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[Univ. of Atabama-University, Alabama-Mining and Metallurgical Society. William L. Mason, Faculty Sponsor; E. C. Wright, Dept. Head. Univ. of Alaska-College, Alaska-Mining Society of the Univ. of Alaska. Douglas W. Huber, Faculty Sponsor; E. H. Beistline, Mining & Metallurgy Dept. Head; Troy L. Pewe, Geology Dept. Head; James Crawford, Chapter Counselor. Univ. of Arizona-Tucson, Arizona-Miners Society. Wiltard C. Lacy, Faculty Sponsor; J. D. Forrester, Mining & Metallurgy Dept. Head; F. W. Galbraith, Geology Dept. Head. Univ. of Catifornia-Berkeley, California-Mineral Technology Association. H. E. Hawkes; Faculty Sponsor; Joseph A: Pask, Dept. Head.]

Jan 1, 1961

By O. P. Arora, I. L. Caplan, H. von E. Doering

ThE interpretation of X-ray and electron diffraction data obtained in plastic deformation studies of hcp a titanium requires knowledge of angular relationships between crystallographic planes and directions. Rarey el 01.' have calculated both interplanar angles and angles between directions for a number of c/a ratios. This information, although useful for approximate applications, does not provide exact data for specific hcp metals. Recently, Hu2 has tabulated interplanar angles specifically for hcp titanium. The present study augments the existing data on titanium by providing the angles between plane normals and rational crystallographic directions in addition to interplanar and interdirectional angles. These angular relationships were calculated on an IBM 360 Computer using a Fortran IV program.* Cal-

Jan 1, 1969

By T. E. Burke-Gaffney

SHERRIT Gordon Mines transplanted a 2000- ton mining plant and concentrator along with a town and its people 165 miles into undeveloped and almost inaccessible country in shifting its base of operations to the new mine at Lynn Lake. Faced with ultimate exhaustion of its ore bodies at Sherridon, Manitoba, the company, beginning in 1938, carried out an intensive program of prospecting and exploration in search of a new property. Late in 1945, diamond drilling of a magnetic anomaly near a minor surface expression of metallic sulphides gave promise of what has developed into the Lynn Lake nickel-copper deposit.

Jan 6, 1953

By Whitmell J. Smithwick, Charles E. Dandois

The first operating unit of the ring or annular shaft kiln as developed by Mr. Karl Beckenbach of West Germany was rated 185 tpd and was installed in 1962. Today, there are approximately 84 units in operation in Western Europe and Japan. Twenty-one additional units are under construction or on order. Sizes range from approximately 100-330 tpd, however, units of over 500 tons are in the design stage. The ring shaft kiln is a single vertical cylinder to which are attached the required service platforms, combustion chambers, injectors and distribution piping (Fig. 1). Auxiliaries such as recuperator, exhaust fan and dust collector are mounted on the appropriate service platform. The charging pan, feed conveyor, etc., are mounted at the kiln top and at the bottom of the kiln is the silo with a vibrator type discharger. Mounted separately is the required blower for injector air and fan for internal cooling.

Jan 4, 1973

By A. L. Bailey, B. A. Landry

All who are even generally aware of the tremendous rate of increase in coal washing operations must realize the growing importance of the float-and-sink test. I believe it is conservative to estimate that, in the past decade, the dollar volume of float-and-sink testing has increased tenfold. It is a simple matter of economy, then, to examine the factors that determine the cost of adequate float-and-sink testing. When the Coal Preparation Section of the Bureau of Mines entered upon a greatly expanded program of such work in connection with the synthetic liquid fuels investigations, it seemed advisable to examine these factors experimentally. The principal consideration that differentiates float-and-sink test sampling from general purpose sampling, is that the original particle size must be preserved. Therefore, the total cost of the test will be directly affected by any standard that might be proposed to limit sample bulk reduction at any given particle size. For this reason, the relationship of sample size to variability of results was the first factor to be studied experimentally. Of course, the matter is rendered complex by the circumstance that the float-and-sink test, not a simple analytical measurement but a process test, comprehends a number of more-or-less independent items of fundamental data; and as shown in the report, the' variability of the samples differs with respect to these different items. This condition and the wide variety of situations in which float-and-sink test data are used, in combination with other factors, to study complex process operations, indicate the difficulty of setting up fixed standards for float-and-sink sampling and testing. At this stage at least, it is the intent rather to obtain experimental data on the principal Factors involved so that the reader may arrive more intelligently at a procedure adapted to his problem. The authors of this paper have presented experimental data showing the relationship between size of sample and particle size for different variability tolerances with respect to percentage of sink. In further studies, data are being collected to appraise also the variability of the samples with respect to float-ash content and size consist. The scope of this work will be broadened to cover particle sizes up to 4 in., and a third series of tests has yielded similar data for a much cleaner type of raw coal. Thus, the further studies will make available a fairly comprehensive meas- ure of variability with respect to size consist, percentage of sink, percentage of middlings, and percentage of ash in the float, for three coals ranging from 3.87 to 17.68 pct in refuse content (heavy sink material) and from 4.18 to 17.52 pct in middlings. Introduction At present there are no published standards for float-and-sink test sampling. During the rapid expansion of float-and-sink test work, varying procedures have been based on adaptations of the ASTM standards for sampling coal for analyses. For this reason, a special study of gross sample reduction has been undertaken to determine the limits for this step in the operation where no reduction in particle size is to be made before testing. Float-and-sink tests are made whenever a thorough study of coal characteristics is desired. The tests may be made on samples from coal-cleaning units such as jigs or tables, or coal samples may be tested which are taken from a loading boom, railroad car, or the coal seam itself. The resultant gross sample may be large and pose a problem of sample reduction. The question is, then, how much can the sample be reduced and still fall within preassigned limits of accuracy of the original gross sample of coal? Coal from channel samples may be crushed to liberate impurities and then separated into various gravity fractions from which washability curves are drawn; from these curves, it is possible to determine the cleaning characteristics of the coal. However, coal samples from coal-cleaning units cannot be

Jan 1, 1950

By L. A. Rapport, J. R. McCord, W. P. Drews, K. H. Coats

Water movement about an oil or gas reservoir can be predicted provided an aquifer influence function is known. This function is generally determined from an electric analyzer study or by fitting an idealized mathematical model to field data. A prohlem arises in determining that influence function which best reproduces field data and satisfies certain smoothness requirements, without making any idealizations concerning aquifer geometry and heterogeneity. This study shows the problem to be solvable through the linear programming technique and presents applications to one oil reservoir and two gas storage reservoirs. In addition, a theorem is stated and proven which confirms influence junction smoothness requirements heretofore accepted on physical intuition and establishes additiotzal smoothness constraints formerly not recognized. INTRODUCTION The pressure decline accompanying production results in water encroachment into oil and gas reservoirs situated adjacent to aquifers. The importance of this water movement derives from the significant dependence of production rate upon reservoir pressure and of pressure, in turn, upon water encroachment. Pressure and rate of water movement are uniquely related through an "influence" function which may be in the form of reservoir pressure response to a unit water encroachment rate or of water movement caused by a unit reservoir pressure drop. This influence function reflects the heterogeneity and geometry of the aquifer and is therefore particular to each reservoir. If the influence function is known, then reservoir pressure may be predicted from a production rate schedule, or vice-versa, with the aid of the material balance equation which relates water influx to reservoir production and pressure. The problem of determining this influence function for a given reservoir has been approached in three different ways. Van Everdingen and Hurst calculated and tabulated certain influence functions pertinent to idealized mathematical models which satisfy simplifying assumptions such as aquifer homogeneity and elementary reservoir-aquifer geometries.' Other studies developed additional tables for a variety of elementary reservoir-aquifer geometrical con- figurations and demonstrated their validity and utility.:' Hicks, et al. described the use of an electrical network to determine an influence function giving "best" match of field history and allowing prediction of future performance.' Finally, Hutchinson and Sikora5 and Katz, Tek and Jones attempted to develop a calculation method for deriving the influence function directly from field data with no idealizing assumptions concerning aquifer geometry and homogeneity. They encountered difficulties with inaccuracies in field data and with satisfaction of well-known smoothness requirements of the influence function. This study is concerned with the determination of influence functions from field data and, more specifically, treats the following problem: given field pressure-production data of arbitrary accuracy, how does one determine the influence function which, subject to satisfaction of known smoothness requirements, gives best agreement with field history? A rigorous solution to this problem is ohtained through linear programming as described below. Example applications to one oil and two gas storage reservoirs are presented. In addition, a theorem is proved which confirms influence function smoothness requirements heretofore accepted on physical intuition and establishes additional smoothness requirements formerly not recognized.

Jan 1, 1965

By Hsun Hu, R. S. Cline

In an earlier publication1 it was shown that a single crystal of Cu-4 wt pct Al cold-rolled in the (110)[112] orientation was stable up to 95 pct reduction, although the orientation spread was considerable larger than in a similarly oriented and cold-rolled copper single crystal. When rolled to 99 pct reduction, the copper crystal retained its initial orientation and a high degree of sharpness of texture, whereas the Cu-4 pct

Jan 1, 1969

By R. W. Marrs

Kimberlite contains a unique assemblage of minerals and exhibits a characteristic pattern of spectral reflectance in the visible and near-infrared wavelength region. This spectral pattern is readily discerned in well exposed kimberlite outcrops, but becomes increasingly difficult to identify when outcrops are partially covered by vegetation or soils derived from nonkimberlitic materials. Detection of poorly exposed kimberlite diatremes is possible using multispectral imaging techniques where spectral bands are chosen to optimize contrast between the kimberlitic soils, nonkimberlitic soils, and vegetation. Careful processing of the multispectral data is essential to separate the spectral signature of kimberlite from the signatures of other components of the scene.

Jan 1, 1986

Los Angeles may well be host to one of the most historic gatherings of AIME members Feb. 16 to 19, 1953, when the 175th General Meeting is scheduled to take place. Plans in the formulative stage indicate that the meeting will be one of the largest ever held by AIME. Headquarters will be the Hotel Statler, now nearing completion of construction. The hotel will be one of the most modern hostelries of the century. The first technical session, of which there will be more than 75, will take place Monday, February 16. Mineral Industries Education Div. and the Board of Directors meet Sunday, February 15. Sessions will end with a meeting of the Council of Section Delegates on Thursday. Deadline for papers that may be preprinted for presentation at the meeting is Sept. 15, 1952. However, division program committees may list papers for presentation after that date if they choose. Various committees are engaged in formulating final plans for the meeting. Developments will be announced as progress is made.

Jan 1, 1952

By John B. Hastings

CHIEF among the varied problems facing the mine-manager is that of vein-structure and origin, which is highly important as a guide to successful discovery and development. If metalliferous deposits can be traced to the intrusion of waters along definite lines, then is there something tangible for him to study. But when he is told by a geologist that metalliferous deposits are due to some other cause, like magmatic differentiation, while not perhaps discouraged, he is impressed with a vague sense of new worlds to be conquered. In 1897, while manager of the War Eagle mine at Rossland, B. C., where, previously, the ore-bodies had not been supposed to occur as veins, I suggested to visiting members of the Canadian Geological Survey that, perhaps, the structure of the pyrrhotite-bodies of that mine, which had been proved to occur along well-defined fractures, might throw some light on the similar deposits of Sudbury, then held to be basic aggregations from the original magma. Later investigation has at least provoked discussion of this last deduction, questioning its correctness and suggesting that, perhaps, the deposits are actual veins. The following extract from a paper by J. E. Spurr 1 is quoted, because it sets forth Mr. Spurr's theory of the quartz-occurrences of the Silver Peak mines, which will be discussed in this article. It also graphically describes the attendant geological features. '' The Drinkwater group of mines, which is the most important part of the Blair gold properties, and which has produced practically all of the million dollars' worth of ore, as above stated, may be taken as typical of the gold-veins which, though widespread and numerous, show a wonderful similarity of character. On the surface two adjacent veins outcrop, the Crowning Glory and the Drink-

Jan 1, 1913

By Ingersoll Olmsted

Mr. D. H. BRowne's paper upon " The Distribution of Phosphorus in the Ludington Mine" (Trans., xvii., 616) has interested me very much, and perhaps I cannot give a better proof of that, interest than an account of my work and observations in the same direction while chemist of the Hudson River Ore and Iron Company. The ores of this company lie in a chain of low hills running northwest and southeast, about three miles back from the eastern bank of the Hudson river, below Hudson, N. Y. They occur in thick veins, with the characteristic Hudson river slate formation as hangingrock and foot-wall, and dip about 45' east, outcropping in many places near the top of the western slopes.

Jan 1, 1890

By N. B. Hoffman

Much of the drill steel produced in America is manufactured into hollow rods. After all forging has been finished the entire bar should be thoroughly annealed and heat treated before the point is hardened and tempered, at least where the drill has heavy duty, such as working in deep holes and hard rock. A large number of tools of like character and doing work requiring similar properties are now being made of alloy steels; for instance a steel with a carbon content of 0.75 to 0.85 per cent., manganese 0.25 to 0.35, phosphorus under 0.020, sulfur under 0.030 and vanadium 0.18 to 0.23 has proved very satisfactory for chisels. A steel of this type properly manufactured will be far superior to the ordinary carbon steels, while at the same time is one whose price range should not prove prohibitive. Much of the cutting efficiency of a drill depends on proper heat treatment. This vanadium steel has a far greater safe hardening and forging range than ordinary carbon steels, making it more nearly foolproof. It will harden nicely at 1400" I?. but will also harden well and satisfactorily at 1550" F. retaining its quality of hardness and toughness in either case.

Jan 1, 1922

By L. D. Jaffe

IT is now well established that quenched and tempered titanium alloys have much better ductility when the quenching is from a two phase a-B structure, rather than from an all B structure. The corresponding microstructural differences, however, have not been shown in previous publications. Accordingly, specimens were cut from a % in. rod of commercial RC-130A, containing 7.9 pct Mn and 0.12 pct C, which had been previously hot rolled, heated 1 hr at 1100°F, and air cooled. (The same heat has been studied by others." 7 Samples about 1/4 in. cube were heated in helium 1/2 hr at 1450' or 1700°F, quenched in brine, tempered in helium 1 hr at various temperatures up to 1250°F, and quenched in brine. They were then sectioned and metallo-graphically examined, using an etchant of HF-HNO, in glycerine. As quenched from 1700°F, the microstructure observed was clear /3. (Probably also present was U, as the hardness was 400 Vhn, but w is not yet reliably revealed by any metallographic technique.) When the /3 quenched alloy was tempered at a high temperature, a precipitated as a grain boundary film

Jan 1, 1957

Herbert Moore Harbach was born in Lebanon, Pa., Apr. 4, 1891, graduated from the Lebanon High School in 1911, and entered State College, from which he received his degree of Bachelor of Science in Metallurgical Engineering in 1915. He was employed by the Lackawanna Iron Co., at Buffalo, N. Y., and was later transferred 'to their Lebanon plant to start up the newly erected benzol plant. He was later made foreman of the coke ovens, which position he held after it was bought by the Bethlehem Steel Co., and until he enlisted in the service of his country in September, 1917. He was stationed at Camp Meade, Md., until the spring of 1918, when he was transferred to the C. W. S., at Niagara Falls, as an expert chemist. There he was engaged in perfecting the various kinds of gases,

Jan 2, 1919

By John Harmon

THIS paper was written-with two objects in view: (1) To describe in detail what has been done toward the ventilation of the main unit of the Portovelo mines and the results; (2) to give information that may be useful to anyone who may have to make a preliminary mine ventilation survey, with recommendations for the improvement of the existing system and finally the maintenance of the improved system.

Jan 1, 1931

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

Twin crystals are those in which one or more parts regularly arranged are in reverse position with reference to the other part or parts. They often appear externally to consist of two or more crystals symmetrically united, and sometimes have the form of a cross or star. They also exhibit the composition in the reversed arrangement of part of the feces, in the striae of the surface, and in re-entering angles; in certain cases the compound structure can only be surely detected by an examination in polarized light. The above figures (Figs. 384-386) are examples of typical kinds of twin crystals, and many others are given on the pages following.

Jan 1, 1922

JAMES ASHWORTH, Livingstone, Alberta, Can. (written discussion*).-About the year 1878, the writer commenced to experiment on safety lamps, the results of which will be found in the Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers 1879-1880, the Transactions of the Manchester Geological and Mining Society, and in the technical press. He has also made a careful investigation of the flame caps produced by chemically prepared methane when mixed with air in accurately measured percentages. Before the conclusion of these experiments he personally fitted the hydrogen gas test to a special pat-tern of the Ashworth-Gray patent safety lamp. Later, as pure hydrogen gas was not always available, the writer constructed a safety lamp that would separately burn oil and alcohol; and still later, a somewhat similar lamp to burn alcohol only for specially testing low percentages of methane. This lamp was known As the Ash-worth alcohol safety lamp.

Jan 12, 1919

By Oliver B. Hopkins

Peru produced approximately 15,838,610 bbl. of oil during 1938, which was 1,618,406 bbl. below its production during 1937. As in recent years, the entire output of the country came from the La Brea-Parinas, Lobitos-Restin, and Zorritos fields, which are all situated along the northwestern coast. Outside of the proven areas, the drilling of test wells was continued by the Peruvian Government on the reserved zone near Zorritos. Six wells have been completed or are drilling. Of these one is a gas well at 2619 ft. and one is dry at 1415 ft. It is reported that three standard and two rotary rigs are being used. In southern Peru, in the Pirin region north of Lake Titicaca, the Government made a geological study of the National Reserve. In eastern Peru, the Cia. Petrolera El Ganso Azul continued its activities in the montana region, where its first well was reported to have had a show of oil at 1000 feet. There was also renewal of leasing activity in eastern Peru, where approximately 380,000 acres of new leases were filed on near Contamana. La Brea-Parinas Estate.—Production of crude oil on this property of International Petroleum Co. Ltd. amounted to 13,137,988 bbl. which was

Jan 1, 1939

By Oliver B. Hopkins

Peru produced approximately 15,838,610 bbl. of oil during 1938, which was 1,618,406 bbl. below its production during 1937. As in recent years, the entire output of the country came from the La Brea-Parinas, Lobitos-Restin, and Zorritos fields, which are all situated along the northwestern coast. Outside of the proven areas, the drilling of test wells was continued by the Peruvian Government on the reserved zone near Zorritos. Six wells have been completed or are drilling. Of these one is a gas well at 2619 ft. and one is dry at 1415 ft. It is reported that three standard and two rotary rigs are being used. In southern Peru, in the Pirin region north of Lake Titicaca, the Government made a geological study of the National Reserve. In eastern Peru, the Cia. Petrolera El Ganso Azul continued its activities in the montana region, where its first well was reported to have had a show of oil at 1000 feet. There was also renewal of leasing activity in eastern Peru, where approximately 380,000 acres of new leases were filed on near Contamana. La Brea-Parinas Estate.—Production of crude oil on this property of International Petroleum Co. Ltd. amounted to 13,137,988 bbl. which was

Jan 1, 1939

By Frederic Carter

THE gold, silver, copper alloys have been the subject of several fairly complete investigations by Jänecke, Sterner-Rainer1 and others, and indeed it would seem as if almost too much labor had been expended on them when one thinks of the numerous other ternary alloys calling for more light; however, the combinations of the three metals are actually so widely used in jewelry that they merit perhaps the work done on them. There are a few properties of importance and interest not treated by the authors mentioned which the writer investigated some little time ago, and therefore he has ventured to put on record the results of some of his tests made at that time. He has chosen, as being the two series of most importance to the jeweler, only the 14 and 18-kt. golds, so the subject is by no means so inclusive as that previously treated. As stated, this paper is merely a record of tests made in a practical manner on two useful series of alloys, and is not at all a critical study of their properties. 14-KARAT ALLOYS These alloys are important because they are the most generally used in 14-kt. jewelry; by changing the proportions of silver and copper there are obtained all shades of color from the green of the alloy containing gold and silver but no copper, to the red of the alloy containing gold and copper but no silver. Many 14-kt. gold alloys are made with the addition of zinc to the three metals mentioned here; the added metal does not appreciably alter the color of the alloy nor has it, in general, much effect on the working properties; it may, however, prove useful as part of the zinc added may act as a deoxidizer and render the alloy free of gas. It is not a necessary addition because with proper precautions all the 14-kt. gold alloys containing only silver and copper in addition to the gold can be made free of gas and capable of being cold rolled without cracking. The alloys in which approximately equal quantities of silver and-copper

Jan 1, 1928