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By Christine Alexander

Twenty years ago, the northern Oquirrh Mountains overlooking Salt Lake City were bare. Heavy logging and overgrazing combined with erosion and uncontrolled forest fires had severely denuded the mountains by the turn of the century. As a final coup de grace, a copper smelter was built there in 1906, and for the next 50 years its sulfurous fumes killed off what little vegetation remained. In 1956, Paul Rokich, a biology student at the Univer¬sity of Utah, started to surreptitiously restore the mountains. For the next 17 years, Rokich devoted his spare time and money to replanting the Oquirrhs, with the result that several thousand acres of the mountains are green again, and animals have returned: deer, elk, and rabbits thrive among olive, maple, and fruit trees, wheat grass, and sunflowers.

Jan 10, 1975

By R. W. Raymond

Some months ago I heard from a party of returned tourists an amusing story of a Chinese laundryman in the National Park who had included in his cabin a hot spring, of which he was accustomed to avail himself in his business, and who, on one occasion, having thrown a lot of linen into this spring to soak overnight, had added a piece of soap to facilitate the process, and had been considerably surprised when, stimulated by this soap, the spring had suddenly become a geyser and wrecked his establishment. The story went on to say that the practice of "soaping" geysers to make them, active had become general, but had been forbidden by the authorities.

Jan 1, 1889

By Gilbert H. Cady

HE application of geology to problems arising A in coal mining engineering and coal preparation has, in general, been somewhat remote, or the geological problems have involved such simple forms of geological knowledge that the attention of specialists in this field has not been commonly thought necessary. Furthermore, the geology of coal beds and coal mining has received but scant attention in our educational system, even in mining education; so that coal mining engineers have become somewhat conditioned against geological thinking. Geologists, on the other hand, have commonly failed to realize that there are geological aspects to coal mining and coal preparation problems. A further reason why geology receives so little consideration in coal mining undertakings in this country lies in the fact that our coal supplies are, or have been thought to be, almost unlimited, have been easily accessible, and very cheaply mined. Conditions have been changing within recent years. Failures can be less easily endured. Great inroads have been made on our bonanza deposits of easily mined coal and the increasing cost of coal and the increasing difficulty of finding it in easily accessible and large quantities places greater and greater importance on accurate information and good technique in exploration. It seems probable, therefore, that the opinions and aid of geologists will be more commonly sought than in the past in the exploration for coal and in the development and operation of coal mines, and analyses of mining conditions, preparation, and utilization.

Jan 1, 1951

By Gilbert H. Cady

HE application of geology to problems arising A in coal mining engineering and coal preparation has, in general, been somewhat remote, or the geological problems have involved such simple forms of geological knowledge that the attention of specialists in this field has not been commonly thought necessary. Furthermore, the geology of coal beds and coal mining has received but scant attention in our educational system, even in mining education; so that coal mining engineers have become somewhat conditioned against geological thinking. Geologists, on the other hand, have commonly failed to realize that there are geological aspects to coal mining and coal preparation problems. A further reason why geology receives so little consideration in coal mining undertakings in this country lies in the fact that our coal supplies are, or have been thought to be, almost unlimited, have been easily accessible, and very cheaply mined. Conditions have been changing within recent years. Failures can be less easily endured. Great inroads have been made on our bonanza deposits of easily mined coal and the increasing cost of coal and the increasing difficulty of finding it in easily accessible and large quantities places greater and greater importance on accurate information and good technique in exploration. It seems probable, therefore, that the opinions and aid of geologists will be more commonly sought than in the past in the exploration for coal and in the development and operation of coal mines, and analyses of mining conditions, preparation, and utilization.

Jan 1, 1951

By Stanley D. Michaelson, Ben. H. Slothower

The depletion of most high-grade ore reserves coupled with growing demands for metals and fuels has made it necessary to bring into production increasingly lower grade deposits. Improvements in technology have made lower grade ores economically recoverable in spite of major increases in labor and material costs and the initial investments required to open new mines and build their metallurgical and service plants. To remain competitive, managements of mining companies must keep abreast of and exploit these often complex technical developments. The proper application of these improvements in technology requires extensive and detailed study. In addition, managements of mining and other industries are becoming more deeply involved in public affairs and the myriad of other nontechnical problems common to all industries. These involvements, plus the demands of evaluating technological developments as well as the necessary work related to the routine administration of operations, have required mining managements to delegate additional study and review functions to staff services. To help overcome the problems involved in adopting the best technologies, managements have generally expanded their engineering and research staff services. Integrated, base-metal-producing companies, having open pits, concentrators, smelters, and refineries, are generally more research and engineering oriented than are most smaller mining companies and quarries. However, mining methods for even the simplest open pits and quarries are improving rapidly, and installations of these improvements are essential to combat increasing costs. Because of this, the managements of smaller operations may also require enhanced engineering staff services to realize the potential benefits.

Jan 1, 1968

By R. W. Raymond

The sudden death of Dr. Drown, on Nov. 17, 1904, brought to multitudes the pang of personal loss. Of all those who, as students at Lafayette College, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Lehigh University, were brought under his influence, not one can have forgotten him, and all will now acknowledge, with an unfading gratitude, what they owe in professional equipment to his wise, clear, skillful guidance, and in character to his sympathetic, stimulating personality. Outside of this wide circle, the experts of both hemispheres will lament the departure of one who, in his department of scientific investigation, both knew what work was needed, arid how to do it so that it needed not to be done again. The older members of the Amierican Institute of Mining Engineers will remember with gratitude the part he took, as Secretary from 1873 to 1884, in promoting the interest of that organization, and in shaping the plan and policy which it has followed with such noteworthy success. And, in addition to all these (though partly included among them), there are a host of friends, who can scarcely think of the public loss by reason of their own. Thomas Messenger Drown was born March 19,1842, at Philadelphia, Pa. His parents were natives of New England; and he was the youngest of their three sons. He received his preliminary education in the public schools and the High School of Philadelphia, from which he was graduated in 1859. Be-

Jan 1, 1906

Dimitri Konstantinovitch Tschernoff, was horn in Petrograd, Russia, on Nov. 1, 1839, and died in Yalta (Crimea) in the south of Russia, on Jan. 2, 1921. He obtained his early education in the Russian Gymnasium, corresponding to the American high school, and in the Technologic Institute. On graduation from this Institute in 1858, he was engaged as a professor of geometry and algebra and later became a librarian and superintendent of the museum in the same Institute. He also attended lectures in the mathematical physics section at the Univrrsity of Petrograd from 1859 to 1862. In 1866, Professor Tschernoff left the Technologic Institute and entered the employ of the Obouchoff steel plant, founded in 1863 for the manufacture of guns. Here he did his most important work on the heat treatment of steel, its crystallization and metallography. In 1880, he left the Obouchoff plant and went to the south of European Russia, where he discovered and developed some rock-salt mines. This enterprise brought him a rather large fortune. In 1884, he returned to Petrograd and during the next four years held several prominent positions in government departments. In 1899, he became professor of metallurgy in the Michael Artillery Academy, and retained that position until the time of the Russian Revolution. In 1902, Professor Tschernoff was elected an honorary member of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. In September, 1917, Professor Tschernoff was sponding his vacation, as usual, in the city of Yalta (Crimea) in the south of Russia, with his wife and one of his daughters. The revolution progressed so rapidly that they were unable to return to Petrograd, and were compelled to stay in Yalta without provision for the winter season. Suffering from hunger. and lack of sufficient clothing, and deprived of his books, Tschernoff nevertheless continued his studies and gave a number of lectures on steel at the Polytechnic Institute. At the same time he worked hard on some. mathematical problems. His health broke down through long-continued under-nourishment. His works in the metallurgical field are well known to the students of metallurgy; good abstracts of his most important papers were published in Revue de Metallurgie (1915, pp. 829-882) in commemoration of his 75th birthday.

Jan 1, 1922

Dimitri Konstantinovitch Tschernoff, was horn in Petrograd, Russia, on Nov. 1, 1839, and died in Yalta (Crimea) in the south of Russia, on Jan. 2, 1921. He obtained his early education in the Russian Gymnasium, corresponding to the American high school, and in the Technologic Institute. On graduation from this Institute in 1858, he was engaged as a professor of geometry and algebra and later became a librarian and superintendent of the museum in the same Institute. He also attended lectures in the mathematical physics section at the Univrrsity of Petrograd from 1859 to 1862. In 1866, Professor Tschernoff left the Technologic Institute and entered the employ of the Obouchoff steel plant, founded in 1863 for the manufacture of guns. Here he did his most important work on the heat treatment of steel, its crystallization and metallography. In 1880, he left the Obouchoff plant and went to the south of European Russia, where he discovered and developed some rock-salt mines. This enterprise brought him a rather large fortune. In 1884, he returned to Petrograd and during the next four years held several prominent positions in government departments. In 1899, he became professor of metallurgy in the Michael Artillery Academy, and retained that position until the time of the Russian Revolution. In 1902, Professor Tschernoff was elected an honorary member of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. In September, 1917, Professor Tschernoff was sponding his vacation, as usual, in the city of Yalta (Crimea) in the south of Russia, with his wife and one of his daughters. The revolution progressed so rapidly that they were unable to return to Petrograd, and were compelled to stay in Yalta without provision for the winter season. Suffering from hunger. and lack of sufficient clothing, and deprived of his books, Tschernoff nevertheless continued his studies and gave a number of lectures on steel at the Polytechnic Institute. At the same time he worked hard on some. mathematical problems. His health broke down through long-continued under-nourishment. His works in the metallurgical field are well known to the students of metallurgy; good abstracts of his most important papers were published in Revue de Metallurgie (1915, pp. 829-882) in commemoration of his 75th birthday.

Jan 1, 1922

By D. H. Thompson, A. W. Tracy

E. A. ANDERSON*—At the outset, I note that you are using a humid atmosphere containing ammonia but that you make no reference to the variable of carbon dioxide content. Edmunds in his work in this laboratory found very marked effects on the rate of failure due to variations in carbon dioxide in the environment. This point is, of course, strongly related to the overall corrosion rate problem since the role of the carbon dioxide seems to be to permit the formation of hygrogroscopic salts which give a controlled moisture film on the specimen surface, which in turn seems to support the intergranular penetration more consistently than would otherwise occur. (2) Your results with various copper binary systems are very striking. It is curious, however, that the time-to-failure minima all occur at percentages of the alloying element which are considerably below the solubility limits as given in the conventional equilibrium diagrams. If your theory regarding the presence of these impurities in some concentration in the grain boundaries is correct, then either the existing diagrams are not accurate in the room temperature region, or there is a difference in solubility in the grain boundaries as compared -with the grains. A study along these lines might be very revealing. (3) The undesirable effect of silicon in copper calls to mind our own observations on the influence of silicon on the stress corrosion cracking resistance of alpha brass. In this case, silicon was found to have a very marked beneficial effect, particularly when a heat treatment capable of producing a grain boundary constituent was used. I should appreciate it if in the discussion of your paper this point should arise, you would attempt to clarify the difference between the copper-silicon binaries and the copper-zinc-sili-con ternary alloys. D. H. THOMPSON and A. W. TRACY (authors' reply)—(1) We have no data on the constancy of the carbon dioxide content of the air used for the test atmosphere but have believed that the normal carbon dioxide content of the air was as constant as could be obtained by using Edmunds' method of removing carbon dioxide from the air and then adding a measured quantity. In any event, the test atmosphere was the same for all specimens in a test run. We agree with Mr. Anderson that the carbon dioxide content is important in the formation of a hygroscopic film on specimens. (2) We can imagine that there could be a concentration of solute atoms at the grain boundaries which would be so small that present methods would not detect it even if it exceeded the solubility limit of the alloy. There could be somewhat greater solubility at the grain boundaries for an interstitial solute. There is a possibility that phosphorus dissolves in this way but we believe that none of the other solutes studied does. In our present studies we hope to find out something about conditions at the grain boundaries of some of the systems mentioned in the paper. (3) Mr. Anderson points out that silicon brass, which has had a high temperature heat treatment followed by a quench. is highly resistant to stress-corrosion cracking. Although the test conditions used by Anderson* et al were different from our test conditions, it is noted that the silicon brasses which had not had the special heat treatment were less resistant to stress-corrosion cracking than copper containing approximately equal amounts of silicon. G. R. GOHN†—Nonferrous metallurgists and particularly, materials engineers, have been accustomed to thinking

Jan 1, 1950

By Herbert Hoover

IT is always a pleasure for me to join in the Ameri-can Mining Congress, for not only has my own professional life been closely linked with the industry, but the Secretary of Commerce is specifically enjoined in the organic act creating the office to promote and foster the interests of the mining industry. And it is a vital part of our national life. It is one of those indus-tries without which. the nation could not go on for a week. It ranks second only to the agricultural industry in its contribution to our raw materials. Its production amounts to nearly 6 ½ billions annually, providing direct support to probably ten millions of our people through employment to about two million workers. But the in-dustry has a greater importance than even these figures indicate, for with agriculture, forestry, and water power it furnishes the raw materials upon which the whole work of our civilization rests. When the raw ma-terials of our mines emerge. from manufacture with the added expenditure of labor and capital upon them, they have a wholesale value of over fifteen billions of dollars. And in this, the second stage of their application, they give employment to another two million workers and support to about ten million more of our people. A large portion of these manufactured commodities must filter through the retail trade; their total value when delivered to the consumer exceeds twenty billions of dollars. And from this distribution arises the support of many more millions of our people. It is estimated that the products of agriculture when they reach . the consumer, with transportation, manu-facturing, and distribution costs added, have about the same value as the mineral industries-each of them thus contributing about one-quarter of our total na-tional income. No other continent has demonstrated its possession of such a magnitude of minerals as has ours, and such a bountiful distribution over our whole land. But our mineral resources differ in one essential from our other natural resources-they are not renewable. Agricul-ture, forests, and water power replenish their supplies from season to season. Some people conclude from the non-renewable character of the mineral supply that they must shortly be exhausted. The practical question is ,one of time, and time in these matters needs to be measured in generations, and apprehension of exhaus-tion needs to be tempered with many probabilities in-cluding the advance in technical methods of extraction. In some of our minerals, such as coal, iron, and building materials we can, through a knowledge of their geologi-cal structure and occurrence, make fairly good estimates of our reserves. We. know that they will outlast many generations of Americans. In non-ferrous metals and oil, geology affords us no great basis for an estimate of future supply. We only know of the occurrence of minerals of this type by actual exposure of them, and we can thus make no estimates except upon reserves which have been proved by actual development by the process of mining. To develop them ahead merely for national satisfaction of assured future supply would imply an unbearable waste of capital. The consequence is that in these groups there is never a demonstrable assurance of more than a few years' supply ahead of us. Yet we have never failed from year to year to find new deposits and extension of old deposits.

Jan 1, 1928

By Joseph Domenico

AMONG others, one of the most important duties of the accounting department is to disclose to the management the cost of production accurately and as quickly as possible after the ore has been produced and treated. A report is issued daily showing man shifts and the cost of labor, supplies, power, and miscellaneous charges to each department of the operation: mining, crushing, milling, packing and loading, and general expense. Mining costs are broken down into stoping, handling, development, exploration, and miscellaneous, and each of these subdepartmental costs are further broken down into the branches making up the subdepartment. Costs of crushing, milling, packing and loading, and general expense are detailed in the same manner. With such a detailed daily report as this, the management is able to keep in close touch with the efficiency of the entire operation. Because no expense items are deferred or spread over a period, and so that the report does not lose its comparative valve, appearances of unusual charges are explained.

Jan 1, 1946

By AIME AIME

H OWEVER extensively water-lines may be laid in the mine for fire fighting purposes, there are still, usually, points being worked temporarily, development, stoping or other work of a temporary or incidental nature where it is considered that the expense of laying fire-lines is not warranted. While the laying of water-lines in some sections of the mine may not be warranted, in most metal mines it is necessary to lay an air-line to all working places. In the mine of the United Verde Extension Mining Co., at Jerome, Ariz., advantage has been taken of this fact by providing a means of by-passing the water at the end of the water-line into the air-line in case an emergency arises. By this means the 2-in. air-line can be quickly converted into a water-line for fighting fire which might otherwise be beyond the reach of the water-lines.

Jan 1, 1930

By J. W. Stewart

ONE of the postwar problems posed for mineral engineering educators is the desire of some mature student veterans to finish their college education under the G. I. Bill of Rights as quickly as possible, a desire that is quite understandable. Not only have they lost several years of education, which they wish to make up as quickly as possible, but many are married and have families and want to become productive as soon as possible in order to support their families properly. The obvious solution to this problem, if it really is serious, would appear to be a continuation of the wartime Accelerated Program, as it was carried on in most colleges and universities. As a matter of fact some schools are known to have continued their wartime programs in one or another form. To ascertain just what our mineral engineering schools generally are doing to meet this postwar problem, last April a questionnaire was sent to administrative officers at colleges and universities

Jan 1, 1946

The Library Board of the United Engineering Society is desirous of bringing closer to you the facilities and usefulness of your splendid Library. To that end, they have inaugurated a Service Bureau whose duty it shall be to maintain such a staff of expert searchers and translators as to insure prompt and thoroughly efficient service to those of our members whose absence from New York makes it inconvenient for them to pesronally consult the books and periodicals on our shelves. The Service Bureau is also arranging to keep such members as may desire it, posted on the current publications of any engineering subject in which they may be specially interested. The Charter of the United Engineering Society does not permit the Library to carry on any work of a commercial character and, therefore, the prices charged members for this service have to be kept down to a merely self-supporting basis. All the work done by the Library Service Bureau is strictly confidential.

Jan 9, 1915

By James M. Winston

When I began my career (the first assignment was mucking the "drainage" ditch) an experienced miner told me, "Remember son, happiness is a journey, not a destination. . . ." If you missed the 100th Anniversary of AIME in New York this year, you are missing the journey. There are not enough superlatives to describe the event. Especially since New York is "known to have it all." An Indefinable Plus There was a little something different at this meeting. I cannot explain what, but there seemed to be more of everything. There were more wives there this year-what a pleasure to see all the lovely women mingling through the conference- which was reflected through our own attire and mannerisms. In fact, everyone looked so great, we checked to see if it really was a convention of miners. You wives keep coming to all of the events, because so much is added by your presence.

Jan 1, 1971

Reports from the Geological Survey, Department of the Interior, indicate that although considerable drilling has been clone in the state of Utah, no oil has been produced in commercial quantities. Sandstone saturated with asphalt and other hydrocarbon compounds and small showings of oil in wells at several places suggest that oil may be found, in commercial quantities where the rocks are favorable for oil accumulation. In some places the structure appears to be very favorable for the storage of oil which may probably be reached by drilling to a depth of 3000 to 4000 ft. It is admitted that this will be wildcat drilling for it is not known whether the unexposed rocks carry oil and there are no surface indications of oil. This entire subject is discussed in United States Geological Survey Bulletin No. 711-A, and most of the report will be found to be contrary to the claims that have recently been advanced for oil properties in Utah.

Jan 9, 1919

By W. E. STOKES

A GENERAL extension and appreciation of the stereocartographic principle of precise mapmaking is evident. Under the stimulus of war, many radical improvements in aerial photography, and in airplane and motor con? struction are indicated for the future. A survey of advanced military designs points to the conclusion that the familiar radial motor is destined for oblivion under the impact of the inverted "V" type.' The latest German inverted "V" design of 1000 hp. is 68 in. long whereas British and American motors of the same power are 72 and 94 in. respectively, suggesting a horsepower-weight efficiency ratio in favor of the former. Application of the pressure cooling principle has made possible the development of in-line air? cooled engines which offer many advantages, such as small frontal area, unobstructed vision for the pilot, freedom from vibration because rotative speeds are not limited by fundamental unbalance of reciprocating parts, freedom from excessive bearing loads, and less weight per horsepower.

Jan 1, 1940

Notice is hereby given that all members whose dues are paid for the year 1917 will be supplied with a copy of the Volumes MV and LV. Volume LVI has been delayed by the fact that our printer, like almost every other industrial society, has taken up war work and is under great pressure in addition thereto. Volume LVI will be sent before the end of the year, to members whose dues for the year 1917 are paid.

Jan 12, 1917

THE wave of nationalism co-mingled with communism which is sweeping from the Philippines across the Asiatic continent into the Middle East has climaxed in a tragedy in Iran which is shaking the foundations of the United Nations. Iran, who a few short years ago stood before the UN as a supplicant for protection against the occupation of the province of Azerbaijan by the Soviet, today defies its jurisdiction in the oil dispute with Great Britain.

Jan 11, 1951

By T. Krauthammer

A combined numerical approach is proposed for the analysis of rock-liner interact ion in tunnels under the effects of severe dynamic loads. The method is based on employing finite element formulations which describe the linear behavior and incorporating it into a finite difference code which can describe the behavior of a jointed rock medium. This method can be applied for the analysis of tunnel systems in rock, and for studying the requirements for adequate support of the tunnel.

Jan 1, 1984