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J. L. CHRISTIE, Chairman T. S. FULLER, Past-chairman W. M. PEIRCE, Vice-chairman W. A. SCHEUCH, Vice-chairman E. M. WISE, Secretary International Nickel Co., Bayonne, N. J. W. M. CORSE, Treasurer Executive Committee H. A. BEDWORTH G. O. HIERS D. K. CRAMPTON R. H. LEACH E. H. DIX, JR. R. F. MEHL J. A. GANN J. WALTER SCOTT' JEROME STRAUSS Finance Committee T. S. FULLER, Chairman W. M. CORSE H. S. RAWDON C. H. MATHEWSON SAM TOUR

Jan 1, 1934

On Friday, Jan. 17, the thirteenth impression of the Perkin Medal was presented to Dr. Frederick Gardner Cottrell, at a meeting of the New York Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held at the Chemists' Club, in New York City. The presentation address was delivered by Dr. C. F. Chandler, Senior Past President of the Society. The medal was awarded for the recipient's work in the electrical precipitation of suspended particles in gases. Dr. Cottrell's career, which is so familiar to members of the Institute, was sketched by Dr. Chandler. He told at some length of the experiments leading up to the final solution of electrostatic precipitation, which has done so much to solve the problem of smelter smoke. The principal interest in Dr. Cottrell's speech of acceptance lay in his remarks about helium, the production of which has been so reduced in cost that it has practically supplanted the use of hydrogen for inflation purposes in war balloons. He said: "Two or three weeks after war was declared in 1917, Dr. R. B. Moore attended a meeting of the American Chemical Society in Kansas City. At the general session, Mr. Seibel of the University of Kansas, gave a paper on krypton and xenon in some of the natural gases of Kansas. At the end of his paper, he expressed regret that at such a time, when everyone was thinking of war problems, his paper was of a purely scientific nature and had no practical bearing on the war. Dr. Moore immediately got up and said that he did not agree with Mr. Seibel. The presence of helium in those wells could, and should, have a very practical bearing on the war, as this gas could be extracted in quantity from the natural gas and used for balloons and Zeppelins. He pointed out some of the natural advantages of helium over hydrogen, and quoted Sir William Ramsey's letter advocating the use of helium for airships. The general attitude of those present was one of scepticism, so he finally asked Dr. Cady for his opinion who stated that he believed-the thing could be done, but was very doubtful whether it could ever be made practical on account of the cost." Dr. Moore in a letter wrote: "That same day I talked to Dr. Parsons, who was present at the meeting and was returning to Washington almost immediately. I told him what had happened, and that I believed the matter should be taken up by the Bureau at once and presented to the War Department. He promised to do this as soon as he got to Washington; and I know that he did take the matter up with other Bureau officials." Dr. Cottrell continued in part: News of Ramsey's suggestions also reached this .country through other channels and eventually came to our attention. Professors Satterly and Patterson of the University of Toronto commenced experimentation of the subject Jan. 1, 1916. Col. G. A. Burrell, who headed the research department of the Gas Warfare Service at the American University, tells me that Cady's experiments had also suggested similar possibilities to him.

Jan 3, 1919

By Walter Miller

A surprising development during the year was the continued high demand for petroleum products and the high level of crude oil charges to the stills. Generally speaking, the petroleum industry during 1946 succeeded in producing a greater quantity of crude oil and petroleum products than in any of the war years, and considerably exceeded the production of any prewar year. Daily crude still charges averaged between 4,700,000 and 4,800,000 bbl per day for 1946 and about equaled the 1945 record, although most pessimistic 1945 guesses, predictions, or fears ranged, for 1946, from only 3,900,000 to 4,400,000 bbl per day. In spite of the high crude charge to the stills, total stock of crude oil was higher at the end of the year by some 7,000,000 to 8,000,000 bbl. A similar story holds regarding stocks of the principal refined products. Gasoline on hand at year's end was two to three million barrels lower, and was considered low for the expected demand during the coming high consuming season, while stocks of light and heavy fuel oils, although some higher than a year previous, hardly reached a comfortable level. The trend in gasoline of high octane number, which has resulted in a marked rise in. the antiknock quality by the end of 1945 (five or six numbers higher than during the war and one number higher than the prewar quality of civilian motor gasoline of 1941) was abruptly arrested by an acute shortage of metallic lead for manufacturing tetraethyl lead. Government action in the form of lead price control, rationing, and the setting of octane ceiling specifications to conform to the reduced ethyl lead compound available were enforced until abrogated at the end of the year. It will be interesting to see how rapidly the octane levels will resume the rising trend, as more metallic lead slowly becomes available for making greater quantities of ethyl lead compound. As octane quality rises over present levels the disadvantage of the refiner without catalytic cracking equipment will increase. Gasoline made by catalytic cracking, without addition of ethyl lead, approximates 77 octane by the official ASTM Motor Method test, compared with 66 for gasoline generally similar in volatility made by the older thermal cracking operation. Catalytic gasoline shows an even greater improvement in the Research octane number, the comparison being roughly 86 Research versus 71 Research octane for the thermal cracked product. This higher differential in Research octane is credited by many, although not universally so, as contributing to better road performance, and consequently resulting in a more desirable product marketwise. In some parts of the country a premium of roughly one fourth cent per gallon is now being paid for gasoline with higher Research octane made possible by including catalytic cracked product in the final blends. If such price differentials in favor of catalytic gaso-

Jan 1, 1947

By Walter Miller

A surprising development during the year was the continued high demand for petroleum products and the high level of crude oil charges to the stills. Generally speaking, the petroleum industry during 1946 succeeded in producing a greater quantity of crude oil and petroleum products than in any of the war years, and considerably exceeded the production of any prewar year. Daily crude still charges averaged between 4,700,000 and 4,800,000 bbl per day for 1946 and about equaled the 1945 record, although most pessimistic 1945 guesses, predictions, or fears ranged, for 1946, from only 3,900,000 to 4,400,000 bbl per day. In spite of the high crude charge to the stills, total stock of crude oil was higher at the end of the year by some 7,000,000 to 8,000,000 bbl. A similar story holds regarding stocks of the principal refined products. Gasoline on hand at year's end was two to three million barrels lower, and was considered low for the expected demand during the coming high consuming season, while stocks of light and heavy fuel oils, although some higher than a year previous, hardly reached a comfortable level. The trend in gasoline of high octane number, which has resulted in a marked rise in. the antiknock quality by the end of 1945 (five or six numbers higher than during the war and one number higher than the prewar quality of civilian motor gasoline of 1941) was abruptly arrested by an acute shortage of metallic lead for manufacturing tetraethyl lead. Government action in the form of lead price control, rationing, and the setting of octane ceiling specifications to conform to the reduced ethyl lead compound available were enforced until abrogated at the end of the year. It will be interesting to see how rapidly the octane levels will resume the rising trend, as more metallic lead slowly becomes available for making greater quantities of ethyl lead compound. As octane quality rises over present levels the disadvantage of the refiner without catalytic cracking equipment will increase. Gasoline made by catalytic cracking, without addition of ethyl lead, approximates 77 octane by the official ASTM Motor Method test, compared with 66 for gasoline generally similar in volatility made by the older thermal cracking operation. Catalytic gasoline shows an even greater improvement in the Research octane number, the comparison being roughly 86 Research versus 71 Research octane for the thermal cracked product. This higher differential in Research octane is credited by many, although not universally so, as contributing to better road performance, and consequently resulting in a more desirable product marketwise. In some parts of the country a premium of roughly one fourth cent per gallon is now being paid for gasoline with higher Research octane made possible by including catalytic cracked product in the final blends. If such price differentials in favor of catalytic gaso-

Jan 1, 1947

The following advertisements show the contemporary view of the value of coal on a tract, usually as compared with farming advantages of several kinds. Fayette Gazette and Union Advertiser, February 10, 1798: "For Sale in Washington twp., Fayette Co., 211 acres of land whereon is a good new grist merchant mill, a good stone dam, and a house for the miller, about two acres of bottom, cleared and fenced, an excellent coal bank and saw-mill seat unimproved." Pittsburgh Gazette, March 19 and 26, 1802: Ads. offering for sale two properties, one of 38 acres, "together with a Coal Pitt and Lime Quarry, lying on the Monongahela side of Grant's Hill, and within one mile and a half of Pittsburgh," and the other two tracts of 700 acres on "Racoon creek, contiguous to which is a valuable limestone quarry, and a quarry of building stone, also plenty of stone coal." Pittsburgh Gazette, Oct. 8, 1802: A farm between Pittsburgh and Greensburg "with house, barn and a Smith shop-also, a fine sugar camp, and a Coal Bank within sight of the house," was offered for sale. The Farmers Register, Greensburg, Pa., March 13, 1802: An advertisement of a "plantation, six miles from Greensburg, there are two coal banks on it, one at each end of the place." The Commonwealth, Pittsburgh, Aug. 4,1805: A number of lots were laid off on Saw Mill Run, nearly opposite the first opening made on the Pittsburgh seam. They were from two to twenty acres each "and a great quantity of Limestone and stone coal." Pittsburgh Gazette, Aug. 9, Sept. 6, Sept. 27, Oct. 4, 1811; The Commonwealth, Aug. 19, 1811: Five tracts were advertised that contained coal. One had "fine springs and an inexhaustible mine of coal;" one, "excellent sugar camps, coal banks and limestone and a good mill seat;" one, "good sugar camps, an excellent coal bank and an elegant seat for a distillery;" another, a tract of 45,000 acres in Allegheny and Butler Counties affording "stone coal and iron ore, and seats for water works;" and the last a tract on Beck's Run, four miles from Pittsburgh "and a coal pit opened about one fourth of a mile from the river." The Mercury, Pittsburgh, April 8, Jan. 14, Feb. 11, 1813; Pittsburgh Gazette, April 16, Dec. 3, 1813: These tracts were advertised during the year in the vicinity of the city. One had "a good sugar camp, woodland and plenty of coal;" another, "a sugar camp and a coal bank on the premises;" while the others were "well timbered or well watered and had excellent stone coal." The Mercury, Pittsburgh, Feb. 2, 1814: A farm was offered for sale on the headwaters of Robinson's Run, in Washington County, four miles from Burgettstown, containing 60 acres, "a young bearing orchard,... a coal bank and a good sugar camp." Genius of Liberty and Fayette Advertiser, Uniontown, Pa., March 2, 1814, carried an advertisement of a sale of lots in the new town of Perriopolis; "the quantity and quality of the clay, sand and salt licks, near the premises, together with the timber and abundance of .stone coals The town of Perriopolis was situated upon a . farm at one time belonging to Washington.

Jan 1, 1942

By Fritz F. Prugger, Peter R. Jones

This paper considers some of the main aspects of underground mining in the flat, rich, but deep lying deposits of Saskatchewan. It briefly describes the pertinent geological features as they relate to mining and the practical de-stressing techniques used to allow productive extraction in the high stress environment present in many of the province’s mines. Mining layouts, materials handling, and the evolution of some of the world's largest mining equipment are examined.

Jan 1, 1983

By Francis L. Vinton

THE eccentric theodolite I exhibit is one constructed by the Stack-poles of New York, from drawings, considerably modified, of Combes's theodolite. The telescope is on one side of the horizontal limb, and the vertical circle is opposite to the telescope; thus they nearly balance each other, making already the construction lighter than in the instrument of Combes, where the telescope and vertical circle are together on the same side, and are both balanced by a considerable weight. The instrument stands upon three levelling screws or feet, an improvement upon the old or general style of mounting a transit on four feet-for indeed the instrument is easier levelled, and, more-over, stands more stable on three than on four points of support. The general advantage of an eccentric theodolite is evident, namely, that it can measure any and all vertical angles, from 0 to 360, without being interfered with by the horizontal limb as is the transit; besides this advantage, it needs no preparatory adjustment or correction for eccentricity ; on the other hand, however, that correction

Jan 1, 1873

By Francis L. Vinton

THE eccentric theodolite I exhibit is one constructed by the Stack poles of New York, from drawings, considerably modified, of Combes's theodolite. The telescope is on one side of the horizontal limb, and the vertical circle is opposite to the telescope ; thus they nearly balance each other, making already the construction lighter than in the instrument of Combes, where the telescope and vertical circle are together on the same side, and are both balanced by a considerable weight. The instrument stands upon three levelling screws or feet, an improvement upon the old or general style of mounting a transit on four feet for indeed the instrument is easier levelled, and, moreover, stands more stable on three than on four points of support. The general advantage of an eccentric theodolite is evident, namely, that it can measure Any and all vertical angles, from 0 to 360, without being interfered with by the horizontal limb as is the transit; besides this advantage, it needs no preparatory adjustment or correction for eccentricity; on the other hand, however, that correction

By AIME AIME

CONVENTION plans for the A.I.M.E. Regional Meeting to be held on the Minnesota Iron Range Aug. 12 to 1.5 are being completed to give the visiting member?s from all parts of the country a wide variety of technical and recreational features. High spots of the social events are the official dinner, dance, luncheon and golf: and of course, special provision is being, made for the entertainment of visiting ladies. The technical sessions will fit in with scheduled trips to view all phases of mining, beneficiation and transportation of iron ore. Men from the West and Southwest will find much of interest in the detail of the mining operations. A trip to the steel plant of the

Jan 1, 1941

At its meeting on February 21, 1933, the Board of Directors the following resolution defining and expressing the policy of the Institute with respect to official participation or action in controversial matters: WHEREAS, the Board of Directors at its last meting passed the following resolution: "The Board of Directors, having been appealed to by several Local Sections for advice concerning the attitude and policy of the Institute relating to the endorsement of candidates for public office, the following statement of policy is formulated:

Jan 1, 1934

By AIME AIME

WITH the example of the steel open-hearth men and their round table conference before the copper men, the query naturally arose "Why cannot we do likewise?" The advantage of pooling and comparing knowledge on smelting in the copper reverberatory furnace seems particularly pertinent at this time when all metallurgical economies possible must be rigorously enforced. A great deal of data had also been obtained and filed during the period of litigation over the Carson patent, and it would naturally be available with the cessation of further suits. With these ideas in mind, H. Foster Bain took up the advisability of holding such a conference directly with the heads of all the companies in the United States operating copper reverberatories, and found a nearly unanimous response. The mining companies appointed representatives directly, or indicated to the heads of various metallurgical operations what members of their staffs should be sent to such a conference.

Jan 1, 1930

By H. H. Alexander

IN the early part of the last century textile fabric was used for the filtration of products of combustion and lampblack was obtained by passing smoke through a series of canvas bags. Natural draft was, used to draw and force the smoke through the bags. About 1850 bag filtration was used for collecting zinc oxide. Around 1876 it was introduced for collecting the fume from lead-ore hearth smelting in. Missouri. Shortly afterward it was used, first at Portland, Me., and later at Canon City, Colo., for the collection and production of zinc-lead pigment in treating mixed zinc-lead sulphides. In 1890 the Globe Smelting & Refining Co., at Denver, Colo., installed a bag house containing 1,458 bags for the recovery of fume from silver-lead blast furnaces. This installation was too small to handle all of the gases and was increased to approximately 2,300 bags. . In 1900 the number of bags was again increased, making a total of approximately 2,800: The usual difficulties incident to new installations were encountered, but they were gradually overcome and the bag house became accepted as standard practice for this class of smelting. As all of the bag houses built since have followed the general lines of the Globe installation, a short description may be of interest. The general construction of the Globe bag house is shown in Figs. 1, 2, and 3. The building is 149 ft. 8 in. long by 67 ft. 4 in. wide and 40 ft. 2 in. high from the basement floor to the eaves of the roof, having brick walls 26 in. thick from the foundation up to the thimble floor, from there an 18-in. wall for 16 ft. and a 13-in. wall from this point to the top, a distance of 14 ft. 2 in. Additional stiffening is given to the walls above the basement by pilasters located every 16 ft. The end-wall construction is similar to that of the side walls with the exception of the spacing of the pilasters, which is somewhat greater. The roof is made of corrugated iron laid on 1-in. boards and supported by a timber frame work spaced 16 ft. apart resting on the basement partition walls. On top is a louver running the

Jan 8, 1914

Jan 1, 1924

Jan 1, 1924

By Rodolfo V. de la Cruz

The accurate assessment of the in situ deformability of rock masses is very important in the de and construction of underground openings for mining and geotechnical engineering applications. This paper presents a method and device for determining the in situ deformability of rock masses by relating the borehole jack load to the diametral displacements at a number of orientations around the borehole wall. The method called mu1tiple measurement method include the steps in which: a) diametral displacement sensors are installed at different orientations around the borehole to measure the changes in length of various diameters of the borehole; b) a uniaxial load is applied on two opposed octants of the borehole wall, and; c) using elastic theory and assuming a reasonable value for the Poisson's Ratio of the rock mass, the in situ deformability of the surrounding rock materials is determined from the measured diametral displacements and applied unidirectional load. The multiple measurement method has a significant advantage over existing methods since it provides several independent data in a single test from which to calculate the in situ deformability of the rock mass. The multiple data provide a check and counter check on the reliability and accuracy of the various measurements. The multiple data would also provide a means of quantifying the degree of fissuring on the borehole wall. Information on the degree of fissuring is very important in numerical modeling of rock masses.

Jan 1, 1984

By Richard A. Sheppard

Zeolites-crystalline hydrated aluminosilicates of the alkalis and alkaline earths-are important rock-forming constituents in sedimentary rocks and are potentially valuable industrial minerals. They have a framework structure that encloses interconnected cavities occupied by the relatively large cations and water molecules. The cations, chiefly sodium, potassium, and calcium, and the water have considerable freedom of movement within the structure and give the zeolite their cation- exchange and reversible-dehydration properties. Some zeolites have essential contents of barium, strontium, or magnesium. The basic structure

Jan 1, 1975

By Thomas N. Walthier

If current trends continue, the shrunken world of exploration will keep on shrinking and the number of new mines will be insufficient to meet production requirements. Mineral shortages-not natural, but government induced-will then occur.

Jan 5, 1976

By R. H. Winn

In this paper a heterogeneous carbonate reservoir is considered as a succession of layers of formations of radically different porosities, permeabilities, water saturations, and rock matrix types; i.e., the heterogeneity is vertical rather than radial to the wellbore. Presumably each layer is more or less homogeneous. To determine the "net oil in place" in this reservoir it is desirable to know the porosity and water saturation of each layer. In addition, the section must be subdivided into that which will produce oil, that which will produce water, and that which will produce little or nothing. In numerous wells drilled in these reservoirs radioactivity surveys, guard electrode surveys, and caliper surveys have been made. These logs have been compared with core analysis data, when available, and the analysis of the surveys compared with production data. This study, still in progress, is intended to provide improved analytical techniques if such are possible. This paper is a progress report on the work. DETERMINATION OF POROSITY The neutron-gamma log has long been recognized as a measure of hydrogen concentration.1,2,3 In reservoirs that are free of clay, shale, or other hydrogen containing matrices, it has been accepted as a measure of porosity.4,5 Empirical methods to relate relative neu-tron-gamma intensity to porosity are often employed." To provide a more precise determination of porosity from the neutron-gamma log each instrument is calibrated immediately prior to each survey by a method which refers all tools to a hydrogenous cylinder. To insure stability a calibration check is made after each survey. These calibration records are printed as an integral part of the log that is recorded in standard counts per second. A detailed description of the calibration procedure is available in the literature.' The procedure employed insures that each Survey is numerically reproducible within the limits of statistical variation. To relate the standard neutron counts per second to porosity and hole size, records were made in test wells constructed of blocks of limestone. The porosities of the blocks were accurately measured and the blocks completely saturated with fresh water. Fig. 1 presents some of the results obtained in these test wells.' The lines shown in Fig. 1 were obtained by deriving an empirical equation relating the 11 points shown so that the relationship may be projected to larger and smaller hole sizes. A detailed description of the tool is available in the literature.' Field tests indicate that the tool is adjacent to the wall of the hole most of the time when the surveys are made in uncased holes drilled with saline muds. In this circumstance porosity may be calculated from Fig. 1 if the hole size is known. When fresh muds that form thick mud cakes are employed, the centralizing effect of the mud cake must be considered and the porosity determination is less reliable. In cased holes the combined effect of variations in hole diameter and the unknown eccentricity of the casing in the hole may make porosity determinations extremely unreliable. In any event, an accurate knowledge of hole size is essen-

Jan 1, 1958

NEW MEMBERS. The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the month of September, 1913: Members. ANDERSON, ANDREW P., Min. Engr 908 Story Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. ANDROS, STEPHEN 0., Min. Engr University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. BECKETT, PERCY G., Min. Engr Globe, Ariz. BLAIR, THOMAS S., JR., Prest. Blair Engrg. Co 343 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, Ill. BOYLE, HARRY, Min. Engr S07 Lowman Bldg., Seattle, Wash. BRADEN, EUGENE B., Vice-Prest., Selby Smelting & Lead Co., Merchants Exchange Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. CHALMERS, JOHN W., Min. and Elec. Engr., Morro Velho, Villa Nova de Lima, Honorio Becalho Minas Geraes, Brazil, So. America.

Jan 10, 1913

At its meeting on February 21, 1933, the Board of Directors the following resolution defining and expressing the policy of the Institute with respect to official participation or action in controversial matters: WHEREAS, the Board of Directors at its last meting passed the following resolution: "The Board of Directors, having been appealed to by several Local Sections for advice concerning the attitude and policy of the Institute relating to the endorsement of candidates for public office, the following statement of policy is formulated:

Jan 1, 1939