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By Oliver Hall

This paper sketches the mining at Noranda as it would be sketched to a visiting engineer. It does not follow quite the usual form, but is presented somewhat along the lines of a conversation. TO give the mining at Noranda its proper perspective, it is necessary to sketch the whole picture and outline: 1. History 2. Metallurgical Problems 3. Exploration 4. Mining Methods 5. Mining Details 6. Filling 7. Pillar Extraction 8. Costs HISTORY Noranda is a relatively young enterprise, with much of the personal character of its founders woven into it. The name Noranda is an abbreviation of Northern Canada and the name has been a happy one for an enterprise based on northern resources, tenacity and courage. The discovery credit goes to Ed. H. Horne. This intrepid prospector returned again and again to his sulphide discoveries on the shores of Osisko lake and, in 1922, after ten years of prospecting, succeeded in interesting S. C. Thomson and H. W. Chadbourne in his discoveries. The early exploration by L. K. Fletcher, from 1922 to 1925, for Thomson and Chadbourne, indicated promising, but somewhat perplexing, ore conditions. Mr. E. Hibbert and Mr. H. L. Roscoe rook on the task of preparing the mine for production and building a smelter in 1926, and this difficult task in this isolated area made steady progress and the smelter was blown-in in December, 1927.

Jan 1, 1937

By H. Aaltonen, T. G. Robinson, M. Morimitsu

"The energy required to plate pure zinc can be the most significant operating cost for an operator in the production of electrolytic zinc. This paper reports on developments on low energy Outotec coated titanium anode process technology with fully amorphous coatings, MSA®, and its application to brownfield zinc electrowinning operations around the world. This technology aims to reduce the operating cost and increase productivity for zinc producers.INTRODUCTIONZinc electrowinning is an energy-intensive process using more than 3,000 kWh/t of electric energy [1-4], and the reduction of the energy consumption is one of the key issues. The high energy consumption is due to a high cell voltage during electrolysis, which is mainly caused by a high overpotential of oxygen evolution reaction on lead alloy anodes which have been widely used in commercial zinc electrowinning processes. The overpotential of oxygen evolution is 0.6 V or more and which is approximately 4 times higher on average than that of the cathodic reaction (zinc deposition) [3,4]. Therefore, the reduction of oxygen overpotential is significant to reduce the electric energy consumption, and this will become more significant with increasing demand in metal production and rising energy costs.Oxide coated titanium anodes have been widely investigated for the oxygen evolution anodes in order to replace the lead alloy anodes [5-9], because it is known that the oxygen overpotential strongly depends on the material and structure of the anode. The most typical example of such anodes is an IrO2-Ta2O5 coated titanium anode, which is usually prepared at thermal decomposition of a precursor solution containing metal salts at 450 oC or more and obtained mixed oxide coating consists of crystalline IrO2 and amorphous Ta2O5. On the other hand, one of the authors of this paper, Professor Morimitsu, Doshisha University in Japan, has developed a novel oxide coated titanium anode, MSA® [10-25]. The most specialized point of MSA® is that the catalytic coatings are prepared at low thermal decomposition temperature and amorphous IrO2 or RuO2 is contained as the components in the coatings. Such amorphous coatings have high catalytic activity for oxygen evolution compared to lead alloy or crystalline coatings. Outotec acquired the international specialized MSA® patent licensing rights from Doshisha University and has produced and commercialized the amorphous oxide coated titanium anodes. These anodes have already been utilized mainly in copper electrowinning plants worldwide and have demonstrated a significant voltage reduction, a cost-efficiency, and a long lifetime. This novel technology is also effective to zinc electrowinning process, thus this paper presents the characterization and performance of amorphous IrO2-Ta2O5 coated titanium anodes and amorphous RuO2-Ta2O5 coated titanium anodes for oxygen evolution in zinc electrowinning."

Jan 1, 2016

By A. L. Karyakin

The report focuses on the process measurements of the mass of rock in the bucket power shovels and dragline excavators. The mathematical models are suggested of AC and DC electric drives of excavators. These models are a basis for calculation methods of the electric drive electromagnetic torque. The design schemes of mechanical equipment of excavators considered to account the situation of bucket in the plane of the boom. The methods of static moment allocation and identification of the excavator technological operations are developed. The results of the work are experimentally tested on power shovels with bucket capacity of 12 and 18 m3.

Aug 1, 2013

By Sunil S. Gandhi

Magmatic-hydrothermal deposits rich in magnetite and/or hematite form a broad group that includes monometallic Fe deposits and polymetallic (mainly Cu and Au) deposits. They show a considerable variation in deposit characteristics, but share the genetic processes of magmatic differentiation and related hydrothermal activity in intermediate to felsic melts, and in some cases involve brines and/or meteoric waters during mineralization. They include several world-class deposits. They range in age from Proterozoic to Recent, and form important metallogenic districts in Scandinavian, Canadian, Brazilian and Australian Shields, Circum-Pacific regions, and in China, Iran and Turkey. Monometallic deposits have been important sources of iron in the past and still contain significant resources of the metal, e.g., the Kiirunavaara deposit in Sweden. The giant Olympic Dam Cu-Au-Ag-U-REE deposit was discovered in 1975, and since then explorationists have focussed on search for analogues worldwide. This has brought to light a number of economically important new deposits and prospects, including examples in Canada. The discoveries have in turn prompted considerable research on individual deposits and the group as a whole. This short paper is an attempt to summarize the main aspects of the group from the literature cited in Gandhi and Bell (1996), and from the papers published recently in two milestone volumes on these deposits, edited by Porter (2000 and 2002).

May 1, 2003

By M. Lindgren, M. Latva-Kokko

Process performance can be significantly influenced by proper design of hydrometallurgical reactors. Optimal reactor configuration is case specific and depends on process requirements such as reaction rate limiting factor and particle size distribution. Choice of materials and manufacturing methods also play important roles in highly corrosive and abrasive environment often involved in hydrometallurgical industry. In this paper performance of different reactor designs has been compared in some typical hydrometallurgical applications. Results show that significant improvement in energy consumption, gas utilization efficiency and equipment lifetime can be achieved with process specific reactor design.

Jan 1, 2014

By D. F. Kidd

Introduction In a companion article, Surveys at Great Bear Lake, 1931, R. C. McDonald has described the general character, topography, and climate of the Great Bear Lake-Coppermine River area and the main means of access (l). The present paper will largely be confined to the geological features of the district. In the last two years, the rocks of the region have received considerable attention, and papers including references to .the geological succession have been written by Knight(2), Duncan(3), Norris( 4), Reid(5), Cameron(6),and Kidd(7). The writer confined his field-work during the 1931 season to the district between LaBine point and Hunter bay and northwest to the head of McTavish arm. Brief trips were made down the Sloan river from McLaren lake, 25 miles northeast of Hunter bay, to that place, to Dowdell (Sixty-six) point, the south point of Echo bay, and to the region north of the Dismal lakes and west of the Coppermine river. The inner part of Echo bay, which is the area discussed by Reid and Cameron, has not been seen by the writer and the geology there will not be discussed.

Jan 1, 1932

By M. Rafieazad, P. Fathi, M. Mohammadi, A. M. Nasiri

This study examines the impact of low-temperature heat-treatment cycles on microstructure and corrosion performance of Direct Metal Laser Sintered (DMLS) AlSi10Mg_200C alloy. It is known that the morphology and the size of eutectic silicon are the two most critical factors affecting mechanical properties of the AlSi10Mg alloy. Although high-temperature heat-treatment cycles are common practice for the strengthening of the cast Al-Si-Mg alloys, in the case of DMLS fabricated AlSi10Mg alloy, high-temperature solutionizing and low temperature annealing cycles result in mechanical properties degradation primarily due to a dramatic decrease in the solubility of Si in the super-saturated a-Al matrix of the as-printed alloy. In this study, low-temperature heat-treatment cycles that only promote precipitation of Mg2Si accompanied by the interruption of the silicon network were investigated. SEM and XRD analysis were utilized to observe the evolution of microstructure after different annealing heat-treatments at 200, 250, 300, and 350°C for 3 h. Increasing the heat-treatment temperature contributed to the Si networks interruption and an increased precipitation of Mg2Si phase. Low-temperature annealing from 200 to 350°C was found to promote the homogeneity of the microstructure characterized by a uniform distribution of eutectic Si in ??-Al matrix. Additionally, in order to investigate the impact of different heat-treatment cycles on corrosion resistivity of DMLS-AlSi10Mg_200C, the potentiodynamic polarization testing and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were performed in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The results revealed more uniformly distributed pitting attack on the corroded surface by further increase in the annealing temperature, which was attributed to the uniformity of Si dispersion. In comparison, low temperature annealing at 200°C led to a penetrating selective corrosion attack along the melt pool boundaries, resulting in a higher corrosion rate associated with the lower absolute value of impedance of the protective passive film on the surface.

Jan 1, 2018

By Peter A. Hacquebard

"The coals of the Sydney and Pictou coalfields are generally classed as high volatile ""A "" and medium volatile bituminous coals but there are significant differences within and even beyond this rank. These are related to the observation that the coalification in eastern Canada is essentially post-deformational, resulting in a general increase of rank with depth in individual seams.Exploration drilling in the Sydney coalfield has shown that the rank increases offshore to M. V. bituminous at mineable depths and in the Pictou field to L. V. bituminous coal. There is also a marked easterly shift in rank within one seam at the same depth at Sydney, with the result that M. V. coal will be reached sooner in the Donkin Reserve area (at 700 m depth) than in the Lingan-No , 26 Reserve area (at 900 m depth). These rank changes are important for the manufacturing of metallurgical coke as shown with coke stability predictions based on petrographic analyses. The L. V. coal of the Pictou field can be used for blending purposes and is the only known L. V. deposit of mineable thickness in eastern Canada.In addition, the vertical rank changes between seams have been studied in ten boreholes. They are not constant within the confines of the Sydney coalfield. Four separate areas can be recognized, each with different coalification gradients, which can be related to changes in the paleogeothermal gradients . Variations of 2.5 degrees to 6. 7 degrees CI IOO m are indicated and geological causes for these changes are suggested.IntroductionThe Sydney coalfield is the largest and most important field in eastern Can ad a, and although it has been in production some 200 years, the remaining ""demonstrated "" resources of 1.6 billion metric tons can extend its production capability for at least another 100 years. All coals mined are high volatile "" A"" bituminous and have been used for both thermal and metallurgical purposes. For the latter rank variations even of a minor scale are of critical importance for the manufacturing of metallurgical coke.The significance at the present time of the Pictou coalfield, which has only modest remaining "" demonstrated"" resources of 60 million metric ton s, lies in the discovery in 1975 of a 14-million-ton deposit of low volatile bituminous coal. It is the only known low-volatile coal in eastern Canada and is suitable for use as a blend for metallurgical coal. As such, it could supply the Sydney coke ovens for a period of 30 years at the current rate o f coke production and replace imported American low volatile coal.Consequently, coal rank studies of the Sydney and Pictou fields are important not only from a geological point of view, but also because of economic considerations."

Jan 1, 1984

By A. Luckita, A. Samtani, R. Barus, J. R. Donald, J. Syarifuddin

In conventional Rotary Kiln-Electric Furnace (RK-EF) laterite nickel processing, management of dust continues to be problematic. A more efficient processing of dust represents an opportunity for energy efficiency, increased production, and productivity. PT International Nickel Indonesia (PTI), together with Vale Base Metals Technology Development (VBMTD), has successfully developed and implemented a novel flowsheet enhancement that capitalizes on these opportunities. In the novel flowsheet, the dust recycle stream is moved forward in the RK-EF laterite nickel smelting process. The dust is injected into the kiln's main burner, as opposed to being recycled to the dryers. A similar treatment of dust is commonly practiced in the cement industry; however, application to nickel smelters has not been fully developed to date. This paper describes this dust insufflation technology, the process through which it was developed for laterite nickel processing, and summarizes the lessons learned. A key conclusion is that successful new technology development requires a multi-disciplinary team involving members from research and development, study management, engineering consulting firms, project implementation management, process technology and operations.

Jan 1, 2011

By M. S. Badollet

"IntroductionAsbestos as received by the manufacturer of asbestos products is •in the •form of either crudes or milled fibres processed to different degrees of texture. Frequently, the manufacturer finds that l:ihe fibres as he buys them are not adaptable to his plant processes, and, therefore, it is necessary for him either to contact the mine supplying the material and request a specific texture for the :fibre or to reprocess the fibre in his own plant.When the mine or mill manager is requested to change his milling equipment to produce a special grade of fibre with a specific texture, he would like to comply. However, if he began to make special fibre grades for each customer, he would be in the position of constantly rearranging his milling technique, adding more equipment, or building a new mill. In the end, his mill would he producing hundreds of different fibre grades of varying degrees of texture, which is a difficult accomplishment if he desires to maintain any quantity of production."

Jan 1, 1950

By J. Defreyne

CESL has developed a proprietary hydrometallurgical process for base metal concentrates, notably those of copper and nickel. The process is based on pressure oxidation (PO) of the sulphide minerals, which is done at elevated temperatures in mixed sulphate-chloride liquor at about pH 2 ? 3. The process achieves maximum oxidation of the metals whilst minimizing sulphur oxidation to sulphate. Almost all base metal sulphide minerals are efficiently treated under these conditions. In the case of copper minerals, pressure oxidation does not generally put the copper into solution, because of the relatively high pH prevailing in this process. Therefore, PO is followed by an acidic leaching stage, which specifically aims at maximum copper dissolution with minimal leaching of iron. The overall copper recovery is largely determined by the efficiency of this stage. The process has low capital and operating costs, partly because there is minimal use of acid or neutralizing agents for iron dissolution or precipitation, respectively; this is achieved by minimizing iron leaching during both the oxidation and leaching stages. Iron sulphides in the feed concentrate deport almost entirely to the solid leach residue as hematite, which has superior handling characteristics for filtering and washing. Iron minerals play a key role in the process, with pyrrhotite and pyrite having very different responses to the oxidation process. Acid management for the whole process is affected by the iron mineralogy, and the flowsheet is therefore tuned to the specific concentrate.

Jan 1, 2006

By S M. Roscoe

Relationships of Noranda sulphide deposits to volcanic rocks are reviewed and chemical variations within the volcanic sequence are described. The assemblages of minor elements in the pyrites and pyrrhotites of the Noranda and l\llatagami deposits are similar and are characterized by a high content of cobalt, tin and other elements. Isotopic compositions of lead, other geochronological data and stratigraphically disposed zonal distributions of sulphides and minor elements indicate that the deposits were formed prior to folding and metamorphism. Lead isotope data indicate that the Matagami deposits, and several others, were probably formed about 2.95 x 109 years ago and that the Noranda deposits may be about 50 million years younger. The volcanic sequence at Noranda is younger than the thick sequences bordering it on the east and on the west. The relationships are consistent with the hypothesis that these strata-bound sul1>hide de-posits are coeval with their associated volcanic rocks. T HE writer has been engaged in a metallogenic study of the region between Sault Ste. Marie and Chibougamau. An essential objective of this study is the classification of mineral deposits with regard to their composition, form, geological

Jan 1, 1965

By Shantanu Patel, C. Derek Martin

"The objective of this work is to develop a practical numerical approach for applying the confining pressure to discrete element cylindrical triaxial tests. A layer of membrane particles with very low stiffness and extremely high contact bond strength was created around the lateral boundary of the cylindrical numerical specimen. To prevent the membrane particles from penetrating into the rock specimen on application of confining forces and to provide a smooth boundary surface, the space between the membrane and rock particles was filled using small-diameter packing particles. The results of this method were compared with those of rigid boundary method with confining pressure of 20MPa. The results obtained show that new approach gives both peak strength and post peak response that are in closer agreement with laboratory findings. BACKGROUNDThe discrete element method (DEM) has become the cornerstone for simulating both intact material and discrete fractures for low porosity strong rocks (ISRM Classes R3 to R6). Despite the advances in its application, simulating realistic behaviour of intact rock using the DEM remains a challenge. The bonded particle model was introduced as a potential solution for simulating the complex mineral grains in strong rock and other granular materials (Potyondy and Cundall, 2004; Utili and Nova, 2008; Salot et al., 2009). While some issues were resolved, a remaining challenge is the lack of the bonded particle model to simulate the brittle response commonly observed in strong rocks during the triaxial compressive test. Such behaviour is shown in Fig. 1 for Lac du Bonnet Granite at a confining pressure of 20MPa."

Jan 1, 2015

By Duanyou Li, Qing Xiao, Zhiwang Wang, Xiaoqing Gan

"Seepage is a major cause of earth-rockfill dam failure. Numerical simulation of infiltration process, distribution of drift, flow velocity and direction after the impoundment can guide seepage control and evaluate its effects. A double field coupling model is established based on soil consolidation theory and the interaction between the seepage field and the temperature field. The simulation is implemented under the situation of core wall setted, core wall not setted, and core wall setted with concentrated leakage. The results indicated that the saturation line height was significantly reduced due to impervious core wall, and the temperature distribution is uniform above the saturation line. If concentrated leakage occurs, temperature distribution of dam was significantly changed, which is consistent with theoretical inference.INTRODUCTIONEngineering seepage field distribution must be calculated in seepage control design, optimization, and correction of new engineering construction of earth dams, as well as in seepage monitoring and evaluation of existing earth-rockfill dams. The aim of calculation is to identify the important parameters in seepage field, such as the coefficient of permeability, seepage flow, pressure, head, and allowable seepage slope, for effectively implementing seepage control design, correction, safety assessment, and anti-seepage reinforcement. These seepage parameters usually can be obtained by in-situ test and back-analysis based on reliable monitoring data.In order to obtain reliable monitoring data and reflect the earth-rockfill dam seepage state and change process, appropriate monitoring technology and monitoring method is necessary. The traditional seepage monitoring method is through site inspection and sensors (e.g., osmometer, piezometric tube and measuring weir) that buried in the structure and its foundation. However, there are still some disadvantages:"

Jan 1, 2015

By J. F. Boux

"The study of the total utilization of fly ash has involved all of the known technology in the processing of this waste material into useful products. In addition, a complete knowledge of all the possible uses of fly ash and its products in the market area was probably the most important factor in evaluating the theory and practical feasibility of the total utilization of fly ash from a single large supplyLaboratory tests carried out on the separation of fly ash into different fractions were shown to improve its value and utilization. Four main fractions were studied: a fine pozzolanic low-carbon fraction; a coarse fraction for light-weight aggregate production by pelletizing and sintering; a high-iron fraction; and a carbon-rich fraction. The term ""beneficiation"" here refers to a process of separating fly ash into more useful components.Laboratory and pilot sinter strand tests were employed to optimize the sintering capability and the quality of the heat-hardened pellets through a study of the agglomeration cycle in four principal heat zones, under controlled conditions of air flow, temperature and atmosphere, and including the controlled sizing of pellets.The suitability of the heat-hardened pellets as light-weight aggregate was evaluated in test batches of concrete, which were compared with concrete containing commercial lightweight aggregate of established quality.A study of beneficiated fly ash pozzolan as a partial cementitious binder component in normal and high-temperature cured concrete was reported in a paper at the re-cent Second International Fly Ash Symposium.Samples of raw and beneficiated Lakeview ash were compared with samples of other established high-quality fly ash pozzolans. The evaluation indicated the usefulness of beneficiated Lakeview ash as a pozzolan. Economic studies indicated that to accomplish the primary objective of total utilization of any single source of fly ash (in this case. fly ash from the Lakeview Generating Station, producing approximately 400,000 tons per year), a broad knowledge of the technology of various mineral processes was essential.The design of the fly ash processing plant had to be based on the disposal of all the raw fly ash produced by the generating station. This is contrary to the normal design of a processing plant in which raw materials are supplied and produced according to product demand. The design, therefore, had to be of such flexibility as to pro-duce as wide a variety of products as possible, and the ability to market them had to be well researched and understood."

Jan 1, 1970

By T. Banerjee, Y. Dumais, R. Lemire

"Agnico Eagle LaRonde produces over 300,000 ounces of gold annually, along with silver, zinc and copper by-products. The LaRonde plant consists of a conventional SAG and Ball mill circuit, followed by flotation. Load management is imperative for maintaining stability in grind size and ensuring consistency of the flotation feed. In flotation, the mass pull profiles of the cells and reagent dosage rates need to be managed to maximize recovery, while maintaining product quality. This is achieved by controlling the air, level and reagent addition set-points across the circuit. However, disturbances such as feed size distribution, ore hardness and mineralogy make it challenging to maintain efficient control using traditional control techniques. LaRonde therefore worked to develop a progressive control strategy, targeting stability and optimization. This started with a year-long instrumentation upgrade campaign, focusing on optimizing the performance and reliability of plant-wide instrumentation. The process was then optimized, leveraging AwaRE advanced controllers running in closed loop with PARC modules embedded within the PLC. The installation of 8 PFC cameras in flotation changed the flotation operation from a level and air control based strategy, to one that controls mass pull. This new control philosophy has allowed the plant to effectively manage mill load, improving grind size and providing increased throughput with better flotation performance.INTRODUCTION Background Since 2015, Agnico Eagle LaRonde has been conducting an optimization campaign to maximise the performance of plant assets leveraging instrumentation and control. The grinding and copper flotation circuits were identified as the areas having the greatest opportunities and value proposition for advanced control. A disciplined approach was followed to design and implement a progressive control solution to achieve operational excellence."

Jan 1, 2018

By T. Beamish, I. Vasilev, T. Nikolov, E. Marinov, D. Kirilov, P. Barrios

In April 2005, Umicore Copper de-merged from Umicore Group and created a new independent Copper company called Cumerio. As a separate company, Cumerio is a major European copper smelter and refinery and a leading producer of copper products such as wire rod, billets, cakes and specialty rod with a total production capacity of copper products in excess of 500,000 tpy with production plants in Belgium, Italy and Bulgaria. The Pirdop Smelter is the only state-of the-art smelter in South East Europe and it makes Pirdop the natural hub for the copper industry in the region. In order to be competitive in the international market the main challenges facing Cumerio are to maintain its low cost structure and to achieve higher production volumes while reducing its impact to the environment and striving for continuous improvement of the production process. Cumerio's state-of-the-art smelting facility in Pirdop has recently increased the anode production capacity to 250,000 tpy by the installation of the third evaporative cooler on the converters section that allows operating with three-hot converters. In April 2007 a general shut-down for repair and modification on the Flash Smelting Furnace and Waste Heat Boiler is envisaged. At this time a revamp of one of the existing Sulphuric Acid Plants is planned, resulting in a further copper capacity increase to 275,000 tpy with modest Capex. In 2005 Cumerio received from the Bulgarian Ministry of Environment and Water the Complex Permit under the EU IPPC criteria. Accordingly an Environmental Compliance Program was defined targeting a large reduction in the secondary emissions. The system will be commissioned in May 2007. In order to better integrate the smelter and refinery in Pirdop and to respond to the growing demand for cathodes in the region, a new state-of-the-art Electrolytic Refinery with an installed capacity of 180,000 tpy will replace the existing refinery. The new refinery is expected to be fully operational as from early 2008. This paper describes the challenges and the projects.

Jan 1, 2007

By Long Han, A. V. Kalinin, Xiujian Luo, Xiaobo Wang, Xiaoou Xia

"Inertia vibration crusher is a kind of vibration equipment which crushes ore by vibration. When the inertia vibration crusher works, ore between the two moving jaws is subjected to the high frequency contact force, which is produced by the two moving jaws with high frequency synchronous reciprocating motion. The synchronous motion of the two moving jaws depends on the self-synchronous feature of the inertia vibration crusher. To study the self-synchronous feature of the equipment, the dynamic model was established, in which relative parameters were taken into consideration. The kinematic coupling relations of the assemblies are discussed, and appropriate calculation method is chosen to solve the vibrating differential equation. Whether the two vibration exciter can realize synchronous operation depends on the ability of the vibration system's capture moment. Results show that though the two rotors’ motors and damping coefficients are different, and two jaws’ damping and stiffness coefficients are also different, as angular velocities of the two unbalanced rotors reach a certain value, the vibrating system can be stable. Their angular velocities tend to be equal, and the swings of the two moving jaws can be the same. The horizontal vibration and swing of the frame are large in a few seconds after starting the machine. When the system runs stably, the horizontal vibration and swing vanish, and the vertical vibration is stable. The study and its results can provide reference for the optimization design and parameter setting of inertia vibration crusher and related vibratory equipments.INTRODUCTIONMaterials can be easily broken by using the inertia force of the vibration exciter, which can effectively realize the selective crushing, reducing excessive combinations and the energy consumption, as introduced by Zhang in 2005. The initial micro crack between crystals in the material increases and new cracks can be manufactured because of the high frequency impact and the extrusion of the vibration crusher, so vibration crushing equipment can make it possible for any high strength brittle material to be broken theoretically. Inertia cone crusher and inertia vibration crusher have been successfully used in the treatment of metallurgical slag and construction waste, and it verifies the efficiency of vibration crushing."

Jan 1, 2016

By Staff

This paper contains an outline of the history of the Sullivan mine, now owned and operated by the Consolidated Mining & Smelting Company of Canada, Ltd.; some account of the various methods by which the ore has been treated in efforts to solve the metallurgical problems which its complex character presents, and, finally, to give, as concisely as possible, an outline of the present mining and metallurgical practice along with a description of the mining and milling plant at Kimberley and the smelter and refineries at Trail, in British Columbia. EARLY HISTORY In May, 1892, Pat Sullivan, John Cleaver and Mike Holland left the Coeur d'Alene country, in the State of Idaho, to seek their fortunes in the Kootenay lake district in British Columbia. They were aided in their venture by James Cronin, afterwards locator and owner of the St. Eugene mine at Moyie. Two months later the party broke up, Sullivan and Cleaver crossing the mountains from Crawford bay on Kootenay lake to the head waters of the St. Mary's river, the course of which they followed down to Fort Steele. Here they found a good deal of excitement about the North Star mine, and, joined by "Ed." Smith, who was familiar with this part of the country, they determined to return and prospect in its vicinity.

Jan 1, 1924

By R. Drozd

"The Bui/moose Mine is in the northeast coal area of British Columbia, and less than $300 million was spent to bring this 2.3 million-tonnes-per-year metallurgical and thermal coal mine into production by November 1, 1983, one month ahead of schedule. The project is an unincorporated joint venture undertaking, with Teck-Bullmoose Coal Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Teck Corporation, holding 51%, Lornex Mining Corporation holding 39%, and Nissho-lwai (Canada) Ltd. holding 10%. Bullmoose Operating Corporation will be the manager and operator of the project. This paper will broadly cover the history and exploration work on the property, the geology, open-pit mining plans and equipment, the preparation plant flowsheet from breaker station to clean coal silo, the 35 km highway truck haul, the railroad loadout system, manpower requirements, approvals and permits, and general financial arrangements. Introduction The Bullmoose Mine Project is located about 87 km by road south of Chetwynd, B.C. and consists of an open-pit coal mine, a plant facility in the Bullmoose Creek valley below the mine, and a separate rail loadout facility on the British Columbia Railway Branchline near the new town of Tumbler Ridge some 35 km by road to the east. The plant will be capable of producing a total of 2.3 million tonnes per year (mty) of washed metallurgical and thermal coal. Long-term metallurgical coal contracts for high-quality, medium-volatile, bituminous coal have been signed with nine Japanese buyers for 1.7 mty, and the balance of0.6 mty will be for thermal coal production. Plant construction began in the spring of 1982, and in May 1983, preproduction waste and overburden removal in the mine was started. The plant began tuning up in October and was fully operational by December 1983. Metallurgical coal began moving to the coast in unit trains during November, and first vessel loading at the Ridley Island port began in late December 1983."

Jan 1, 1985