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By S. Forgeron, W. Shaw, E. L. Zodrow

Trend-surface equations are proposed for volumetric coal estimation in collieries of Sydney Coalfield, Nova Scotia. The statistical technique was first tried on Harbour coal in #20 Colliery investigating resulting residuals for abnormalities. The trend model is accepted as probably being correct as a result of that investigation. Indeed, higher degree polynomial trend- surfaces account for over 80% of the total map variability; these are encouraging statistical results, backed-up by geological knowledge about the coal seam, suggesting that the trend model has economic significance for an off-shore colliery developed to exploit the Harbour coal several kilometers east of #20 Colliery. Specifically, the need for additional offshore drill holes for the new colliery (excepting quality assessment holes) should be considered in light of a developed estimating model for the new colliery. The trend model also finds application in coalfields structurally more complex than Sydney Coalfield.

Jan 1, 1983

By Dorsey Hager

The possibilities of finding new oil pools in Oklahoma and Kansas are far from promising. In 1916, the only new pools of importance were the Franchot pool near Bixby, the Garber, and the Billings pools in Oklahoma, and the Virgil and Utopia fields in Greenwood County, Kansas. In the first 8 months of 1917, a small pool of unknown extent was opened south of the Stone Bluff pool in Oklahoma, and a pool near Casey, Paunee County, Oklahoma. In Eastern Kansas, interest has been caused by the sinking of new wells near the old Iola pool, but nothing of magnitude has yet been found. The outlook for new pools is far from encouraging, especially as geological surveys have covered all of Oklahoma and Kansas. There are a few areas where geological surveys throw little or no light on the subject, as exposures are poor, but the chances of finding new pools in such areas are slight indeed, if one can judge from the past history of such areas. So far the geologists have based their opinions largely upon the presence or the absence of geologic structure, such as anticlines, domes, and terraces, but some pools will most certainly be found where no surface structure exists, but where local changes in the sand body favor oil accumulations. However, the possibilities of new pools off structure are small, as fully 90 per cent. of the oil pools are on definite structure. In the past, it is estimated that one test in 150 "wild cats" or new tests has brought in a new field. The writer feels safe in asserting that the proportion will decrease still further, so that but one out of 500 new tests may bring in a pay well in a new area. Prom now on the principal field of work in Oklahoma and in Kansas will consist in developing the present pools. The years 1915, 1916 and 1917 saw the high peak of Oklahoma and Kansas oil production. The Eldorado and the Augusta oil fields present the largest possibilities for continued production in Kansas. These two pools have been scarcely more than one-third developed, and have greater potentialities than any of the present Oklahoma pools. In Oklahoma, pools of magnitude should

Jan 1, 1918

By W. J. Millard

Owing to a moratorium in the drilling of crown-land leases in Trinidad during the year of 1931, only 40 wells were spudded in during the first eight months as compared with 110 during the same period in 1930. Nevertheless the production will show an increase of about 400,000 bbl. over that of 1930. An estimate is given in Table 1. Since the oil produced in 1930 was 9,418,907 bbl. and that in 1931 probably will be 9,853,976 bbl., the year 1931 probably will see an increase of about 4.6 per cent. The gross production of crude oil in the colony has increased steadily year by year, with the exception of 1919, when there was a slight decline. A tabulated statement was given last year.' The Petroleum Times of March 21, 1931 (p. 413) gives the total production of 1930 as 9,418,000 bbl. and the average monthly production as 784,833 bbl. The same two items for 1931 are estimated at 9,853,976 and 821,165 bbl., respectively.

Jan 1, 1932

By T. B. Brooks

THE iron ores of the Marquette region are mostly extracted in open excavations ; hence the process is more properly quarrying. Several attempts at underground work have been made, which have not, on the whole, been successful. The Edwards mine has been almost entirely wrought by candle-light. The slate ore pit, No. 1, of the New England mine, is now worked in the same way, as is also the Pioneer furnace pit of the Jackson mine. The Champion mine was opened systematically for underground work, with two levels, 60 feet apart, and three shafts at distances apart along the bed. of 200 feet; but this idea has been practically abandoned, the greater part of the ore in that mine being now taken out in open pits. Several other mines have occasionally worked underground stopes, but only temporarily; if such stopes could not be opened out to day-light, they have usually been abandoned. In brief, it may be said that no considerable amount of ore has as yet (1870).been extracted underground in the region, and of that so mined very little has been taken out at a profit; and I may add that it seems to be the belief of the most experienced mining men that this state of things will hold for some time to come for reasons which will appear. Nearly the same remarks may be applied to the mines of the Iron Mountain region, Missouri, the ores of which are very similar in character to those of Marquette. Some of the New York and New Jersey magnetic deposits are wrought open, but this is the exception, underground mining there being the rule. The following brief sketch of the geological structure of the Marquette deposits will indicate some advantages of the method of mining employed. The iron-bearing (Huronian) series of rocks, are stratified beds, the principal ore formation being overlaid by a quartzite, and underlaid by a diorite, or greenstone. This ore formation is made up, first, of pure ore ; second, of a mixed ore" (i. e., banded * A second part of this paper was read before the American Society of Civil Engineers. Both papers are embraced in Chapter IX, Part I, Vol. II, Geological Survey of Michigan.

Jan 1, 1873

C W. ROLFE, Professor of Geology, Emeritus, has of-fered a prize of $250 for the most valuable contribu-tion toward a new, better, or increased use of any mineral resource of the State of Illinois. The prize is open to anyone engaged in research, either privately, commercially, or in connection with any univer-sity or college staff, or any state or national bureau or sur-vey. The work must have been done, or at least completed, curing the year named. Three copies of the paper or books must be in the hands of the chairman of the committee on or before 6 p. m., May 1, 1928. If an unpublished paper is submitted, it should be typewritten, double spaced, on 8 1/2 by 11-in. paper. Unpublished results of study, or papers or books pub-lished since May 1, 1927, and before May 1, 1928, may be offered in the competition; but the results of the study must show real present or prospective economic value. Address all contributions and correspondence to Rolfe Prize Committee, 209 Transportation Building, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.

Jan 3, 1928

By Randolph Specht

A two year study was made of the waste disposal of the pebble rock phosphate industry. Solid slimes are impounded in large settling areas and the process water is re-used. Clear effluent was not found to be toxic to fish or animal life in field tests or in controlled experiments.

Jan 7, 1950

By Alexander Sattman, Anton Homatsch

Jan 1, 1894

By Paul J. Sirkegian

The problem of properly controlling the movements of underground trains in the Emma Nevada and Morris Brooks workings of the Consolidated Coppermines Corporation of Kimberly, Nev., became more complex as the rate of production increased. Ore from these mines, which are connected through a 7000-ft. single-track haulageway (Fig. I), is hoisted through the Emma Nevada shalt. All production to date has been from one level. Because of heavy ground, even on the main haulage horizon, experience has shown that it is necessary to have a minimum cross section in the drifts, thus making it impractical to have a double track system. In 1937, production was 3000 tons per day; in 1938 it was increased to 6000 tons per day and in 1940 to 9000 tons per day. Each increase necessitated a revision in the method of controlling the underground traffic. In 1937 the tramming signal system consisted of a few signal lights in the main haulage drift. These lights were two 100-watt bulbs in a metal box that had one green and one red lens on each side. The box was mounted on the underside of a drift cap timber and could be seen For a considerable distance. The lights were so arranged that all boxes showed either red or green at the same time and all were controlled by a magnetic contactor at the entrance to each lateral drift. When the lights showed green, the main haulage was clear of traffic and a train could enter it. As the motor entered the main haulage drift, the motorman pulled the cord of the magnetic contactor switch, thus changing all the main haulage lights to red, which indicated that no other train could use the main haulage until the first train had turned into a lateral drift. When a train left the main line, its motorman pulled the cord connected with the magnetic contactors, causing the haulage lights to show green again. This arrangement permitted only one train at a time to use the main haulage and thus limited the number of train trips per shift, but it was satisfactory when the ore handled was only 3000 tons per day. Second SystEM Installed With a gradual increase in production it became necessary to place a train dispatcher in charge of all trains. He controlled their movements orally, giving his orders direct or by mine phone, instructing them where to load, when to leave for the station and when to return. His objective was to group several trains traveling in the same direction. Because of the human element involved, some mistakes were made. The danger of a serious collision was always possible. There was a 90° turn and curve in the underground haulageway, therefore travel in this section was always dangerous if mistakes were made in directing traffic. To protect the train crew, particularly the rear switchman who rode the last car or caboose, a two-way push button and flash-signal system was installed on the

Jan 1, 1946

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period Mar. 10, 1916 to Apr. 10, 1916: R. C. Blanchard, London, England. George H. Packard, Boston, Mass. F. Lynwood Garrison, Philadelphia, Pa. Harvey B. Small, Mangangue, Colombia, S. A. S. A. Horton, Altoona, Pa. H. De Witt Smith, Kennecott, Alaska. J. S. Lane, New York City. Richard Tarantous, Terlingua, Tex. Harry T. Mercer, Painesdale, Mich. S. A. Taylor, Pittsburgh, Pa. A. L. Blomfield, for many years in the employ of Bewick, Moreing & Co. as metallurgist, and for the last eight years mill superintendent of the Golden Cycle mill at Colorado Springs, has become associated with The Dorr. Company as consulting metallurgical engineer, with headquarters at Denver. He retains his connection with the Golden Cycle mill as general superintendent.

Jan 5, 1916

By Edwin T. Wood

THE term blending as used herein refers to the mixing of ores assaying more than 0.20 pct U3O8 with low grade material assaying less than 0.20 pct U3O8. Such blending when properly understood and controlled will produce more total dollars of profit from many mining ventures. The question whether or not to blend is particularly vexing when an orebody is surrounded by an envelope of low grade material or separate tonnages of low grade exist which could be extracted coincident with the higher grade ores. Should any, all or part of this low grade be mined? If so, in what proportion and what is the limiting assay of the low grade material?

Jan 7, 1958

In a letter to Prof. L. P. Breckenridge, chairman, urging the continua-tion of the Fuel Conservation Committee of the Engineering Council, Edwin Ludlow calls attention to the millions of tons of culm in the an-thracite region that can be utilized in properly equipped plants and the electricity generated transmitted to. New York, Philadelphia, and other nearby cities. He says: "Experiments have shown the economic value of No. 4 Buckwheat, which passes through a 1/16-in. mesh and over a 1/32-in. mesh. Culm passing through a 1/32-in- mesh is pulverized until it passes through a 300 mesh and is then burned under boilers. Two plants of this kind are now in successful operation in the anthracite region. Another rather interesting experiment was using 30 per cent. of this pulverized coal with 70 per cent. of oil in the generation of steam in the place of pure oil. This utilization of the fine anthracite, which has always been a waste product and thrown away, is not only fuel conservation in its truest sense but in the case of a bituminous strike, when no strike is contemplated in the anthracite field, will furnish fuel to manufacturing plants that otherwise would be obliged to shut down."

Jan 12, 1919

By Dorsey Hager

THE possibilities of finding new oil pools in Oklahoma and Kansas are far from promising. In 1916, the only new pools of importance were the Franchot pool near Bixby, the Garber, and the Billings pools in Oklahoma, and the Virgil and Utopia fields in Greenwood County, Kansas. In the first 8 months of 1917, a small pool of unknown extent was opened south of the Stone Bluff pool in Oklahoma, and a pool near Casey, Paunee County, Oklahoma. In Eastern Kansas, interest has been. caused by the sinking of new wells near the old Iola pool, but nothing of magnitude has yet been found. The outlook for new pools is far from encouraging, especially as geological surveys have covered all of Oklahoma and Kansas. There are a few areas where geological surveys throw little or no light on the subject, as exposures are poor, but the chances of finding new pools in such areas are slight indeed, if one can judge from the past history of such areas. So far the geologists have based their opinions largely upon the presence or the absence of geologic structure, such as anticlines, domes, and terraces, but some pools will most certainly be found where no surface structure exists, but where local changes in the sand body favor oil accumulations. However, the possibilities of new pools off structure are small, as fully 90 per cent. of the oil pools are on definite structure. In the past, it is estimated that one test in 150 "wild cats" or new tests has brought in a new field. The writer feels safe in asserting that the proportion will decrease still further, so that but one out of 500 new tests may bring in a pay well in a new area. From now on the principal field of work in Oklahoma and in Kansas will consist in developing the present pools. The years 1915, 1916 and 1917 saw the high peak of Oklahoma and Kansas oil production. The Eldorado and the Augusta oil fields present the largest possibilities for continued production in Kansas. These two pools have been scarcely more than one-third developed, and have greater potentialities than any of the present Oklahoma pools. In Oklahoma, pools of magnitude should

Jan 10, 1917

By H. Soto, I. Iwasaki

Primary amines are strong collectors of apatite and they can selectively float sedimentary phosphates from calcareous ores. However, secondary and tertiary amines and trimethyl ammonium salts are ineffective. Kerosene reduces the collector requirements became hydrocarbon is co-adsorbed along with the amine on the mineral surface. The heats of reaction of aminium ions with such anions as phosphate, carbonate, and sulfate were measured in a microcalorimeter. They are discmsed in terms of the solubility of the precipitates formed and their relationship with the adsorption mechanism of primary amines on phosphate minerab. Experimental evidence supports a view that primary amines are adsorbed through chemical interaction between the aminium and phosphate ions at the mineral surface.

Jan 1, 1986

By Robert Glass Cleland

THE CONNECTING link between Phelps Dodge and the copper mines at Bisbee and Morenci was a Canadian-born mining engineer and metallurgist named James Douglas. Judged by almost any standard, Douglas was an extraordinary man. Like John Muir of the California red- woods, he had in his blood "the heather and bog juices of Scotland," and the rugged virtues of a singularly great race. His father, for whom he was named, was a graduate of Edinburgh University, a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in London, and a man of rash and adventurous spirit. Extremely catholic in his intellectual interests and attainments, he was unusually skilled in his profession, certain-sometimes to the point of disastrous stubbornness--of his own judgments and decisions, careless of life or fortune where duty or moral issues were involved, and always deeply moved by the sufferings and misfortunes of his fellow men. The career of the senior Douglas included a curious medley of novel and adventurous experiences-prolonged hunger and cold while acting as surgeon on a Greenland

Jan 1, 1952

By Howard Scott

INVAR is the preeminent low-expansion metal by virtue of the fact that it can be prepared with a zero coefficient of expansion at atmospheric temperature. This fact suggests that there is little room for improvement in the expansion properties of the low-expansion nickel steels. The inference is true, however, only so far as the expansion at and near atmospheric temperature is concerned, because the expansivity of invar starts to increase rapidly on heating above 100° C. and soon reaches the value of copper. Guillaume1 met this situation by increasing the nickel content above that of invar. By that expedient, alloys having low expansivity under higher temperatures were obtained, but not without a large increase in minimum expansivity. The increase in minimum expansivity with increasing nickel content severely limits the technical applications of these alloys at high temperatures. Prospects of improving the expansion characteristics of the nickel steels is offered by alloying. Search for an advantageous alloying addition by analogy with other alloy systems, however, is not productive because the low-expansion characteristic is unique with that system. The rule of mixtures usually gives a fair value of the expansivity of other solid-solution alloys, but in the iron-nickel systems gives a value of 18 X 10-6 per deg. C. whereas the actual value is 1 X 10-6 per deg. C. Apparently suitable additions are not to be deduced from such ingenuous considerations. Recognition of the fact that the temperature range of low expansivity in nickel steels is terminated with loss of magnetism affords a more promising basis for the selection of an advantageous element. One may expect from that fact that additions of nonmagnetic elements to the iron-nickel alloys are detrimental to the low-expansion characteristic. Indeed, carbon, manganese, silicon, copper and chromium are detri-mental to the expansion properties and no nonmagnetic element is reported to be beneficial. From the same viewpoint, the addition of a magnetic metal offers prospects of improvement. As two of the three ferromagnetic elements are already present in the

Jan 1, 1930

By John C. Calhoun, F. W. Gooch, J. P. Everett

The results of two sets of displacement experiments are reported. In the first set of experiments various solutions of sugar in water were displaced by other solutions of sugar in water. In the second set oils were displaced by water. Each set of experiments was performed on a linear system made of cemented silica sand grains. These displacement tests were made to evaluate the behavior when the ratio of fluid viscosities between the displacing and displaced phases was varied. A further consequence of the test results is a comparison between displacement behavior when the displaced and displacing phases are miscible as with sugar solutions and when they are immiscible as with oil and water. INTRODUCTION Buckley and Leverett1 have presented a theory for the displacement of oil by gas or water based upon the relative permeability concept. This theory presents the displacement of oil as occurring in two phases, an initial or primary phase preceding the breakthrough of the displacing phase and a subordinate or secondary phase during which both oil and the displacing phase flow simultaneously through the same porous section. These authors gave the results of calculations to show that the percentage of oil displaced during the primary phase by water drive would be dependent upon the ratio of the viscosity of the oil to that of the water. No experimental evidence was reported by these authors to substantiate their theory. Qualitatively, however, it has been found to be in agreement with many observed field results. Laboratory investigators have been in general agreement in reporting for air or gas drive2,3 a small primary phase of production and a large secondary phase. Reported investigations on water drive3,4,5 have shown instances where both primary

Jan 1, 1950

By H. E. Kramm

(New York Meeting, February, 1919.) DURING the summer of 1911, I had the opportunity to study in detail the geological conditions of what is known in northern California as " Harrison gulch," in Shasta county. Though the district, as a whole, that is, the western part of Shasta and the eastern part of Trinity county, has contributed during the last 15 years a considerable share of the gold-production credited to Shasta county, very little is known of its geology, perhaps because the country is covered with a dense growth of brush which makes exploration and prospecting extremely difficult. Topographically the district presents a succession of ridges trending approximately N-S.; and alternating with deep narrow canyons. The drainage is partly into . the Sacramento, partly into the Trinity river. Climatic conditions in summer time are almost ideal. It is true, the thermometer may climb to 115°, but the air is dry and the heat is bearable, especially as the nights are always cool. It seldom rains during the summer months, and creeks and springs dry out towards the end of the summer. The winter is severe, lasting from November to April, and usually a thick layer of snow covers the mountains. By reason of the character of its gold-deposits, the region is known to miners as "the pocket country." It contains a series ?of eruptive rocks intruded into slates, cherts, limestones, and conglomerates. Dikes, laccoliths, and batholiths are frequent. In a day's ride it is possible to find all the common igneous rocks from the very acid to the very basic. Serpentines are especially abundant.. The sedimentary rocks are, as rule, broken and shattered as well as folded, and show the effects of intense metamorphism. ? Pocket-hunters " speak of the contact of diabase and slate as the ? pocket-contact." Some rich gold-pockets, however, have also been found in the diabase.

Jul 1, 1912

By AIME AIME

THE papers presented at the geophysics session" on Feb. 17 were concerned largely with three aspects of the science. The first ones dealt with the transmission of elastic waves through the earth, then electrical methods came in for their share of attention and finally, the question of the teaching of geo- physics came up for the first time at these meetings. Also, for the first time, there was a symposium of mining men on the practical value of the new science. The paper (T. P. 267) entitled "Seismic Propagation Paths" was presented by Donald C. Barton in the absence of the authors. It dealt with an investigation of the speed of propagation of seismic waves. The latter travel in a straight line when proceeding at a constant velocity, but if the velocity increases at increasing depths, the line of travel becomes a curve. Under the assumption of the authors this curve is found to be the arc of a circle, and their paper gives calculations for reflected and refracted wave paths under these circumstances.

Jan 1, 1930

By Howard Scott

Invar is the preeminent low-expansion metal by virtue of the fact that it can be prepared with a zero coefficient of expansion at atmospheric temperature. This fact suggests that there is little room for improvement in the expansion properties of the low-expansion nickel steels. The inference is true, however, only so far as the expansion at and near atmospheric temperature is concerned, because the expansivity of invar starts to increase rapidly on heating above 100" C. and soon reaches the value of copper. Guillaumel met this situation by increasing the nickel content above that of invar. By that expedient, alloys having low expansivity under higher temperatures were obtained, but not without a large increase in minimum expansivity. The increase in minimum expansivity with increasing nickel content severely limits the technical applications of these alloys at high temperatures. Prospects of improving the expansion characteristics of the nickel steels is offered by alloying. Search for an advantageous alloying addition by analogy with other alloy systems, however, is not productive because the low-expansion characteristic is unique with that system. The rule of mixtures usually gives a fair value of the expansivity of other solid-solution alloys, but in the iron-nickel systems gives a value of 18 X 10-6 per deg. C. whereas the actual value is 1 X 10-6 per deg. C. Apparently suitable additions are not to be deduced from such ingenuous considerations. Recognition of the fact that the temperature range of low expansivity in nickel steels is terminated with loss of magnetism affords a more promising basis for the selection of an advantageous element. One may expect from that fact that additions of nonmagnetic elements to the iron-nickel alloys are detrimental to the low-expansion characteristic. Indeed, carbon, manganese, silicon, copper and chromium are detrimental to the expansion properties and no nonmagnetic element is reported to be beneficial. From the same viewpoint, the addition of a magnetic metal offers prospects of improvement. As two of the three ferromagnetic elements are already present in the

Jan 1, 1930

By Joseph Hartshorne

This plant is situated in the borough of Pottstown, on the banks of the Schuylkill river, between the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the Schuylkill Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, on a plot of about 125 acres, most of which is reserved for future extensions. About 45 acres are to be used for houses, 40 of which have already been built. The accompanying plan will give a clear idea of the general arrangement of the works. Beginning at the lower or eastern end, the first building is the basic-cinder grinding-plant. At present, it consists of a 2000 mm. Jenisch ball-mill (Kugelfallmühle) similar to those used so extensively for grinding basic cinder in Europe. It was built by Herman LÖhnert, of Bromberg. The mill is very simple in design, and efficient in execution. About 13 horse-power is required to run it, and the average output is 20,000 pounds in 10 hours. The best work we have done is 29,000 pounds in 10 hours, with perfectly dry cinder. From 95 to 98 per cent. of the product will pass through a sieve with 100 meshes to the inch, while from 70 to 75 per cent. will pass through a 150-mesh sieve. The mill has been in service since last March, part of the time on double-turn, and the renewals and repairs have been very slight. The product of the plant is sold as a fertilizer. It runs from 18 to 24 per cent. in phosphoric acid, about 14 of which is reverted. The merits of this fertilizer were explained by Mr. W. H. Morris, at the Baltimore meeting of February, 1892 (Trans., xxi., 232), and by Mr. W. B. Phillips, at the Birmingham meeting of 1888 (Trans., xvii., 84). The results obtained by its use in Europe, where over 600,000 tons were used last year, are well known. Near the cinder-grinding plant will be situated the new machineshop, which is now being erected. The next buildings contain the brick-making plant and ovens.

Jan 1, 1893