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Presentation Outline ERM ? corporate profile Background to sustainability reporting GRI G3 Guidelines (Oct 2006) Best practice examples Contact information ERM ? corporate profile Over 35 years of experience World?s largest all-environmental consultancy* 130+ offices in 40+ countries; 3,200+ professional staff Worked with >50% of the Global Fortune 500 (FY07) Annual turnover > US$500 M (FY07) 2008 Environmental Advisor of Year** Offices/Staff ? Canada (5/50) and US (65/1,350) *Source: Engineering News Record: July 2, 2007 ** Source: Acquisitions Monthly: December 2007

May 1, 2008

By Patrick Rennkamp, Wolf-Dieter Trodel, Andy Fearn

"The Jansen shafts are completed using purely mechanical excavation. This paper summarises the geology, a description of the shafts, the method used for excavation and the results achieved along with the challenges encountered and the solutions developed during the project. This experience is now being applied in the next generation machines and shaft sinking processes. This pioneering approach is changing shaft sinking in soft and medium to hard rock. INTRODUCTION The Jansen Mining project located approximately 150 km east of the city Saskatoon is the location of the BHP owned potash mine with an expected mining output of eight million tonnes annually upon completion. Mining contractors DMC Mining Services have used two Herrenknecht Shaft Boring Roadheaders (SBRs) to excavate the two blind shafts with an approximate excavation diameter of ten metres (inner diameter approximately 8.3 m) to depths of -975 and -1005 metres, respectively. The SBRs excavate the rock by a partial-face cutting method, using a transverse cutting drum mounted on a telescopic boom. The excavated rock is then conveyed away from the bench by an innovative pneumatic system and transferred into muck buckets to be hoisted to the surface. No drilling and blasting was done to keep to the BHP philosophy of using only mechanical excavation for this reference project. BHP VISION – MECHANICAL EXCAVATION BHP focused on mechanical excavation at Jansen due to the following perceived benefits: 1.No workers in the excavation chamber (shaft bottom), minimizing the exposure to traditional shaftsinking hazards associated with working in the shaft bottom. 2. Minimal damage to the rock fabric reducing the need for ground support and avoiding potential impact damage to freeze tubes located around the shaft. 3. Accurate excavation diameters with no overbreak, reducing volumes of rock to be removed and replaced with concrete lining."

Jan 1, 2019

By J. A. Cox, R. S. Mattson

"One of the main problems encountered in employing sublevel caving is the inherent high dilution factor. The operating results at Granduc illustrate that this dilution can be closely controlled and satisfactory recoveries achieved, in base metal ores grading less than 2.0% copper equivalent, by using an assay grade control system based on the fundamental draw characteristics. The history of draw control procedures employed since the start of operations provides an effective comparison between this system and one based mainly on tonnage. The transverse and longitudinal sublevel caving mining methods are described and it is shown how improvements in design layout, operating practice and draw control in narrow complex ore zones (12-foot minimum width) have raised the operating performance of the longitudinal system to a satisfactory level."

Jan 1, 1973

By L. E. Collins

"In western Canada, many new wells contain a significant fraction of H2S. As well, many older wells become increasingly sour over their operating lifetime. For these reasons, there has been increased demand for linepipe and casing for sour service applications in recent years. This paper will review the metallurgical factors which must be considered in designing steels for such applications. IPSCO’s development of linepipe and casing, and experience in fabricating products to meet test standards specified for sour service applications will be summarized. IntroductionWestern Canada produces the majority of Canada’s domestic crude oil and natural gas. A complex system of pipelines has been built to gather the oil and gas from the fields for transport to refining and/or cleaning operations. The gas carried in these pipelines can be either sweet or sour (i.e. containing no H2S or containing H2S) depending on the nature of the field from which it came. Many new fields contain a significant fraction of H2S and many older fields become more sour as their time in production increases. This uncertainty regarding product condition influences the user’s choice of materials for both casing and pipeline applications.It is well known (Merrick, 1989) that hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) will occur in steel when three conditions exist simultaneously: (1) the presence of H2S gas, (2) moisture, and (3) a susceptible material. Steelmakers can only address the latter of these factors. Development of steels to meet test requirements of sour service has been a major focus of IPSCO’s development work for several years."

Jan 1, 1998

By G. Bridgstock, S. S. Forbes, E. M. Elkin

"OPERATIONS at Canadian Cop-per Refiners Limited, since the refinery was established in 1931, have been described in previous papers ( 1,2). Since then the refinery has treated the entire copper output of Noranda Mines Limited and Hudson Bay Mining & Smelting Company Limited. With the commencement of production in 1956 at Gaspe Copper Mines Limited, this copper has also been refined. From the start of operations to the end of 1958, the following had been refined: copper, silver, gold, selenium and tellurium.Construction of new buildings and additions to other buildings have been needed to handle increased receipts. The refining capacity has been increased from 112,000 tons of copper per year to a total of 236,000 tons per year.The refinery is located at Mont-real East, Quebec, close to railway and highway facilities. Incoming materials and shipments, with some small exceptions, are handled by rail. Some finished products are sl1ipped by industrial flatcar to the adjoining plants of Canada Wire & Cable Company Limited and Noranda Copper & Brass Limited."

Jan 1, 1960

By J. C. White

"During the early development of the Mattabi Mine in 1970, discussions with the Ontario Government revealed their policy of prohibiting, as much as possible, the development of new, isolated, single-industry townsites. Subsequently, Mattabi located its first housing in the Township of Ignace, which is situated 50 miles from the site of the mine and plant. Over 200 employees now commute 100 miles daily to and from work.This paper describes the experience gained and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of a remote townsite."

Jan 1, 1976

By A. F. Matheson

The St. John Del Rey Mining Company, Limited, is an English company owning 150 square miles -of mining lands near Belo Horizonte, Minas Geraes, Brazil. The area is 2,300 to 5,000 feet above sea level, with a pleasant and healthy climate. Bedrock is Precambrian. The Nova Lima series of metamorphosed sediments and some volcanics is overlain uncomfortably by the Minas series of quartzites, itabirites. etc. Batholithic granite and gneiss cut both series and basic dykes cut all these rocks. There are important deposits of gold, iron, and manganese on the Company's holdings, as well as occurrences of arsenic, antimony, cobalt, nickel, dolomite, day, quartz, -ochre, bauxite, kyanite, and asbestos. Except for gold and consequent recovery of arsenic, all the other materials are relatively unexploited. The Company operates the Morro Velho gold mine and the Espirito Santo and Raposos gold mine. The Morro Velho mine was purchased in 1834 for £56,000. To the end of 1952 it had produced 7,000,000 troy ounces of gold from 15,000,000 short tons of ore. The ore z?ones are replacement deposits in a sinuous siliceous dolomitic rock locally termed "lapa seca," and plunge east, near surface at 45 °, at 8,000 feet at 15°. The ore minerals are pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite. Gold is finely distributed and almost nowhere visible. Ore reserves at the end of 1952 were estimated at 5.5 million short tons grading 0.39 oz. gold per ton. Chances exist for new ore within the mine area. The Espirito Santo and Reposos mine, in folded banded iron formation, has mineralization similar to Morro Velho but sulphides are less abundant. The mine to a depth of 2,500 feet has estimated ore reserves of 1.5 million tons of an average grade of 0.28 oz. gold per ton. New ore may be expected both laterally and at depth. To the end -of 1952, the ?Company had paid dividends of almost £4,- 600,000, largely earned from the operation of the gold mines.

Jan 1, 1956

By O. A. Ojo, N. Esmaeili

"The effects of brazing and use of composite powder mixture as interlayer material on hot corrosion resistance of brazed IN738 superalloy were studied. Brazing was observed to result in significant reduction in the hot corrosion resistance of the superalloy. However, application of composite powder mixture, which consists of additive superalloy powder, enhanced the hot corrosion resistance of brazed samples. It is also found that although the use of composite powder mixture increased hot corrosion resistance of brazed alloy, if the additive powder completely melts, which is possible during brazing, it can significantly reduce the hot corrosion resistance of the brazed joint. Elemental micro-segregation during solidification of the joint with completely melted powder mixture produces chromium depleted zones and consequently reduces hot corrosion resistance, since a uniform distribution and adequate chromium concentration is necessary to combat hot corrosion. This has not been previously reported in the literature and it is crucial to the use of composite powder mixture for enhancing the properties of brazed superalloys.INTRODUCTION Superalloys have been developed in response to the increasing demand for materials with higher resistance to corrosion and creep and also with higher mechanical strength at higher temperatures (Smith, 1981). Ni-base superalloys are predominantly used in manufacturing hot sections of gas turbine engine components. This is due to their high strength and corrosion resistance in extremely high temperature service environments which is typical for hot sections of gas turbine engines (Miglietti, 2009). The continuous demand for higher efficiency and output has resulted in the use of higher operating temperatures and gas pressure in modern gas turbine engines (Jahnke & Demny, 1983). Consequently, this has caused thermal and mechanical stresses which result in severe degradation and damage of gas turbine engine components due to creep, fatigue and hot corrosion (Zhang, Feng, & He, 2006). The decision to replace or repair damaged parts depends on the overall repair cost and expected life of the repaired components (Jahnke & Demny, 1983). However, in most cases, it is more cost effective to repair damaged parts rather than use a full replacement."

Jan 1, 2017

By A. Hynes, T. Skulski, D. Francis

The Archean volcano-sedimentary succession in the LG-3 area has undergone two phases of deformation and has been metamorphosed to upper greenschist and amphibolite facies. Marine, fine-grained sediments and mafic pyroclastics comprise the lowest observed stratigraphic unit. These sediments are overlain by a thick sequence of submarine basalts and minor basaltic andesite. The lavas are characterized by high Al/Al+Si, Ti values, low Mg numbers and flat REE profiles (lOx chondrite). A sedimentary prism of coarse elastics which was deposited close to an exposed plutonic highland, overlie the volcanics. Massive lavas of basaltic andesi te and associated volcano-sediments comprise the uppermost stratigraphic unit. These lavas are characterized by high Mg numbers, Ni, Cr, LREE (lOOx chondrite) but low Ti, Al/Al+Si and HRee. The supracrustal rocks were intruded by tonalites and tonalitic gneisses.

Jan 1, 1984

By D. H. Stonehouse

"ALTHOUGH final statistics are not yet available concerning Nova Scotia' s mineral production for 1958, it is estimated that the value will be slightly lower than that of 1957. In making this statement it is but fair to say that one year ago a reduction in mineral value was also forecast (for 1957 as compared with 1956) and final figures from the Dominion Bureau of Statistics ($68,058,743) indicated, instead, an increase of $2,000,000 over 1956. However, 1958 did bring problems to the industry which would indicate a drop in production value. The estimates figure for 1958 is $64,000,000. COAL Coal production came from 28 mines, 5 less than were operating since 1957. There were 5,269,896 tons of coal produced by 1,978,512 man-days' labour, for a tons per man-shift of 2.66 (0.05 higher than during 1957) or an increase of 1.9 per cent over the 1957 all-time high for this Province. This record has been established as a result of concentrated efforts to mechanize the coal mines of the Province, and it is hoped that it will be bettered during 1959. Collieries which showed some production for 1957 and none for 1958 were the McGregor at Stellarton, the Franklin at Sydney Mines, the MacLellan, the Rose bank No. 2 and the Rose bank No. 3 at Inverness."

Jan 1, 1959

By W. S. (Steve) Vaughan

The Origins of Joint Ventures in Canada?s Mining Industry ? Among the most important financing structures used in our mineral industry today ? Virtually unheard of in the Canadian industry prior to the 1970s ? Borrowed from the U.S. oil and gas sector where it came into prominence in the late 1930s ? The Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934 in effect killed the sale of (equity) shares for financing oil and gas wells and start up mining companies

May 1, 2013

By Dennis E. Bell

"This paper describes exploration and development to 1982 in the southern half of the northeastern British Columbia (Peace River or Northeast Block) inner foothills metallurgical coal belt. Gates Formation, Fort St. John Group, is the primary target; Gething Formation, Bullhead Group, is secondary. This part of the belt remains wilderness when compared to its other parts. Practical formational and structural mapping is described. A local problem known as the Secus Mountain or Mount Belcourt conglomerates is discussed. The three major explorers have been Denison Mines, PetroCanada, and Crows Nest Resources, all with partners. Initial mine construction and rail spur construction are continuing. The new town of Tumbler Ridge is being built. Introduction This paper describes exploration and development to 1982 in the southern half of the northeast British Columbia metallurgical coal belt. The area (Fig. 1) trends 120 km northwest from the Alberta border to the Wolverine River and Bullmoose Creek. The belt averages 15 km in width, and is 20 km at its widest. Physiographically, the area is dominated by rugged inner foothills, with relief to 1,500 m. The trend of the structures is transected by a dozen rivers flowing southwest to northeast away from the Continental Divide. The Rockies, lying immediately to the west, control the climate. One fact continues to colour all coal work in the area. When compared to the other parts of the western Canadian foothills and Rockies coking belt, it remains the least accessible and least mapped portion. Lack of access also makes all work expensive. Current activity centres about two mines in construction at the northwestern end of the area. Denison Mines and partners are developing their Quintette project, and Teck Corporation and partners are developing their Bullmoose project. PetroCanada and partners have intensively explored their Monkman-Duke Mounta,in project, but mine construction awaits better economic times. The rest of the area remains lightly explored, with the exception of some intensive work on particular structures by Denison and Petro-Canada. The focus of coal work has been metallurgical bituminous coal seams contained primarily in the Gates Formation (Fig. 2) and secondarily in the Gething Formation. These formations are found in generally en-echelon structures ranging to several kilometres in width."

Jan 1, 1985

"IntroductionIn the 1970s, environmental concerns and associated liabilities were a new and unknown aspect of corporate risk. Today, social concerns and the associated conflicts that they can generate constitute a rapidly expanding aspect of risk. Although not a new phenomena — the Bougainville copper mine was forced into closure in 1988 — social risk has emerged as considerably more important, and increasingly visible, in the last few years. Social risk is now an aspect of all mining activities which needs to be calculated into project assessments, and to be managed throughout the life of a project. While social risk has a number of aspects at the corporate level, such as company image and shareholder relations, at the level of the individual project, its primary component is social acceptability, and the principal tool for managing it is the Social Licence to Operate.Social Risk in Latin AmericaThroughout Latin America there are newly modernized mineral codes and economic systems introduced over the last ten years which, together with new environmental legislation, look very much like regulations in developed countries. To the corporations, the existence of these instruments means that the risks from the environmental issues associated with the project are known; they are legislated, defined, quantifiable and hence manageable.It seems ironic that, just when comprehensive regulations for the environmental management of mining have been put in place throughout Latin America, there arise an increasing number of challenges to mining activities. For, in spite of the apparent guarantees provided by these new legislative reforms, communities in Latin America today are more frequently standing up and taking exception to the presence of mining companies, or the ways in which the companies are conducting themselves. The viability of projects becomes threatened because they are considered socially unacceptable, a phenomenon that we describe as social risk. These challenges are less about opposing mining activities than many people would think. Rather, they are based on an increasing desire on the part of the local population to have some measure of control over their own future, and to participate in the development process from the earliest stages."

Jan 1, 2000

By P. C. Santos-Munguía, F. Nava-Alonso, O. Alonso-González

"The gold recovery of a Mexican cyanidation plant, in Sonora, has been decreasing due to the increasing presence of gold tellurides. This work presents the results of different processes aimed to recover the remaining gold from the cyanidation tailings of the operation. The cyanidation in the mine is performed at 0.1 g/L NaCN and pH = 10.3, adjusted with lime. The treatments studied in the laboratory with these tailings were: cyanidation at higher cyanide concentration than that used in the plant, cyanidation with oxygen injection, cyanidation with oxygen and lead nitrate addition, and thiourea leaching. The results obtained with each of these treatments are presented and discussed with the final objective of proposing a method to recover the gold associated with tellurium.INTRODUCTION It has been demonstrated that gold telluride is refractory to the conventional cyanidation process and, for this reason, some alternative methods to recover precious metals from tellurides have been proposed. (Zhang et al., 2010). These include cyanidation with modified conditions or the use of non-cyanide leaching agents. This work presents the gold leaching results of tests performed with a sample of cyanidation tailings obtained from a Mexican deposit containing telluride species. The mine exploits a mesothermal deposit with a molar Te/Au ratio of 1, containing also lead, molybdenum, bismuth and tungsten. Gold is recovered from the ore by standard cyanidation, however, lately the gold recovery has decreased, likely due to the tellurium content of the ore. The sample used in this work was the cyanidation tailings of this deposit. It was treated in the plant by cyanide heap leaching (0.1 g/L NaCN, pH = 10.3 adjusted with lime). Some gold remained after the cyanidation and it was thought that this gold was associated with tellurium. The objective of this work was the recovery of the remaining gold from the tailings by an alternative process."

Jan 1, 2017

By J. Y. Kim

This paper presents a novel action recognition method for observing human workers using interactions between actions and related objects on an internal construction site. This method can be used to measure work rates for labour productivity monitoring. This monitoring is critical because the performance of a construction project is significantly impacted by labour productivity. However, construction sites are generally crowded with a large number of workers and objects. Such congestion disrupts the accurate, automatic recognition of construction workers? actions. This congestion is one reason that existing automatic action recognition studies of construction areas mainly focus on workers? actions themselves. However, the crowded conditions mean that sites could offer a great deal of clues that could be used for automatic action recognition. According to psychological studies, interactions clearly take place between human actions and related objects, such as between hammering and a hammer. Humans use these interactions to recognize actions or objects more accurately. On the construction site, workers, materials, tools, and equipment are carefully planned out ahead of actual construction. The categories of workers and objects are pre-defined and, as noted, specific interactions define relations between worker actions and objects. In this paper, the interactions are limited to human workers and their hand-held objects. Action recognition results can be combined with hand-held object information to improve recognition accuracy. With the limited interactions, experiments in this paper show a significant improvement in action recognition. This paper describes the utilization of these interactions to improve construction action recognition accuracy based on human skeleton data and 2D color video from Microsoft KINECT sensor.

Aug 1, 2013

By J. A. Vonhof, R. O. van Everdingen

Since 1949, a total of 59 disposal wells have been installed in Canada to inject liquid wastes from refineries, mining operations and chemical plants into subsurface formations at an ever-increasing rate. Well depths range from around 600 feet to almost 5,500 feet; injection rates range from 0.5 (U.S.) gpm to more than 1,000 gpm for individual wells; wellhead injection pressures range from a slight vacuum to over 500 psi. Apart from strictly technical considerations of well design, the geological, hydrodynamic and hydrochemical conditions at the disposal site have a strong bearing on the safety and success of such operations. Prevailing hydrogeological conditions in large portions of the country do not allow safe subsurface disposal.

Jan 1, 1973

By J. M. Ríos

"Without conscious effort and understanding, a number of factors unique to mineral exploration often hinder building sustainability in host communities. These include the episodic and transitory presence of an exploration team in the community and the inherent uncertainty of outcomes— most projects fail from an exploration perspective. Experience in rural communities across Mesoamerica, however, has shown that it is possible to go beyond pragmatic philanthropy and infrastructure improvements to promote positive, sustainable outcomes in communities. Examples are provided of lessons learned and proven practices that improve quality of life and support a strong social license to operate.RÉSUMÉ Sans une compréhension et un effort réfléchis, de nombreux facteurs uniques à l’exploration minérale nuisent souvent à l’établissement d’un développement durable dans les communautés d’accueil. Ces facteurs comprennent la présence épisodique et transitoire d’une équipe d’exploration dans la communauté et l’incertitude inhérente des résultats – la plupart des projets échouent après l’étape de l’exploration. L’expérience dans les communautés rurales à travers la Méso-Amérique a toutefois démontré qu’il est possible de dépasser la philanthropie pragmatique et les améliorations des infrastructures pour promouvoir des résultats positifs et durables dans les communautés. Des exemples qui améliorent la qualité de vie et soutiennent un solide permis social d’exploitation sont présentés; ils sont tirés de leçons apprises et de pratiques éprouvées."

Jan 1, 2015

By G. Granata, C. Tokoro, M. Matsuoka, K. Horiuchi

"Given the high demand of copper and the lack of new high-grade deposits, low grade copper ores containing copper oxides and refractory sulfides need to be processed as well. However, in order to recover copper from refractory copper ores, the leaching performances should be improved. In this study, we investigated the effect of the mechanical activation in the leaching of copper from covellite. The influence of a mechanical treatment by planetary ball milling on leaching rate in sulfuric leaching media was evaluated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), mineral liberation analysis (MLA) and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS). Results showed a significant increase in copper leaching from around 50%up to 100% along with an improvement of the leaching kinetics when using planetary ball milling. XRD spectra showed the disappearance of the covellite peak from (101) face, thus suggesting the amorphization of covellite associated with the use of planetary ball milling. XAFS results showed that the coordination number of Cu changed from 6 to 3, thereby confirming the effectiveness of the mechanochemical effect.INTRODUCTIONDuring the last decades, while the copper grade in copper ores has been decreasing, the concentration of impurities such as arsenic tends to increase, thus requiring for the processing of low grade copper ores. For a suitable processing of copper minerals, hydrometallurgical processes are preferable due to the lower costs, the lower environmental impact and the easier implementation (Watling, 2006). However, for an economical recovery of copper, the leaching performances must be improved.Among the recent advancements in leaching technologies, the mechanochemical activation allows for an improvement of the leaching performances by means of high-intensity grinding(Mohammadabad et al., 2016). In the first place, the improvement is the result of the dramatic decrease of particle size, which results in an increase of the mineral surface area and the consequent enhancement of leaching kinetics. Furthermore, the intense mechanical stress due to the high-intensity grinding could induce the rupture of the crystal structure producing a decrease of crystallinity. Such changes of the mineralogical structure, also known as mechanochemical effect, can lead to more leachable mineral, thereby resulting in a greater dissolution of copper. Last but not least, whereas the mineral surface might undergo passivation during leaching, the high-intensity grinding can continuously refresh the surface of the mineral, thus exposing portions of unleached bulk mineral."

Jan 1, 2017

While this paper is directed towards the ?Bellambie? type of rope attachment, the principles can be applied to any brand of rope fitting however, it is a only a broad outline and the specific installation and maintenance procedures can be obtained from the attachment supplier. The types of attachment to be discussed are:- ?Thimble Type rope cappel ?Wedge Type cappel ?WRC Rope Clamp ? (Rope Glands) ??Hoist and Balance Rope Sockets In each case, the assembly and stripping (disassembly) plus the basic maintenance procedures is briefly described. A guide for Risk Assessment is also included but because of his familiarity with the installation, the end-user is in the best position to draft the final version.

May 1, 2003

By B. Drew, K. Budna, C. Wenzl, D. Gregurek, A. Spanring

"The metallurgy of nickel and cobalt and of copper is closely interlinked when processing sulfidic Ni-Co ores and Cu-Co ores. The respective furnaces are typically lined with magnesia-chromite refractories, which are exposed to multiple and complex stresses. The selection of the processing route, furnace type and slag system will be dictated by the specific ore type available, this will determine the individual refractory wear mode. This paper evaluates the common refractory wear mechanisms, namely infiltration, spalling and chemical attack by various slag systems, as well as sulfur attack, as observed when processing primary sulfidic ores. All these wear parameters, which are discussed in this paper, lead to a severe degeneration of the brick microstructure and a decreased lining life. Therefore, a detailed investigation and understanding of the wear mechanisms through “post mortem studies” is an important prerequisite for the refractory producer. Based on such research results, combined with specific process knowledge, appropriate brick lining solutions for nickel and cobalt processing furnaces can be recommended.INTRODUCTION The metallurgical production of cobalt and nickel and of copper is closely interlinked to the mineralogy of the respective ores: cobalt is found in African Cu-Co ores as well as in Co-rich nickel ores (laterites and sulfides). Also, Co-bearing secondary raw materials contain the mentioned elements in different contents. In pyrometallurgical processing of sulfidic ores, cobalt is generally recovered as a by-product during the production of copper and nickel, whereas it is normally not recovered separately during the processing of nickel laterites but remains in the FeNi product. Besides various hydrometallurgical production routes, the pyrometallurgical processes involved comprise smelting (i.e., production of a Cu-Ni-Co-Fe matte in electric or flash furnaces), converting and refining (i.e. removal of Fe and S as well as other elements from matte by oxidation). The ongoing trend to use higher oxygen enrichment in process air enables higher intensity processes but also increases the oxidation potential in the vessel. Therefore, during smelting and especially during the oxidative treatment in converting and refining, some amounts of valuable metals are also transferred to the slag in their oxides form. A subsequent slag treatment is then applied for recovering valuable metals from the slag, namely allowing an economic material stream handling and minimizing metal losses. This is often done in a slag reduction furnace. Additionally, copper and nickel are very good collectors for precious metals and platinum group metals (PGMs) - therefore, depending on the content of these metals, an additional refining process is used to recover these valuable metals from the matte or metal phase (Elvers et al., 1997; Davenport et al., 2002; Crundwell et al., 2011)."

Jan 1, 2017