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By William M. Sheehan

TRANSPORTATION is one of the most important problems of the mine operator and the possibilities of cost reduction in this field should not be overlooked. In the railroad industry, cars and locomotives have been improved greatly, and the progress there made is well worthy of study by the mine operator looking for maximum efficiency in every branch of his activities. One of the outstanding developments in the construction of railroad equipment in recent years has been the wide-spread adoption of large one-piece steel castings for the framework of locomotives, passenger and freight cars. Some of the advantages and applications of this type of construction will be outlined in this paper, with particular thought of the needs of the mining industry. The inherent qualities of cast steel: homogeneity, unrestricted size and shape, high tensile strength, flexibility of metal distribution, resistance to corrosion, and gracefulness of outline, make it the most versatile member of the ferrous group. Not only is it a strength-giving element, but it is corrosion resistant, a combination that makes for large economies in equipment maintenance. Flexibility of metal distribution allows the integral foundation to be in the shape best suited for the purpose. These cast structures are really assembled in the mold in liquid form and the metal can be placed in the right pro¬portion exactly where it is needed, thus securing weight economy and uniformity of fibre stress. Such a process permits the incorporation, with ease, of necessary brackets, utilizing them to provide not only greater strength for the derail part itself, but often to add to the value of the entire unit. Laps, seams, and joints, which are necessary in all fabricated forms, are eliminated.

Jan 1, 1933

By G. E. Keller

In connection with the work of Committee D5, Coal and Coke, of the American Society for Testing and Materials in developing new standards and improving old standards, series of tests were made to check the variance of sample preparation and analysis of American coals. Table I in the "Tentative Method of Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis - 02013-62T" is rather complicated, and the tests were designed to develop data for the simplification of this table. An allowance of 20% of the total variance of sampling and analysis for the sample preparation and analysis steps was used. Also, instead of coals being grouped into ash ranges, they were grouped as washed and raw (unwashed) coals. As a result of these tests, a simplified Table I for Tentative Standard 02013 has been proposed. A standard test for laboratories to check their variance of sample preparation and analysis has been developed. Committee D5 on Coal and Coke of the American Society for Testing and Materials has been making a study of all standards applying to coal for the purpose of improving and bringing them up to date and for breaking some of the existing standards covering a number of tests into single standards. As an illustration, sample preparation is now partly covered in ASTM Designation D492-48, Sampling Coals Classified According to Ash Content, and partly in ASTM Designation D271-58, Laboratory Sampling and Analysis of Coal and Coke. The latter contains, in addition to parts of sample preparation, methods for determining Moisture, Ash, Volatile Matter, etc. Although revision of sampling methods and sample preparation methods are now assigned separately, it is possible that they may end up as one standard. One of the first new Tentative Standards developed as the result of these studies was ASTM Designation D2013, Tentative Method of Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis. Although this method is quite an im- provement over that in the old standards and gives very specific instructions, Table I (attached) is quite complicated and rather hard to understand. In order to take advantage of reduced quantities or weights, it is necessary to know the ash content within rather narrow limits before sample preparation and no distinction is made as to whether the coal is cleaned or uncleaned. No limits of accuracy are assigned to the sample preparation and analysis. The total over-all accuracy of sampling, preparation and ash determination as given in D492-48 has been specified for commercial sampling procedure as follows: "This procedure is intended for an accuracy such that if a large number of samples were taken from a single lot of coal, the test results in 95 out of 100 cases would fall within ? 10 per cent of the average ash content of the sample." Although Appendix 11, Method for Determining the Over-All Variance of Reduction and Analysis in the Tentative Methods for Mechanical Sampling of Coal, ASTM Designation D2234-63T, does give a method for determing the over-all accuracy of preparation and analysis expressed as variance and also the F test, it does not permit the determination of the variance at the various stages of reduction or of the ash determination. It was decided in 1961 to ask a number of laboratories to run a series of tests for the purpose of determining the variance at various stages of reduction and analysis with the view of simplifying Table I of the Tentative Standard D2013-62-T. This paper is a record of this series of tests with recommendations which resulted from the tests. At the same time and preceding these tests the International Organization for Standardization under Committee TC/27 WG 7 was studying the same problem. Tomlinson1 of England and Dr. paul2 of West Germany had made studies giving quite a bit of information. Also Schwerd and coryel13 published some information which was the main basis for the Mechanical Division provision in ASTM Tentative Standard D2013-62T, Table I. In checking with the various laboratories which offered to cooperate in these tests, none was found which used mechanical division through the entire preparation procedure. It was then decided to use riffles at all stages with the thought that if riffles gave satisfactory variances, approved mechanical

Jan 1, 1965

Jan 1, 1918

By John V. Morgan

Although the Lansing-Kansas City groups One one of the more important producing horizons of Central Kansas, exploitation has been hindered by inability to consistently identify and correlate the various productive intervals. A study of gamma ray-neutron logs and core data indicates that definite zones exist which are related to production and which may be generally correlated over an appreciable portion of Central Kansas. A suggested system of zoning and nomenclature is developed and illustrated, along with examples of its specific application in overall evaluation and in development of zonal production characteristics. General adoption of the suggested system should aid appreciably in the future development of commercial Lansing-Kansas City production in Central Kansas. It is probable that similar systems might be developed for other regions where production is obtained from various uncorrelated and unnamed zones in thick pay intervals. GENERALIZED GEOLOGY OF CENTRAL KANSAS The most important large subsurface feature in Central Kansas regarding oil production is the Barton Arch, which is part of the Central Kansas uplift. The Barton Arch is a buried ridge of Pre-Cambrian granite running northwest-southeast, near which the majority of Central Kansas oil fields have been found. To the northeast of this arch, the granite dips sharply into the Salina Basin and similar basin areas to the west and south are termed the Hugoton Embayment and Anadarko Basin, respectively. This report deals Primarily with the region of the Central Kansas Uplift and its southwestern flank. Fig. 1 indicates the general location of subsurface structural features along with the oil and gas fields of central Kansas. Above basal granite lies the Cambro-Ordovician Arbuckle Dolomite which is the principal oil producing zone in Central Kansas. This formation, as well as those higher in the section, reflects the general underlying granite structure; however, the Arbuckle top is an erosional surface and most oil producing structures are probably topographic hills. Formations above the Arbuckle in ascending order may include those of the Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and Permian periods as well as certain recent sediments. As the Barton Arch is approached, those formations below the Pennsylvanian and above the Arbuckle tend to pinch out until Pennsylvanian rocks, which include the Lansing-Kansas City groups, rest directly upon the Arbuckle. The Arbuckle itself is also completely eroded away at points on the Arch, but is up to 600 ft thick only 20 to 30 miles down dip. Formations of the Pennsylvanian system vary considerably in thickness but probably average about 1,000 ft as an overall total. The more commonly known oil productive zones are the Tarkio, Topeka, Toronto (Dodge), Lansing-Kansas City and Marmaton. Of these, the Lansing-Kansas City, which varies from about 200 ft to 400 ft in thickness, is the most important, since its areal frequency of oil production is exceeded only by that of the Arbuckle. Most Pennsylvanian rocks in Central Kansas were deposited in shallow seas which alternately covered, then retreated from the land. This resulted in recurring cycles of thin beds which cover relatively large areas. Small surface deformations during the period of deposition also caused variations in the type material deposited and its thickness. The local structures of Pennsylvanian time probahlv influenced the accumulation of

Jan 1, 1952

By J. V. W. REYNDERS

FIRST of all let me express my affectionate gratitude for the cordiality and good will of your reception. On the part of the men I venture to interpret the character of your greeting, not only as a recognition of the position to which you have been good enough to elect me, but also as an expression of your friendly attitude. However, I cannot pass over the tribute of the ladies so casually: Nor does it seem possible to do justice to my sentiments in addressing them collectively. I would feel more equal to the task if I could have the opportunity to talk to them singly, in doing which I know I may count upon their good sportsmanship not to compare notes. There has been some discussion between Mr. Kelly and myself as to our respective duties on this occasion: The precedents are not clear as to whether the retiring or the incoming president is expected to speak at length. Mr. Kelly's argument was that as the incoming president confines himself to promises for the future his field is a broad one and his opportunities for extending his remarks correspondingly unlimited.

Jan 1, 1925

THE iron and steel industry spent $1,170,000,000 in 1952 for improvements and expansion, with an accompanying rise of 9 million net tons in capacity to 117.5 million tons of ingots and steel for castings. More than $4,600,000,000 has been invested in the seven years following World War 11. An average of $1260 has been laid out every minute during those seven years for an increase in capacity of 25.6 million tons.

Jan 3, 1953

By Major William R. King U. S. Engineer

My attention was drawn to this subject just twenty years ago this month, when I was detailed to rebuild one of the bridges in Richmond that had been burned during the evacuation. We took pos

Jan 1, 1886

The authors have done a very thorough job in analyzing the factors affecting turndown sulfur performance at Inland's No. 4 B.O.F. While many of the results are not unexpected, it is helpful I am sure to have quantified many of the relationships that the operators rely upon daily. On the other hand, however, the results shown for ladle skimming are very surprising. I do not doubt the statistical relationship shown but I feel, based on our experience at Youngstown, that some other parameter has been ignored in the data on ladle skimming. It was our experience that by skimming our hot metal transfer ladle we could reduce our lime consumption by eleven percent while obtaining sulfur removal comparable to that shown by the authors. I would like the authors comment of similar adjustments on the lime charge that were made on skimmed heats at Inland. If not, it would seem that one could gain more desulfurization in the B.O.F. by raising the hot metal manganese than by installing a skimmer. The author's state that no comparisons are valid between the data sets for the two time periods involved because of the difference in the consumption of No. 2 Bundles. I feel this in fact is one of the important conclusions to be drawn from the paper, as there seems to be approximately a 10-20 percent difference in percent of heats that are under 0.020 percent sulfur for similar conditions, which is an extremely important difference with today's demands for low sulfur. I would like the author's comments on the difference in the amount of 82 bundles consumed. Along this same line I was quite surprised by the relatively low number of heats that had a first turn down of 0.020 percent sulfur or less. Also rather disconcerting are the conditions necessary to achieve a first turn of 0.020 percent sulfur, 50 - 60 percent of the time, as required by today's specifications. It is a problem which we are well aware of, but the numbers are still shocking.

Jan 1, 1972

ST. LOUIS SECTION H. A. BUEHLER, Chairman, CHARLES T. ORR, Vice-Chairman., THOMAS T. BREWSTER, Vice-Chairman, L. L. HUTCHISON, Vice-Chairman, W. E. McCOURT, Secretary-Treasurer, Washington University, St. Louis. CHARLES J. ADAMI, EUGENE MCAULIFFE, A. C. TERRILL, JAMES A. CASELTON, JAMES D. ROBERTSON. The annual meeting of the St. Louis Section was held at the St. Louis Club, Saturday evening, Mar. 10, 1917. Philip N. Moore, President, and Bradley Stoughton, Secretary of the Institute, were the guests of the Section. The meeting was preceded by a dinner, at which 70 were present, and was presided over by F. W. DeWolf. Addresses were made by Mr. Moore and Mr. Stoughton. The routine reports of the officers were- presented and the Executive Committee named above was elected for the current year. The special business of the meeting was a report of progress concerning the arrangements for the Institute meeting to be held in the St. Louis Section district, Oct. 8 to 13, 1917. The general program for the meeting met with the cordial approval and cooperation of the members of the Section. It was evident that the members are united in an endeavor to arrange a successful meeting. W. E. McCOURT, Secretary.

Jan 4, 1917

By Subhash C. Malhotra

This paper discusses the historical background on major sources of obsolete electronic scrap and spent catalytic converter scrap. The paper discusses the principal changes taking place that will affect the future supply of these scraps. The author projects from this background the future opportunities for reclaimers and refiners in these two important segments of the precious metals scrap reclamation industry.

Jan 1, 1984

By Charles Morgan

AN increased demand for brown iron ore in the Birmingham district during the past 18 months has caused renewed activity both in prospecting and mining these ores. In recent years the production in Alabama has ranged from 41,559 tons in 1932 to 639,351 tons in 1928. During the last 9 years about 83 per cent of the total brown ore produced in the United States has come from Alabama (Tables 1 and 2). PROSPECTING Two methods of prospecting are used in this district: (1) test pits, (2) churn-drilling. Usually there is certain quite definite information on an area to be prospected; some of the indications are float ore such as small gravel or small and large boulders known as "dornicks" scattered over the surface, and ore exposed by erosion in gulleys and ravines, which have cut or eroded through the overburden. Often these natural erosions furnish an indication of the thickness of the ore and to some extent of the area of the ore body.

Jan 1, 1937

By Marie Kinzel

LOS ALAMOS, New Mexico, the birthplace f the atomic bomb, is one of the most famous-and mysterious-places in the world. It leaped into fame on Aug. 6, 1945, when the first atomic bomb burst over Hiroshima. Unheard of until that day, its present life is as hidden from most people as was its very existence in pre-Hiroshima days. Then, those who did know of it dared not breathe their knowledge. "What do you tell your wife when you go to Shangri La?" was the favorite quip of the few consultants who made regular trips from east or west to Los Alamos during the tense months when the bomb was in the making. Security regulations made it impossible even to hint at the rigid secrecy surrounding the project. The puzzled wives in question knew only that their husbands had top priority on airplane flights to Albuquerque. When they had verified the safe arrival of the flight, they undoubtedly breathed a sigh of relief. If they could have visualized the rest of the trip, the sigh of relief would have been replaced by a state of tizzy, until a telegram came saying "Arriving home on Flight X" (on a nice safe airplane).

Jan 1, 1946

By E. E. White

I DISAGREE with Mr. Brinsmade on several points, and I will discuss his remarks under the same six topics which he has used. 1. Rate of Interest Earned by Sinking-Fund.-I believe Mr. Brinsmade is confused in his ideas as to the effect of new gold on the interest earned on money. The flood of gold which he mentions certainly should not operate, to increase interest rates, but since it replaces and adds to liquid capital should reduce interest rates and counteract the destruction of liquid capital which he mentions. Furthermore, it is doubtful if the destruction of capital since 1897 by wars and catastrophes has been any greater in proportion than in similar periods before 1897. With regard to savings banks, I would say that only 3 per cent. is allowed on deposits through a large part of the West. As to bonds, they can be bought to yield any rate. of interest desired up to 6 per cent., but, a 5 per. cent. bond is not as safe as a 4 per cent. bond, nor a 4 per cent. bond as safe as a 3 per cent. government security. I do not understand why Mr. Brinsmade says that Mr. Denny's quoted opinion of a 3 per cent. rate is evidently based on English conditions before the Boer War. Certainly there is no reference to the Boer war or to English conditions in Mr. Denny's article. M. Howard Burnham, in his admirable work on mine valuation, says': ". For instance, redemption is taken at 3 per cent., because even 4 per cent. represents a greater risk, as is indicated by the purchase of Government paper to bear only 3 per cent., the great desideratum of the .latter being security." . Again, Mr. Burnham says:2 "The tables are calculated on the assumption that the dividends shall accumulate at 3 per cent. only, as in accordance with the general idea set out elsewhere, a rate greater than 3 per cent. involves appreciable risk with which it were inaccurate to saddle the sinking-fund if risks are to be segregated, this being the basis of all the writer's calculations."

Jan 6, 1914

By Alfred H. Bell

The year 1936 in Illinois was marked by considerably increased activity in drilling, both wildcat and proved territory, in leasing, and in seismic and geologic exploration. Of the 92 oil and gas wells completed during 1936 in Illinois, 49 were oil wells, 3 were gas wells and 40 were dry holes. This compares with but 34 completions in 1935. The total of the daily initial productions of the new oil wells was 1755 bbl., or an average of 36 bbl. per well. One new field was discovered, the Bartelso field in Clinton County. The leasing of some large blocks of acreage in Clay, Marion, and other counties by the Carter Oil Co. in the late fall of 1935 was followed in 1936 by extensive leasing in southern Illinois by 10 major companies and many smaller companies and individuals. It is estimated that 2½ million acres were under lease by the end of 1936. Seismograph surveying has been carried on by about seven companies, and the number of seismograph parties operating in Illinois has varied from six to eight throughout most of 1936. It is estimated that approximately two million dollars has been spent in the state in seismic and geologic exploration and in leasing during the last quarter of 1935 and all of 1936. Production of crude oil in Illinois in 1936, according to the Bureau of Mines, was as follows: Barrels Barrels January...................... 325,000 July........................ 402,000 February..................... 294,000 August..................... 380,000 March....................... 396,000 September.................. 386,000 April......................... 347,000 October.................... 393,000 May......................... 389,000 November.................. 363,000 June......................... 383,000 December................... 387,000 4,445,000 This 4,445,000 bbl. was an increase of 3 per cent over 1935. Although this increase was due largely to the fact that production was not artificially curtailed, it also reflects some new production and some increases in production from repressuring and water-flooding, which offset the

Jan 1, 1937

By R. L. Thayer, D. L. Auer

A review of bentonite production and quality control methods, is presented along with an update on techniques employed by the bentonite industry. This paper also includes an overview of bentonite market demands and long-range supply with resulting emphasis on changes in bentonite testing methods required to utilize existing reserves.

Jan 1, 1980

By U. C. Tainton

FOR the last 15 years lead has been the standard material for anodes in electrolytic zinc production and it has been generally accepted that this lead should be as free as possible from impurities. Laist1 says, "Next in importance to the purity of solution is the purity of the electrodes and tank lining material. The purest lead obtainable should be used for anodes." The same conclusion is expressed by Ingalls2 and by two German investigators who say that experiments have demonstrated that the purer the lead, the greater is its resistance to corrosion during electrolysis.3 Pure lead, however, while the best material hitherto available for anodes, is not entirely free from objection. The plain lead anode gradually disintegrates under electrolysis, so that the life of an anode, say ¼ in. thick, is frequently not more than two years. Part of the lead from the anode finds its way to the cathode, lowering the purity of the deposited zinc and decreasing the hydrogen overvoltage. The rest of the lead that comes from the disintegration of the anode goes into the manganese dioxide which is precipitated in the cells, rendering unsaleable what might otherwise be a valuable by-product. Yet a further disadvantage of plain lead anodes comes from their tendency to bend or buckle during electrolysis, as a result of intercrystalline oxidation. This makes it necessary to use a fairly wide spacing between anode and cathode to avoid short circuits, and thus leads to a higher power consumption than would otherwise be necessary. The power consumption is also affected by the high decomposition voltage at a lead peroxide surface.

Jan 1, 1929

By David T. Day

In 1897 I published a proposed explanation for the variation in color and specific gravity of Pennsylvania oils. A resume of this subject mas also presented at the First International Petroleum Congress, in Paris, in 1900. Since that time

Jan 1, 1911

By O&apos, P. E. T. Connor

Production of petroleum in Trinidad during 1938 reached the record figure of 17,737,061 bbl., an increase of approximately two and a quarter million barrels over 1937. The principal development during the year was along the Guapo fault, which extends from Point Ligoure to Coora across the southwest portion of the island. This fault has been proved to be a major factor governing oil accumulation in the area. At the southeast end of the fault the Coora field has been actively developed during the year and already ranks as one of the major productive fields of the island. Approximately seven miles to the northwest, another richly productive area has been developed on the north side of the fault at Los Bajos, while several widely spaced wells along the fault in the intervening area suggest that the whole seven miles betwen Los Bajos and Coora will prove productive. The Penal field was placed on regular production during the early part of the year on completion of a pipe line to the Point Fortin refinery. This is a shallow pumping field with a daily output of 2000 to 1500 bbl. of heavy oil. Down-flank extension of the oil-producing structures of Forest Reserve, Kern and Point Fortin have considerably extended the proven acreages on these structures and exploitation of the deeper Cruse sands on these structures has also materially increased the known reserves. Wildcat drilling has been active in several areas. Four wells have been completed in the Mayaro district; four at Moruga; six at Cedros; six in the Morne Diable area; one at Erin and one at Point Ligoure. Few data are available from these areas, but it is understood that some cncouraging results have been obtained. In the northern basin, north of the Central Range, two locations were spudded in at the end of the year after extensive seismograph surveys. Both these locations are scheduled for depths in excess of 10,000 ft. This northern basin is entirely untested by the drill and the present drilling program is being keenly followed by all operators in Trinidad.

Jan 1, 1939

By P. E. T. Connor, O&apos

Production of petroleum in Trinidad during 1938 reached the record figure of 17,737,061 bbl., an increase of approximately two and a quarter million barrels over 1937. The principal development during the year was along the Guapo fault, which extends from Point Ligoure to Coora across the southwest portion of the island. This fault has been proved to be a major factor governing oil accumulation in the area. At the southeast end of the fault the Coora field has been actively developed during the year and already ranks as one of the major productive fields of the island. Approximately seven miles to the northwest, another richly productive area has been developed on the north side of the fault at Los Bajos, while several widely spaced wells along the fault in the intervening area suggest that the whole seven miles betwen Los Bajos and Coora will prove productive. The Penal field was placed on regular production during the early part of the year on completion of a pipe line to the Point Fortin refinery. This is a shallow pumping field with a daily output of 2000 to 1500 bbl. of heavy oil. Down-flank extension of the oil-producing structures of Forest Reserve, Kern and Point Fortin have considerably extended the proven acreages on these structures and exploitation of the deeper Cruse sands on these structures has also materially increased the known reserves. Wildcat drilling has been active in several areas. Four wells have been completed in the Mayaro district; four at Moruga; six at Cedros; six in the Morne Diable area; one at Erin and one at Point Ligoure. Few data are available from these areas, but it is understood that some cncouraging results have been obtained. In the northern basin, north of the Central Range, two locations were spudded in at the end of the year after extensive seismograph surveys. Both these locations are scheduled for depths in excess of 10,000 ft. This northern basin is entirely untested by the drill and the present drilling program is being keenly followed by all operators in Trinidad.

Jan 1, 1939

By N. J. Grant, H. Brunner

This paber is concerned with the determination of equations relating elongation to the amount of shear taking place both along grain boundaries and in slip planes of poly crystalline aggregates during creep. Certain discrepancies with previously used equations are pointed out. Grain boundaries were observed to become serrated during creep, but it is shown that this does not necessarily prevent further grain boundary sliding. Direct obser-vations of subgrain boundary ingration lead to the conclusion that this migration facilitates sliding along serrated grain boundaries. It is bointed out that the state of stress at triple boints is still unknown. MOST of the mechanisms of deformation contributing to elongation are shear processes, such as slip, kinking, grain boundary sliding, and twinning. For quantitative investigations of individual deformation mechanism it is necessary to know the equation which permits the calculation of speci-tnen elongation from measured amounts of shear. This calculated elongation must then be compared with the observed total elongation. The authors' special interest concerned grain boundary sliding during creep. Although this subject has already been investigated quantitatively by McLean,' Rachinger,' and Fazan, Sherby, and Dorn, calculations indicated that none of the equations used thus far to relate shear with elongation were sufficiently well founded. A basic study of this relationship was thus made and the results of this study (which do not entirely agree with those previously used) are presented. Most of the ideas set forth apply not only to grain boundary sliding but to other mechanisms of shear as well. THE SPEAR-ELONGATION RELATIONSHIP Basic Models—The relationship between shear and elongation is trivial in the simplest case of shear, which is shown in Fig. l(a). The vector A; designates the displacement across the shear interface, and Au, and Aut are its components parallel and normal to the tensile direction, respectively. It is evident that the specimen elongation due to shear is equal to the longitudinal component of the shear vector, and it should be noted that the normal component does not contribute to the elongation of the specimen (there are, of course, two normal components in a three-dimensional model). The model shown in Fig. l(b) may be applied to mechanical twinning and to subgrain boundary tnigration. In this case the width (h) of an already existing shear band increases by the migration of an interface, but the shear angle y (angle of mis-orientation in the case of a subgrain boundary) remains constant. The geometrical relationships indicated in Fig. l(b) permit this case to be reduced to the one shown in Fig. l(a). For the resulting elongation A6 we find: where AV/V = fraction of the volume of the specimen swept by migrating interfaces , and 1 = length of specimen. Thus, assuming for example that the angle of mis-orientation is 1 deg, and that P = 45 deg, we find that the specimen elongates 0.87 pct of its length if the entire volume of the specimen is swept once by such a subgrain boundary. An example of deformation by migration of subgrain boundaries is shown in Fig. 2. The specimen shown was repolished after 9.8 pct creep strain and the test then continued for another \ pct. Since the shear vector has, in general, a component normal to the surface, subgrain boundary migration results in the formation of an inclined band delineating the region swept by the subgrain boundary. These inclined bands become clearly visible when observed with oblique illumina-

Jan 1, 1960