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Discussion of the paper of C. M. YOUNG, presented at the St. Louis meeting, October, 1917, and printed in Bulletin No. 129, September, 1917, pp. 1369 to 1384. CARL SCHOLZ, Chicago, Ill.-Mr. Young was kind enough to' allude to the development of a mine in which I am now engaged. Several months ago the Burlington Railroad decided to open a mine in the field Which they own in Franklin County containing some 15,000 acres .(6070 ha.) of coal, ranging in thickness from 8 to 12 ft. (2 to 3.6 m.). This proposition in itself is attractive to any mining engineer, but with the backing of a large company I saw an opportunity to do some novel work in the construction line, and for several months I have been investigating and working on the problem of developing what I hope will be the largest and best equipped mine in the State of Illinois. The shaft will be sunk at a place where the coal lies at a depth of 600 ft. (182 m.) and conditions both of the surface and of the coal are ideal in every way; the seam is almost level, and we had only 7 ft. (2 m.) of surface clay to go through. We are going to hoist by skips in order to reduce the rope speed. I believe that is a long step in the direction of economy, because we not only double the output of the mine by hoisting the contents of two cars atone time, but we reduce the proportion of dead weight. In our case there will be 20 tons of coal and 18,000 lb. of skip, or 55 per cent. net and 45 per cent. tare. That, of course, necessitates less than half the rope speed for the same tonnage, and we all know that speed means power and power means cost. Skip hoisting permits the use of solid-end gate cars, which is an advantage. The cost of these cars will be in the neighborhood of $250 apiece; They are well built, with roller-bearing wheels of the most up-to-date type, spring draw-bars, and refinements of-that character which are necessary to move the loads most advantageously.

Jan 1, 1918

With the inauguration of Petroleum Technology this year, and approval by the Board to add an Assistant Secretary to the New York staff to serve the Petroleum and Coal Divisions, the Petroleum Division looks forward to greater opportunities and responsibilities. An improved medium of publication offers further incentive to engineers and investigators in the oil industry to make contributions. The authorization by the Board of Directors of a new Assistant Secretary is an appreciation of the splendid contributions made to the industry by the open forum of the Petroleum Division. It is also a recognition of the possibilities of greater service to the membership along the lines established ten to fifteen years ago by DeGolyer, Fohs, Ambrose and Lovejoy, to mention a few leaders. It isexpected that the new officer will spend a substantial part of his time in the field, visiting the student sections, the respective Divisions, helping in the arrangement of papers and Section meetings and intensifying interest in the Institute. The Petroleum Division will hold three meetings this year. The Fall Meetings will be held on Oct. 6 and 7 in San Antonio and on Oct. 20 and 21 in Los Angeles. The programs for these meetings will deal chiefly with engineering research and production engineering problems. Papers on production statistics and general economics of the industry are reserved for the Annual Meeting in New York. The annual production symposium and statistics are accepted as standard for the industry. With continuously deeper penetration into the earth in search for and exploitation of petroleum, it is necessary to have a better understanding of reservoir conditions and to place more phases of the operation under engineering control. Among the subjects relating to reservoir conditions tha thave been proposed for the fall meeting programs are phase equilibria at high pressures, interfacial tension between oil and water, the flow of oil and water through sands, the chemistry of films and underground temperatures. Investigations relating to control of operations include methods of continuously logging while drilling both visually and electrically, methods of studying drilling samples, properties of drilling fluids, improved cementing practices for isolating thin sands under high-temperature conditions and gas conservation, particularly production from high-pressure reservoirs. Additional suggestions of general themes or individual subjects will be welcomed, since it is desirable to build a backlog of material for Petroleum Technology. 9

Jan 1, 1938

By R. D. Gibbs, C. C. Taylor

The gas-lift, or circulation of gas for the production of crude oil, now includes the gas operator in field production activities to a greater extent than ever before. It is the purpose of this paper to show the scope of his activities and to discuss the various means of handling and treating the large quantities of gas which are now of a somewhat different nature than formerly. The extent of the stripping action of circulating gas on oil must be discussed, as this can be governed somewhat by the method of treatment of the recirculated gas. Change in Gas-decline Curve under Circulation Before the advent of the gas-lift, the gas-production curve of a field showed a peak during the flush production with a rapid decline as the wells were put on the pump and then a long steady decline curve of a relatively small volume of rich gas for the life of the field. Under the gas-lift method of production, instead of having the sharp decline at the end of the flush production period, sufficient circulating gas to keep up the required total gas-oil ratio would be turned to the wells. The gas-production curve then assumes a long gradual decline, giving a large volume of gas for treatment for several years to come. The gas-decline curve will not follow that of the oil, as the lowering of the rock pressure by the steady production of oil and gas from the sand will make it necessary to continue using the large tubing and to circulate large volumes of gas in order to keep the back-pressure against the sands as low as possible. A Complicated Distributing System In tracing the flow of the gas from the time it leaves the well until it again enters through the casinghead, under high pressure, we get a very good idea of the complex distributing and regulating system that must be installed and the large treating and compression plants that are necessary (see Fig. I). Gas traps must be large enough to efficiently separate large quantities of gas and oil and should be elevated sufficiently to enable the oil, if

Jan 1, 1928

By AIME AIME

WINFIELD SCOTT MORRIS, known from Coast to Coast within the petroleum industry as "Buck" Morris, is and has been for several years an outstanding man in the Petroleum Division of the A.IM.E., so it is most natural to have him as the Chairman of the Division. "Buck" has been such a vociferous promoter of everything TEXAS that most of his friends believe him to be a "Longhorn" by birth-but the records show he was born at Wilmington, N. C., on July 29, 1901. He worked his way through college and graduated from the University of North Carolina in 1924 with a B.S., followed by a C.E. in 1927. His graduation thesis was entitled "De¬sign of a Modern Oil Refinery."

Jan 1, 1944

By AIME AIME

WILLIS McGERALD PEIRCE-"Jerry" to his host of friends, and on that account a hit of a puzzle to those who have known him only as "W. 14."-a native of Buffalo, educated at Penn State College, Illinois: and Yale universities, has bee11 associated throughout all of his professional career with the New Jersey Zinc Company. Jerry has served successively as investigator, section chief, and division chief in the research department of the company and has just been promoted to chief of research.

Jan 1, 1937

By R. P. Olsen, A. K. Schellinger

Molten silicate salts, the important industrial byproducts termed "slags," are known to be electrolytic conductors at furnace temperatures. This property is due to their partial dissociation into ions with the ion kind and size being closely related to the slag composition. Ionic conductance, in liquids, is a function of the viscosity, which in turn is a function of the temperature. It could be anticipated, therefore, that a semi-log plot of conductivity vs. reciprocal absolute temperature might yield a straight line, in the case of molten silicates and salts. As liquids, the viscosity of these slags should follow the Shepard1 relationship: log viscosity = A/T + B Then, if the resistance of the molten slag is directly proportional to the viscosity: log Rs = A/T + B Resistance measurements of molten halide salts,2 and silicate salts34 by various investigators have, indeed, shown this straight line relationship between resistance and temperature. A further relationship between the conductivity versus the degree of ioni-zation, the size of the ions, and the slag composition is, also, to be expected. Large ions, and fewer ions, would move more slowly in a potential field and could not carry as much current as smaller, more numerous, and mobile, ions. Conductivity, therefore, would be smaller in the presence of such large ions and higher slag viscosities. The conductivity-composition relationship is of considerable interest in the case of the industrial slags produced in iron blast furnaces, and non-ferrous smelting furnaces. These slags usually approximate three component systems with several minor components as impurities. At least one of the major components is commonly purchased for the sole purpose of rendering the slag less viscous at a reasonable furnace temperature. Should the conductivity be related rather directly to the concentration of such a purchased slag component (that is, CaO) instrumental measurement and control at the furnace might be possible. Modern tele-metric control methods in aqueous chemical process industries are often based on the property of conductivity of solutions, and its variation with composition. Investigators3 of the phenomenon of electrical conductivity in molten blast furnace slags have established that these systems show lines of equal conductivity on their ternary diagrams at one temperature level. These isocon-ductivity lines form closed contours on the diagrams, and at times, minimum areas occur at which these contours are essentially closed down to a point. The conductivity reading at such a point, at one temperature , would, of course, locate one on the diagram, and give the slag composition. Research in this field is understandably scanty. The reactive nature of

Jan 1, 1950

By Geoffrey Gilbert

THE Montana Phosphate Products Co., subsidiary of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, operates three phosphate properties north and northeast of Garrison, Powell County, Mont. Production of all three is from the same phosphate bed, a 3 to 4-ft. member of the Phosphoria formation, whose outcrop is traceable across the mountains of the Garnet Range in a series of southeasterly pitching folds. Because of topographical differences and of variations in the attitude of the bed, each property has its own mining methods and problems. Most of the phosphate rock produced since I930 has been shipped to the plant of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. at Trail, B.C., where it is treated with sulphuric acid for conversion to phosphoric acid, which in turn is used to produce various fertilizers. HISTORY The occurrence of rock phosphate in Montana has been known. since 1910, and the Garrison area was mapped by the United States Geological Survey in 1913In the nineteen twenties William Anderson, owner of a ranch 8 miles north of Garrison, discovered phosphate on his land, and the Montana Phosphate Co., which later became the Montana Phosphate Products Co., was formed to work the deposit. Montana Phosphate Products Co. later obtained United States leases on two adjoining parcels of ground, and this combined property, known as the Anderson mine, has been the main source of Consolidated's phosphate rock. The mine now includes an adjoining parcel leased from Anaconda and mined from the Anderson workings. In 1940, the Graveley mine, a small privately owned property 6 miles east of the Anderson, was leased from the owner by Montana Phosphate Products Co., and a U. S. lease held by Graveley on some adjoining ground was subleased. In 1943 the Luke mine, on the Mineral Hill property, 1 ¾ miles south-southwest of the Graveley, a U. S. lease, which previously had produced a few thousand tons, was optioned from the lessees by Montana Phosphate Products Co., and is now being developed. At both these mines the rock is appreciably higher grade than at the Anderson mine. GEOLOGY The Phosphoria formation is the Permian member of an extensive sequence of Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks. It is underlain by Pennsylvanian (Quadrant) quartzite and Mississippian limestone, and overlain without any marked unconformity by Jurassic (Ellis) shale and Cretaceous shale and sandstone. In the Garrison area, the Phosphoria itself consists mainly of about 50 ft. Of gray to yellow chert. Immediately below the chert is the phosphate, usually 3 to 4 ft. thick. Below the phosphate occur a few

Jan 1, 1945

GEORGE F. COMSTOCK (author's reply to discussion*).-Mr. Thum's description of the effects of butt welding and spot welding on the micro-structure of steel are interesting and timely. The speed with which the changes noted by Mr. Thum must take place is indeed remarkable, but the writer has noted a similar very rapid diffusion of carbide in annealing a t a rather high temperature certain samples of soft sheet steel containing massive cementite segregated on a small scale. The massive cementite in such steel can be dissolved and distributed very quickly if the proper temperature is attained. Mr. Thum's explanation of the structure he found in the spot welds seems entirely reasonable, but the mystery of the decarburized material in the butt weld is one that might well be the subject of further research. The possibility of decarburization by air ,might perhaps be worthy of a little more consideration than he gives it, for the oxides formed would be gaseous on account of the presence of carbon, and hence not visible in the microscope, and the effect of the pressure might be to squeeze the carbon oxides, which would normally form blow-holes, out of the metal or possibly into such small volumes as not to be noticed The removal of carbon by liquation and squeezing into the fin would be an effect similar to the "bleeding" of a steel ingot that is rolled while the center is still liquid, giving a soft low-carbon interior in the finished section while the segregate was removed in cropping the pipe. This effect in Mr. Thum's butt welds could, however, only be obtained if the weld was heated to near the melting point of the steel, and if the carbon was considerably segregated in the bars at the start, for the first effect of the high temperature would be to promote diffusion rather than the contrary segregation and Equation. It is gratifying to learn from Dr. Ruder's remarks that his researches have resulted in no disagreement with the few points brought out by the writer's experiments. In addition to the three forms in which nitrogen may occur in iron that he mentions, it would seem that a fourth form is often found; This is apparently a eutectoid, like pearlite, and sometimes almost as coarse as the massive cementite seen in soft steel sheets that have been annealed for a long time. One of the things needed in the metallographic study of steel is an etching reagent that will distinguish definitely between nitride in this form and the more common pearlite or cementite.

Jan 6, 1919

The Virginia State Chamber of Commerce, Central National Bank bldg , Richmond, Va Clarence W. Newman, Director of Research. The State Chamber of Commerce has sponsored a book, entitled "Virginia-Economic and Civil," which is an industrial and technical survey of the state. It was prepared at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and contains a chapter by Roy J. Holden on "Minerals and Their Exploitation " A comprehensive view of the mineral resources of the state is presented The publisher is Whittet and Shepperson, 11 North Eighth St, Richmond, Va.; price, $4.

Jan 1, 1933

By F. L. Misaqi

The total amount of radon-222 released into the atmosphere by the US uranium mines and mills is only an infinitely small fraction of the total amount of radon released by the top layers of soil with a high concentration of uranium, such as is found in Grants, N. M. Even when compared to areas where mineable deposits of uranium are unknown, the amount of radon released by all US mining and milling operations is still relatively insignificant. Of course, higher local concentrations of airborne radioactivity may be observed around stockpiled ore and

Jan 8, 1976

By R. L. Rickett, W. C. Leslie

The influence of deoxidation practice, prior thermal history, and aging time and temperature on the strain-aging behavior of low-carbon open-hearth steels was investigated. The criterion of aging employed was the increase in yield strength in the tensile test, after straining and aging. Composition, prior heat treatment, and aging conditions were all found to be important in governing the strain-aging characteristics of these steels. THAT deoxidation changes the strain-aging propensities of low-carbon steels has been known for a long time, but there has been little agreement, and even contradiction, between results obtained by different investigators and between results obtained in the laboratory and in the mill. This investigation was begun in the hope that some of the uncertainties connected with the strain aging of commercial steels could be eliminated. In considering this problem, it was necessary to define strain aging and to examine the methods used to measure this property. Strain aging can be defined as the changes in properties of a metal or alloy with time, after cold working. The rate at which these changes occur increases as the temperature is raised above atmospheric. The requisite plastic strain is the principal distinction between strain aging and quench aging, the latter being due to precipitation from supersaturated solid solution. Strain aging is also characterized by rapid attainment of maximum hardness at high aging temperatures and lack of softening (overaging) at low aging temperatures. Several possible criteria of strain aging have been listed by Sachsl and by Davenport and Bain.' Because changes in mechanical properties are the most easily measured and the most commonly used, consideration of methods to be used in this investigation was confined to three tests: tensile, notch-impact, and hardness. Hardness tests are the most economical and easiest to perform, but produce only one measure of strain aging. Also, as pointed out by Felmly, Hartbower, and Pellini,³ hardness changes due to aging are not pronounced for steels containing more than 0.15 pct C. Notch-impact tests require careful preparation of large numbers of specimens. Above and below the transition temperature the test lacks sensitivity; furthermore, it is extremely difficult to impart a uniform strain to the specimens, followed quickly by aging and final testing; machining must generally take place after straining. For these reasons, the tensile test was selected for use. Although this test requires a considerable expenditure of time, labor, and money in preparation of the specimens and performance of the test, more information can be gained than from any other single mechanical test, information which includes upper and lower yield points, yield-point elongation, tensile strength, strain-hardening exponent, reduction of area, and elongation. Low and Gensamer' and Schwartzbart and Low5 lso used the tensile test, taking the increase in flow stress after straining in tension and aging as a measure of strain aging. In our work, as in theirs, each specimen was strained an arbitrary amount, sufficient to pass through the

Jan 1, 1954

By Richard Moldenke

Note.—At the request of the American Society for Testing Materials, this paper wau presented at the New York Meeting, February, 1923, in connection with the "A. S. T. M. Tentative Specifications for Foundry Pig Iron" and The Physics of Cast Iron and Its Bearing on All Cast-iron Products and Specifications for Cast Iron," by William R. Webster. The discussion of this paper was not published by the Institute, having been referred to the American Society for Testing Materials, as these papers were again presented for discussion at the meeting of that Society at Atlantic Cit;, June, 1923. The result of these discussions is shown in the following abstract from the Committee A3 report on cast-iron specifications: During the past year, the adaptability of the tentative specifications for pig iron for the steel and the malleable foundry, in addition to the iron foundry proper, have been studied and suitable changes and rearrangements are being made which appear to cover the situation properly. In spite of the experience of foundrymen to the contrary, there is a persistent call from consumers of castinga for defixute compositions for given lines of castings. To respond to this call for information desired by the consumer—information every modern foundryman should have and guide his procedure with—the committee has requested the Sub-committee on General Cast!rigs to take up this matter with a view of constructing tables of analyses rang? for Important lines of foundry product. These analyses ranges however, are to be given as "recommendgd practice" and not intended for actual spkcification. In this way, the consumer of the foundry product will get the information he wants; the furnace-man will be gulded in the production of his pig irons to prepare for analyses ranges which are more closely standardized and have less of "freak" requirements made by Inexperienced metallurgists; and the foundryman will not be bound by chemical requirements he knows will not work out well with his particular reglonal supphes of melting stock. Doctor Moldenke's paper is published in full as it shows clearly the good results of the Institute's work in 1895 and a comparison of the same with the present knowledge of the metallurgy of cast iron—Bradley Stoughton, Chairman, Iron and Steel Committee. In MaRch, 1895, William R. Webster contributed a carefully prepared scheme for the study of the physics of cast iron to the American Institute of Mining Engineers at its Florida meeting. This summary of the interrelation of the chemical and physical characteristics of cast iron with the operations of daily foundry practice caused a wide discussion of the then little understood though universally used material. Mr. Webster has requested the author to bring the subject up to date and, while glad to comply, he must pay that with all the knowledge that has been gained in the quarter century that has passed since the subject was brought to the attention of the Institute—and we now are pretty familiar with cast iron in all its aspects—there is practically noth-

Jan 1, 1923

By Kendall E. Born

Production of crude oil in Tennessee during 1940 was slightly more than 15,000 bbl., a decrease from 1939 of about 36,000 bbl. This sharp decline has been caused largely by curtailed activities in the shallow pools in Clay County, where approximately 3000 bbl. was marketed off the lease during the year as against more than 37,000 bbl. in 1939. The flashy production found in 1938 in the Celina area has been short-lived and the area is essentially abandoned. Failure to find steady production has been the major factor retarding developments in the northeastern Highland Rim area. The Mississippi lime production in Scott and Morgan Counties continued to show a steady decline. The Tennessee production by counties is shown in Table I. Table i.—Oil Production in Tennessee it1 1940 Production. Bbl. Number of County Wells Pumped 1939 1940 Scott............ 4 4,332 3.596 Morgan.......... I: 6,479 5,751 Fentress.......... 3 I,2XX 1,5xz Pickett........... 1 1.2XX Clay............. 8 37.200 3,XXX Developments There were 32 wells spudded in during 1940, four of which were drilling or only temporarily suspended on Dec. 31, 1940. Twenty-eight wells were completed during the year, four of which were commercial producers. The total footage drilled was 3I,214 ft. The more important wildcats are listed in Table 2; the distribution of 1940 oil and gas tests according to physiographic divisions is given in Table 3. Cumberland Platenu.—Thcre was one completion in the coal area of the state, a test that attempted to extend the Mississippi lime production in the Coon Hollow pool to the southeast in Morgan County. This test encountered only slight shows of oil in the producing horizons of the near-by Coon Hollow and Boone Camp pools. Some surface work was carried on by private interests during the year in Scott and Morgan Counties and two wells were spudded in early in 1941 The revival of interest in the Kentucky portion of the plateau will probably result in increased activity in this part of Tennessee during 1941. Several sizable blocks of acreage, some by major oil companies, are held in Scott, Morgan, and Cumberland Counties. Middle Tennessee.—The northeastern Highland Rim continued to be the most active area in the state with 20 completions, although this figure is about one third of the number drilled in 1939. Four oil wells, none with initial productions of more than I00 bbl., were completed in Clay, Fentress, and Pickett Counties. The producing horizons discovered in Pickett and Fentress Counties were in the "Sunny-brookJ' pays of Trenton age. The Clay County producer was an old test drilled deeper in which oil was found at 671 ft. in the upper part of the Stones River group of limestones, a common pay in this area. All four wells were drilled in or close to old shallow production. Deeper testing into the Knox dolomite group in this area was not particularly encouraging, although one well in Fentress County encountered some saturation at 1860 to 1869 ft. in the upper

Jan 1, 1941

By Richard Moldenke

Note.—At the request of the American Society for Testing Materials, this paper wau presented at the New York Meeting, February, 1923, in connection with the "A. S. T. M. Tentative Specifications for Foundry Pig Iron" and The Physics of Cast Iron and Its Bearing on All Cast-iron Products and Specifications for Cast Iron," by William R. Webster. The discussion of this paper was not published by the Institute, having been referred to the American Society for Testing Materials, as these papers were again presented for discussion at the meeting of that Society at Atlantic Cit;, June, 1923. The result of these discussions is shown in the following abstract from the Committee A3 report on cast-iron specifications: During the past year, the adaptability of the tentative specifications for pig iron for the steel and the malleable foundry, in addition to the iron foundry proper, have been studied and suitable changes and rearrangements are being made which appear to cover the situation properly. In spite of the experience of foundrymen to the contrary, there is a persistent call from consumers of castinga for defixute compositions for given lines of castings. To respond to this call for information desired by the consumer—information every modern foundryman should have and guide his procedure with—the committee has requested the Sub-committee on General Cast!rigs to take up this matter with a view of constructing tables of analyses rang? for Important lines of foundry product. These analyses ranges however, are to be given as "recommendgd practice" and not intended for actual spkcification. In this way, the consumer of the foundry product will get the information he wants; the furnace-man will be gulded in the production of his pig irons to prepare for analyses ranges which are more closely standardized and have less of "freak" requirements made by Inexperienced metallurgists; and the foundryman will not be bound by chemical requirements he knows will not work out well with his particular reglonal supphes of melting stock. Doctor Moldenke's paper is published in full as it shows clearly the good results of the Institute's work in 1895 and a comparison of the same with the present knowledge of the metallurgy of cast iron—Bradley Stoughton, Chairman, Iron and Steel Committee. In MaRch, 1895, William R. Webster contributed a carefully prepared scheme for the study of the physics of cast iron to the American Institute of Mining Engineers at its Florida meeting. This summary of the interrelation of the chemical and physical characteristics of cast iron with the operations of daily foundry practice caused a wide discussion of the then little understood though universally used material. Mr. Webster has requested the author to bring the subject up to date and, while glad to comply, he must pay that with all the knowledge that has been gained in the quarter century that has passed since the subject was brought to the attention of the Institute—and we now are pretty familiar with cast iron in all its aspects—there is practically noth-

Jan 1, 1923

By Kendall E. Born

Production of crude oil in Tennessee during 1940 was slightly more than 15,000 bbl., a decrease from 1939 of about 36,000 bbl. This sharp decline has been caused largely by curtailed activities in the shallow pools in Clay County, where approximately 3000 bbl. was marketed off the lease during the year as against more than 37,000 bbl. in 1939. The flashy production found in 1938 in the Celina area has been short-lived and the area is essentially abandoned. Failure to find steady production has been the major factor retarding developments in the northeastern Highland Rim area. The Mississippi lime production in Scott and Morgan Counties continued to show a steady decline. The Tennessee production by counties is shown in Table I. Table i.—Oil Production in Tennessee it1 1940 Production. Bbl. Number of County Wells Pumped 1939 1940 Scott............ 4 4,332 3.596 Morgan.......... I: 6,479 5,751 Fentress.......... 3 I,2XX 1,5xz Pickett........... 1 1.2XX Clay............. 8 37.200 3,XXX Developments There were 32 wells spudded in during 1940, four of which were drilling or only temporarily suspended on Dec. 31, 1940. Twenty-eight wells were completed during the year, four of which were commercial producers. The total footage drilled was 3I,214 ft. The more important wildcats are listed in Table 2; the distribution of 1940 oil and gas tests according to physiographic divisions is given in Table 3. Cumberland Platenu.—Thcre was one completion in the coal area of the state, a test that attempted to extend the Mississippi lime production in the Coon Hollow pool to the southeast in Morgan County. This test encountered only slight shows of oil in the producing horizons of the near-by Coon Hollow and Boone Camp pools. Some surface work was carried on by private interests during the year in Scott and Morgan Counties and two wells were spudded in early in 1941 The revival of interest in the Kentucky portion of the plateau will probably result in increased activity in this part of Tennessee during 1941. Several sizable blocks of acreage, some by major oil companies, are held in Scott, Morgan, and Cumberland Counties. Middle Tennessee.—The northeastern Highland Rim continued to be the most active area in the state with 20 completions, although this figure is about one third of the number drilled in 1939. Four oil wells, none with initial productions of more than I00 bbl., were completed in Clay, Fentress, and Pickett Counties. The producing horizons discovered in Pickett and Fentress Counties were in the "Sunny-brookJ' pays of Trenton age. The Clay County producer was an old test drilled deeper in which oil was found at 671 ft. in the upper part of the Stones River group of limestones, a common pay in this area. All four wells were drilled in or close to old shallow production. Deeper testing into the Knox dolomite group in this area was not particularly encouraging, although one well in Fentress County encountered some saturation at 1860 to 1869 ft. in the upper

Jan 1, 1941

By AIME AIME

THE non-ferrous 'metals industry of the Soviet Union found itself in a very low position at the beginning of the reconstruction period in 1922, due to the absence of modern smelters and the run-down condition of the existing ones. Up to. 1924 there was no great demand for newly smelted non-ferrous metals due to the considerable stocks' of copper, zinc, lead, tin and aluminum in the courtry and also to the undeveloped condition of Soviet industries. However, in 1925 it became necessary to obtain new stocks of non-ferrous metals and in that year 12,000 tons of zinc, 14,000 tons of lead and 2,000 tons of tin and aluminum were imported into the U. S. S. R.

Jan 1, 1929

By George J. Young

Discussion of the paper of George J. Young, presented at the San Francisco meeting, October, 1911, and published in Bulletin No. 59, November, 1911, pp. 839 to 872. ASKIN M. NlCHOLAS, Melbourne, Australia (communication to the Secretary) : * Professor Young deals with quite a variety of machines and methods, but, strangely enough, makes no mention of the work done by me, although he concludes with the remark that the " thin-cake continuous filters are a decided improvement over the thick-cake filters." As those interested in slime-treatment may consider that I did nothing more than to patent a process, I submit Fig. 1, showing the working-drawings of a machine, made, tested, and proved to work satisfactorily by me early in 1905. This time is prior to any work done in slime-filtration with rotating filters by E. L. Oliver or others. I maintain that a number of appliances now in use for slime-filtration infringe my patents. And after most exhaustive inquiry, I know of no machine or process, prior to my description in 1899,1 that embodied getting rid of the residues by holding them on the cloth with the vacuum, and then discharging them with back-pressure, so as to form a cycle of the operation, the result being continuous treatment. I therefore think that any paper dealing exhaustively with this subject is not complete without a reference to the work that I have done. * Received Mar. 11, 1912. 1 U. S. Patent No. 619,211, Feb. 7, 1899.

Aug 1, 1912

By Thomas L. Watson

MY thanks are due to Mr. Frank Firmstone, Easton, Pa., who has called my attention to the statement in my papers that " Barite, fluorite and quartz, though not observed in the Tennessee area," . . . as possibly misleading to the reader, if construed to mean that such a discovery had never been made. Mr. Firmstone is correct in assuming that this statement referred only to the study of the worked areas of the metallic ores, especially zinc, made in the course of the survey upon which my paper was based. The occurrence of barite and fluorite with lead-ores in Tennessee was reported by Prof. Safford,2 in 1869, and by Safford and Killebrew,3 in 1887, with the further statement that about 1,000,000 lb. of barite were annually mined in Greene, Washington and Jefferson counties, Tenn., and that considerable deposits occur also in McMinn, Smith and other counties. It is also noted that the barite ".usually occurs in veins, associated with galena." The present worked areas of barite are, however, distinct barite propositions, without workable quantities of either lead or zinc, so far as mining operations have gone, and the areas are more or less removed from the present areas of zinc-ores. Mr. Firmstone informs me also that, in 1892, he observed, in the magnesian limestone at Watauga Point, in Carter county, on the left bank of the Watauga river, a little below the mouth of Buffalo creek, small quantities of galena and some fluorite.

Jan 1, 1907

not weaken. I saw him shortly before he was killed; his conduct under fire was splendid and an inspiration to his men. His loss is felt deeply by all ranks. Thanks to him and to others, who like him, paid the full measure of devotion to their country, our line was held until the critical situation in that vicinity was at an end. He died the true death of a soldier, with his face to the enemy. As we now look back, it is easy to believe that this holding of the line of defense intact by General Carey and his men was a determining factor in the outcome of the war. To have played so important and noble a part in this vital effort as that taken by Perry is assuredly the privilege of few. Our lives, it seems, are like capital entrusted to us to be expended as wisely and effectively as we may. With them we purchase whatever of accomplishment the stuff that is in us permits. It is impossible to escape profound regret that a career so full of the highest promise, and a personality so overflowing with all that is fine and lovable, should have been cut short at the age of thirty-one. Yet who can doubt that in a few months Perry bought with his life the fullest achievement of a life-time—a glorious part in the salvation of Liberty and Justice and Decency, indeed of Civilization itself! L. C. Graton.

Jan 1, 1920

not weaken. I saw him shortly before he was killed; his conduct under fire was splendid and an inspiration to his men. His loss is felt deeply by all ranks. Thanks to him and to others, who like him, paid the full measure of devotion to their country, our line was held until the critical situation in that vicinity was at an end. He died the true death of a soldier, with his face to the enemy. As we now look back, it is easy to believe that this holding of the line of defense intact by General Carey and his men was a determining factor in the outcome of the war. To have played so important and noble a part in this vital effort as that taken by Perry is assuredly the privilege of few. Our lives, it seems, are like capital entrusted to us to be expended as wisely and effectively as we may. With them we purchase whatever of accomplishment the stuff that is in us permits. It is impossible to escape profound regret that a career so full of the highest promise, and a personality so overflowing with all that is fine and lovable, should have been cut short at the age of thirty-one. Yet who can doubt that in a few months Perry bought with his life the fullest achievement of a life-time—a glorious part in the salvation of Liberty and Justice and Decency, indeed of Civilization itself! L. C. Graton.

Jan 1, 1920