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By B. E. Field

Cobalt is a silvery white metal with a slight bluish cast. It strongly resembles nickel in its appearance and properties, notably its resistance to corrosion, although its alloys with other metals differ decidedly in their properties from those of nickel. The name "cobalt" was derived from the German Kobold, meaning goblin, and this came to be applied to the cobalt minerals which, although they resembled ores, did not readily yield metal when smelted by the primitive processes available in the Middle Ages. Cobalt minerals were used as pigments by potters and glass workers before the Christian era. Cobalt blue glass was found in the tombs of the Egyptians and in the ruins of Troy, and many colors used by the ancient Greeks and Romans contained cobalt. The ancients were entirely unaware that the colors they used were caused by cobalt and the metal itself was not isolated until about the middle of the eighteenth century, by Brandt, although the preparation of cobalt compounds had been carried on in a small way ever since the opening of the silver-cobalt deposits at Schneeberg, Germany, in 1470.

Jan 1, 1935

By G. C. He

Effects of irregularity, rough surface and aggregation of fine particles on ultrasonic attenuation are significant. The effects should be considered while predicting particle size by ultrasonic attenuation technology. The scanning electron microscope micrographs analysis also shows that particles surface is rough and irregularity. Any slurries has its fractal structure and its special fractal scale and dimension, so, effects of irregularity, rough surface and aggregation of fine particles can be de-scribed by fractal model. The discrepancies between predictions of ultrasonic attenuation based on the assumption of smooth spherical particles and data obtained from slurries of irregular particles indicated that there were different fractal structures. The ultrasonic attenuation model was modified by fractal dimensions. The result of experimental data and analogue calculation indicated that pre-dictions of the fractal modification of ultrasonic attenuation model show good agreement with experimental data. On the other hand, from the values of fractal obtained by inversely calculation, the degree of effects of irregularity, rough surface and aggregation of particles can be estimated. The positive value of fractal dimension indicates that the aggregation has the dominant effect on ultra-sonic attenuation, otherwise, the irregularity and rough surface has the dominant effect.

Jan 1, 2014

By V. O. Tenorio

The implementation of autonomous technologies for production in surface mines demands changes in the existing monitoring and control systems. The present study deals with the concepts involved in the development of a decision support system (DSS) for the supervision of a combined fleet of manned and unmanned equipment operating in a surface mine. The project was carried out as part of an autonomous mining program that lasted from early 2006 until the end of 2008. The objective of the DSS was to achieve short-term planning goals while maintaining safe working conditions. Supervisory tasks become more complex when several autonomous vehicles operate simultaneously alongside manned equipment. The operation center where the DSS was installed allowed autonomous vehicle operations to be controlled while tracking technology reliability experiments performed on control display interfaces and interaction provided design parameters for more complex supervisory systems for autonomous mines. Mining Engineering, 2011, vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 80-86. Official publication of the Society for mining, metallurgy and exploration, Inc.

Jan 1, 2011

By Raymond M. Kacmar

This report presents the Bureau of Mines research on the hardware reliability prediction for two Bureau monitoring projects. The basic concepts of reliability predictions are introduced along with the reliability models and assumptions used for this particular evaluation. The results of the reliability predictions are for ground-fixed and naval-sheltered environments.

Jan 1, 1986

By R. W. Raymond

(Pittsburg Meeting, March, 1910.) IN the long list of our illustrious and lamented dead, there are names which recall personality as well as career and achievement; social as well as scientific merit; devotion to the Institute itself as well as to some one of the professions which it represents. These men we remember because they did not forget us; besides our pride in their wider work and fame, we are proud of what they did with and through us; especially do we rejoice if our early recognition of them opened the way to a recognition by the world; and in their departure we claim to sorrow, not merely as members of an appreciative public, but also as. bereaved personal friends. In common with thousands, we regret our loss, but we do not regret only-we mourn and miss. To this group of those whose death has brought to us the double sense. of public and private grief belonged our strong, bright, dear brother, in whose memory this inadequate tribute is offered. Charles Benjamin Dudley was born July 14, 1842, at Oxford, Chenango county, N. Y. He came on both sides of New England blood, his father being from New Hampshire and his mother from Connecticut. Emigrating from the rocky hills of their native States, they. settled upon the more fertile soil of what was then regarded as the West, and, with thousands of other pilgrim sons, imitating the pilgrim fathers, contributed to the foundation of new commonwealths. The Empire State owes much to this element of its population. Dudley's early education was obtained, like that of the sons of the pioneers generally, by attending the village school and academy in the autumn and winter, while he worked upon the farm during the rest of the year. But his ambition looked forward to a college-course; and this was almost within his reach when a passion still stronger took possession of him. The out-

Jun 1, 1910

By A. T. Yu

As a nation, we have been known as perhaps the most wasteful in history. From the perspective of engineers and builders on the other hand, planned obsolescence and demolition did beneficially pave way for growth and provided environment for new businesses. Recent economic recession and intense competition from overseas, however, have drastically changed the economics. The high cost of capital and the demise of indiscriminate plant expansion have totally altered the way we conduct our business and run our operations. As a response to increasing demands for better efficiency with little or no funding available, everyone is forced to make do and do better with whatever little he has. Today it nay not be an exaggeration to state that modification of existing facilities may have finally emerged as a way of life. This paper will outline examples of how several companies have effectively modified existing facilities to do more and do it efficiently without having to demolish everything and/or to spend a fortune.

Jan 1, 1985

By K. Robinson

Following the longest Smelter campaign in BCL?s history it was planned to completely rebuild the flash smelting furnace in 1987. This was the fourth major overhaul and the most extensive so far attempted. Detailed planning took place over several year$ preceding the shutdown and implementation was completed in 54 days. The key to minimising shutdown time was the method designed for installation of the new uptake shaft and reaction shaft. Major repair work was also undertaken in the waste heat boiler and electric furnaces. Both of these activities had an impact on the critical path of the flash smelting furnace overhaul.

Jan 1, 1993

By Antonio Kodsy, Lutful Khan

A research was carried out to test the possibility of reducing the pullout resistance of metal sheet piles driven in clay soils using Electrokinetic (EK) conditioning. The hypothesis was applying an electric gradient for a certain period of time should reduce the adhesion between the clay soil and the sheet piles. Tests were conducted on bench scale thin stainless-steel metal plates embedded in pure kaolinite clay, and mixtures of kaolinite clay and sand. The pullout resistances were determined after 20, 40, and 60 minutes residence times of steel plates in the soils before and after EK conditioning under an electric gradient of 1500 V/m. In kaolinite clay, the pullout resistance showed linear reduction with the duration of EK conditioning and about 60 % reduction in pullout resistance was observed after 60 minutes EK conditioning. For the kaolinite-sand mixtures, the pullout resistances were reduced by about 70% and 80% for 20% and 30% sand contents respectively after 20 minutes EK conditioning and showed no significant improvement with the increase in conditioning duration. It was concluded that the proposed electrokinetic conditioning process could potentially reduce the pullout resistance of metal plates embedded in clay and clayey soils. SHEET PILE WALLS Sheet pile walls are typically used at waterfronts as retaining structures or during the construction phase to shore the soil and avoid collapse of the excavations. When used as permanent structures, sheet pile walls are not removed after the completion of the project. However, as temporary support, they are extracted after the completion of the project and reused. In pure clay soils the extraction processes often becomes a challenge requiring very large pullout forces which could damage the sheet piles. There is a research need for developing an efficient method of sheet pile extraction from clay soils addressing the issue of pullout force reduction. However, very few researches have been conducted regarding the extraction techniques of sheet piles and their economic effect on the cost of a project. In this study a novel method for reducing the pullout resistance of sheet piles in clayey soils using electrokinetic conditioning was explored. The hypothesis of this research is that the electrokinetic process in soil/water system, specifically electrophoresis and electroosmosis, could be used to loosen the sheet pile walls embedded in cohesive soil and hence reduce the required force of extraction. The aim of this study was to test this hypothesis through laboratory tests carried out on steel plates embedded in cohesive soil samples. The pullout forces of the steel plates before and after varied duration of electrokinetic (EK) conditioning were evaluated and compared. The process was also investigated for clay-sand mixtures.

Jan 1, 2019

By Irajá Bernardino Ribeiro Juniorr

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar alguns exemplos de aplicações na Indústria Siderúrgica e de Mineração (Prensa de Rolos e Torre de Resfriamento) mostrando que com o emprego de uma confiável metodologia para determinação dos benefícios energéticos é possível a implantação das medidas de conservação de energia em sistemas de força motriz instalados nestas indústrias com o simples uso de Lubrificantes Sintéticos Especiais em substituição ao largo emprego de óleos minerais. Esta solução também proporciona ganhos energéticos e financeiros expressivos e mais atrativos do que as já consagradas soluções de eficiência energética como troca de lâmpadas e /ou motores de alto rendimento. Além do mais, a troca de lubrificante já é rotina implementada nas indústrias e seus profissionais da área de manutenção, não sendo preciso treinamento adicional para implementação, tornando esta ação com o propósito de economizar energia simples e fácil de ser implementada. Este trabalho é uma parte dos resultados do projeto inovador desenvolvido pela Klüber Lubrication desde 2010, onde o principal objetivo é disponibilizar aos usuários de sua linha de produtos este recurso, internacionalmente reconhecido, de Medição & Verificação para a comprovação de ganhos de energia em prensas de rolos com alcance de redução de cerca de 10% de consumo de energia.

Aug 17, 2017

By John C. Edwards

The Bureau of Mines has developed a time-dependent mathematical model of radiative heating of bulkheads in mines. The model includes both reradiation from the duct (cylindrical) walls and direct radiation from the fire zone. Thermal loss into the wall of the duct and into the bulkhead is included. Both brick and wood bulkheads are considered. It is found that the heating rate of the system scales as the duct length-to-diameter ratio and the flame temperature. In particular, the time required for the irradiated surface of the bulkhead to reach a specified temperature decreases with increasing flame temperature for a fixed length-to-diameter ratio and increases with increasing length-to-diameter ratio for a specified flame temperature. It is also deter-mined that the time, T, for the bulkhead surface temperature to reach a specific value, Tb, for a fixed length-to-diameter ratio less than 4 and for a flame temperature of 1,200 K is approximately linearly dependent on Tb for 500 K < Tb < 700 K, and is nearly exponentially dependent on the length-to-diameter ratio for Tb = 600 and 700 K.

Jan 1, 1979

By WM. HUFF WAGNER

Computations and allowances for mine depletion for Federal income tax purposes depend upon the meaning of certain terms in the pertinent provisions of section 114(b) 4 of the Internal Revenue Code. Unfortunately, but one of these terms is defined in the Code. Congress left it to the Commissioner to define the other terms in the Regulations. Even though the Commissioner, through his staff, labored long and earnestly to draft these definitions they have not been satisfactory to the mining industry, because the definitions in the Regulations and the interpretation placed thereon by the Commissioner do not state what the industry believes to be the clear and obvious intent of Congress. Consequently serious and prolonged disputes, unduly delaying the settlement of Federal tax returns involving percentage depletion deductions are continually arising between taxpayers and the Commissioner.

Jan 1, 1949

By O. C. Blade

This report on the properties of motor fuels sold through service stations in the United States was made in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the American Petroleum Institute and the Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of the Interior. This paper is a continuation of a series made in cooperation with the Coordinating Fuel Research (CPR) Committee of the Coordinating Research Council (CRC), Inc. The first of this series of reports presented data on motor gasolines sold during the winter of 1935-36, and succeeding reports described motor gasolines sold during the summers and winters to and including the summer of 1941. No reports were made on motor gasolines sold during the winter of 1941-42 and during the summer of 1942. However, starting with the winter of 1942-43, the semiannual reports were resumed.

Jan 1, 1949

By Felipe da Silva Siqueira, Weslley Luiz da Silva Assis, Camila dos Santos Pinto, André Luiz Moraes Alves, Guilherme Dias da Fonseca, Paulo Rangel Rios

Neste trabalho estudou-se o comportamento cinético das transformações de fases por nucleação e crescimento nas interfaces (faces, arestas e vértices), das matrizes poliedricas de Kelvin, Voronoi e de Monte Carlo, através da simulação computacional. Com o objetivo principal de comparar os resultados obtidos das simulações com os modelos analíticos de Johnson e Mehl, Kolmogorov e Avrami (JMAK), e de John W. Cahn. As matrizes foram geradas por modelos estocásticos e através do método de crescimento do Cone Causal. Em engenharia o entendimento do comportamento das transformações de fases por nucleação e crescimento são importantes para prever os possíveis locais de nucleação, assim como no entendimento do comportamento dos constituintes presentes do diagrama ferro carbono, na decomposição da austenita, no processo de recristalização, entre outros. Desta forma, o modelamento computacional foi utilizado para o estudo das transformações de fases por nucleação e crescimento, obtendo como resultados a fração volumétrica, o caminho microestrutural e a contiguidade, ambos resultados foram importantes para a caracterização microestrutural e para descrever a distribuição dos núcleos no espaço. Com os resultados obtidos observou-se que se os núcleos estão bem distribuídos nas interfaces o impingement será mais fraco, levando as simulações de Voronoi e de Kelvin a corroborarem com o modelo analítico de JMAK, já o Modelo de Monte Carlo, não apresentou o mesmo comportamento, ou seja, ficou evidenciado que nem sempre a aleatoriedade vai ser válida para todos os casos. Foi constatado também que se aumenta consideravelmente a quantidade de núcleos, a distribuição perde a característica de aleatoriedade e passa a se comportar como clusters, corroborando com o modelo analítico de Cahn.

Nov 10, 2019

By Marcela dos Passos Galluzzi Baltazar

Catalisador monolítico comercial de níquel foi selecionado com o objetivo de se determinar o regime cinético da reação de oxidação parcial do metano (OPM). As estruturas cristalinas deste catalisador foram identificadas por DRX. A composição química superficial e o estado químico dos elementos presentes na superfície da amostra foram determinados por EDX. A técnica de microscopia (MEV) com emissão de campo foi utilizada neste trabalho com as finalidades de análise morfológica do catalisador antes de sua utilização nas reações de oxidação parcial. Análises de TG-DTA foram realizadas com o objetivo de se estudar o comportamento térmico do catalisador. A área superficial e a área metálica foram determinadas por BET e Quimissorção, respectivamente. A temperatura de redução do catalisador foi determinada através de TPR. Foi utilizada uma unidade experimental para realização de testes catalíticos. Antes das reações, os catalisadores pulverizados na faixa granulométrica &lt; 0,150 mm foram submetidos a uma etapa de redução para ativar os sítios de níquel metálico. As análises dos produtos de saída do reator e das cargas reagentes foram realizadas por cromatografia gasosa, utilizando-se um Cromatógrafo VARIAN CP3800. Foi determinado o regime cinético na OPM utilizando as massas de catalisador 65, 80 e 95 mg.

Oct 30, 2017

By John C. Machisak

THIS INFORMATION CIRCULAR contains 1956 and 1957 injury experience and employment data for metal mines in the United States and Alaska. Unlike previous publications, this report covers only metal mining and contains statistical data on injuries and employment pertinent to metal mines and mills reporting voluntarily to the Bureau of Mines on an annual basis. Injury and employment data for the nonmetal industries, which from 1911 through 1955 were published in the same series as the metal industries, for the first time will be published separately as an information circular entitled "Injury Experience in the Nonmetal Industries, 1956 and 1957." The Bureau of Mines is authorized to make requests for injury and employment data, and the information submitted by operators of metal mines and mills is a step forward in promoting safety in the metal-mining industry. Every effort has been made to make this coverage as complete as possible.

Jan 1, 1960

"Chairman: Professor J. de V. Lambrechts Rapporteur: Mr R. HempPapers:Computer-aided design of a flash smelting installation by M. A. T. Cocquerel, R. T. Gates and L. A. GreenPlanning of mine ventilation by E. U. Reuther and A. DohrnenCoal mine ventilation systems in the U.S.A. by R. Stefanko and R. V. Ramani Heat flow models in ventilation planning by A. J. Dickson and A. M. StarfieldThe first of the papers in the session dealt with a flash smelter installation, while the remaining three papers dealt with mine ventilation. In view of this the Chairman proposed that the paper on flash smelting be introduced and discussed first, after which the remaining three papers would be introduced followed by discussion on all three.Dr Cocquerel, who presented the first paper, used some typical flow diagrams to illustrate the process and stated that the program considered only steady-state operations and did not take into account the dynamical changes. Subjective judgment was necessary for the preparation of input data and some degree of user appreciation was required.Dr Cocquerel said that no work bad yet been done on an optimization program, but that this was being considered. Such a program would require a large amount of physical and chemical data which were not yet available. The variables to be optimized were the energy and material consumptions and the loss of metal in the slag.The Chairman opened the discussion by asking Dr Cocquerel if he could give a brief description of the flash smelting process for the benefit of those not familiar with the subject. Dr Coquerel replied that in the Outokumpu process con¬centrates were injected directly into the furnace, and that the process was somewhat analogous to flash distillation or evaporation processes, but was perhaps closer to the burning of pulverized fuel.The process had two distinct advantages. First, the heat evolved in the smelting reaction was used to heat the furnace, which resulted in less fuel consumption, and, second, the effluent gases were cheaper to treat than the effluent gases from other pyrometallurgical processes. This was important particularly in view of the current interest in pollution problems.Mr P. Marais thought that the authors had done themselves an injustice by not including details of the very complex processes taking place in the furnace."

Jan 1, 2014

By H. Itou, J. M. Toguri, T. Takasu

"Marangoni convection has a large effect on materials processing since it remarkably enhances heat and mass transport near a free interface. To have a better understanding of the behavior of Marangoni convection in molten salts, observation and calculation of the thermal convection in a column held between a pair of Pt disks (2mm in diameter) fixed to hot thermocouples, were carried out.Calculated flow patterns and absolute values of fluid velocity agreed well with the observed results. When the temperatures of both disks were set equal and the height of liquid column was 2.4mm, four vortexes were generated on the longitudinal plane with a typical velocity of 15mm/s . From the calculated isothermal lines, the behavior of the enhanced heat transport was obvious; fluid heated at the disks was conveyed to the free surface and the cooled fluid at the surface was conveyed to the inner region. Increase in the height of column and/or increase in the absolute value of applied temperature difference lead to increase in fluid velocity lineally in this calculation range.IntroductionIn the processing of many materials, fluid flow of melts has a large effect on refining capabilities and on the characteristics of the produced material. Marangoni convection is generated when a spatial gradient of interfacial tension exists on the free interface due to differences in temperature and/or concentration. This promotes heat and mass transfer locally near the interface.For example, Marangoni convection which are created following the dissolution of interfacially active materials, increases the local corrosion rate of refractories (1-3). In absorption and discharge of oxygen and/or nitrogen in a molten metal, the effective reaction rate of the gas components through the gas-liquid interface increases (4-7). Also in crystal growth, the distribution of defects and impurities in the crystal is affected and this can alter its quality (8-11 ). The temperature distribution is also affected and can greatly change the productivity. For these reasons, the effectiveness of Marangoni convection in refining should be quantitatively clarified and its control should be better understood."

Jan 1, 1997

By C. Guney Olgun, Mohammad Khosravi, Daniel W. Wilson, Deepak Rayamajhi, Scott A. Ashford, Shuji Tamura, Ross W. Boulanger

"Dynamic centrifuge tests were performed on unimproved and improved soil with soil-cement column models. The reinforcing effect of isolated soil-cement columns for reducing liquefaction potential and ground deformation in improved soil were investigated. This paper presents the observed acceleration, pore pressure, and settlement responses under an earthquake base motion for both unimproved and improved soil models. In addition, lateral reinforcing effects of soil-cement columns were also investigated in terms of site stiffening effects and the increasing natural frequency of improved soil. The test results show that the soil-cement columns were rather ineffective in preventing liquefaction triggering in improved soil and in significantly reducing the magnitude of the resulting soil settlement compared to the model with unimproved soil profile. Furthermore, the predicted natural frequency of the improved soil profile estimated using existing design equations is shown to be significantly higher than the observed natural frequency inferred from centrifuge tests results. These design equations assume shear strain compatibility between the columns and the surrounding soil. On the other hand, revised design equations that account for shear strain incompatibility between column and surrounding soil are shown to give reasonable estimates compared to the observed natural frequency of the improved soil model.INTRODUCTIONGround improvement using stiff columns (e.g., stone columns, deep-soil-mixing columns, and jet-grout columns), are often used in practice to reduce liquefaction potential (and associated deformations) in loose soil sites. Typically, saturated silty soils are difficult to densify or drain rapidly due to their lower hydraulic conductivity, so densification and drainage techniques of improvement are often found to be ineffective. Instead, the shear reinforcing mechanisms of stiff columns are considered effective for reducing the seismic stresses and strains, and thereby reducing liquefaction potential in the enclosed saturated silty soils (Baez 1995, Adalier and Elgamal 2004, Mitchell 2008)."

Jan 1, 2015

By Josué Mesquita de Souza Junior

A concentração gravítica corresponde a uma das mais antigas e importantes formas de processamento mineral, sendo utilizada para beneficiar uma grande variedade de minérios. Neste contexto, a melhor maneira de investigar e prever resultados de processos gravíticos é a chamada “curva de lavabilidade”. Estas curvas apresentam a distribuição das partículas de um dado um material segundo as suas densidades e são construídas a partir de dados experimentais obtidos nos denominados testes de flutua-afunda. Para a realização destes testes são utilizados líquidos com diferentes densidades, os quais correspondem a substâncias muito tóxicas, voláteis, de difícil manuseio e, na maioria dos casos, muito caras. Além disto, por não existirem líquidos com densidades muito elevadas, os mesmos não podem ser usados no fracionamento de sulfetos ou óxidos metálicos, o que restringe o uso das curvas de lavabilidade a materiais leves. Pensando nisto, procedeu-se ao desenvolvimento do presente trabalho, cujo objetivo é apresentar uma nova metodologia para a construção das curvas de lavabilidade a partir da análise de imagens digitais. Com esta metodologia será possível construir curvas de lavabilidade de uma maneira mais rápida e segura, além de tornar possível a aplicação desta ferramenta para minérios que possuam partículas com densidades mais elevadas.

Aug 17, 2017

By José Ricardo Nunes de Macedor

Com o crescente zelo ambiental, os polímeros biodegradáveis ganharam importante papel no mercado mundial. Em especial, o amido é um destaque por apresentar preço baixo e alta demanda, contudo possui grande fragilidade mecânica e os seus filmes são muitos hidrofílicos. Outro importante polímero biodegradável é o poli(ácido lático) que possui, alta resistência mecânica e transparência, quando comparado com o amido termoplástico, permitindo sua aplicação em embalagens alimentícias. Contudo, o PLA ainda possui custo elevado, quando comparado ao amido e até commodities, como o PET, PP e PE. Estudos com algodão, material em grande produção e baixo custo, retratam ganhos nas propriedades mecânicas sem perda da biodegradabilidade em compósitos. Assim, este trabalho objetivou preparar, por meio de homogeneizador termocinético KMixer e prensa térmica, placas de compósitos de PLA contendo amido (0, 3 e 5% m/m) e fibras de algodão in natura processadas (0, 10 e 20% m/m). As amostras foram caracterizados por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), ângulo de contato estático e ensaios mecânicos (módulo de Young, resistência à tração e alongamento na ruptura). As análises mostraram que a adição de fibra de algodão compensa a perda de resistencia à tração ocasionada pela adição de TPS. Tanto a fibra como o amido aumentaram a molhabilidade do compósito.

Aug 8, 2018