reverse flotation process for the removal of naturally floating fluorosilicates from the final concentrate when the fluorine content of the final concentrate exceeds smelter-defined trigger points. The fluorine reverse process is similar to by-product molybdenite concentrate production in that sodium hydrosulfide is used to depress copper/gold flotation whilst allowing the fluorosilicates to float. The process was installed in two parallel modules (to match the existing grinding/flotation modules at Ok Tedi), each consisting of a closed rougher/cleaner circuit configuration. Both rougher and cleaner cells are Jameson Cells from MIM Process Technologies, with the selection based on both processing characteristics and available construction space. This paper discusses both the nature of fluorine in-, and its removal from-, Ok Tedi copper/gold concentrates.

Jan 1, 2003