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By C. H. Curtis

The Esperanza mine of the Copper Division of Duval Sulphur & Potash Co. is located in the Twin Buttes District, 32 miles southwest of Tucson, Ariz. Records of mining activity in this vicinity date back to the 1850's. The New Year's Eve mine, which was last active briefly during the years of World War II, made the first actual penetration into what is now Duval's Esperanza property. Duval's exploration department became interested in the Esperanza in the fall of 1954. The first test hole was started on May 8, 1955. Two years of intensive exploration work together with metallurgical studies developed the basis for the decision to establish an operation.

Jan 11, 1961

Wartime geological studies by the U. S. Geological Survey and subsequent drilling carried on by the Bureau of Mines disclosed new ore in the Illinois-Wisconsin zinc field. As a result, several companies are carrying on drilling programs to locate and define new ore bodies. The Vinegar Hill company, which operates a custom mill to handle ores from various sources, now employs about fifty men in production at their Andrews mine. The ore is usually found in a 200-ft horizon below the surface. Water problems are not serious. Commercial-grade ore ranges up to 8 and 9 per-cent zinc and the cut off is approximately 41/2 percent.

Jan 1, 1948

W. S. GRESLEY, Erie, Pa.: Mr. Henrich's Fig. 1 and reference thereto remind me of a section of sand, gravel, clay, etc., which I sketched near Hellesylt on Stor Fjord, Norway, some years ago. Vertical Section of Glacial Morainic Material, containing Angular Masses of Banded Sand. Observed June 29, 1887, about 14 English miles south of Hellesylt, at head of Stor Fjord, near Aalesund, Norway. The accompanying figure reproduces my sketch. It was the angular and tilted blocks of sand in this glacial débris, or moraine, that particularly attracted my notice. The sand was moist; and I could only account for the phenomenon of blocks of sand

Jan 1, 1897

By Thomas E. Wayland

AN isopachous map is one on which lines connect points of equal thickness of a given unit. This type of map is used by the Florida Phosphate Project of the U. S. Geological Survey to represent the economic phosphate deposits known as matrix and the waste material, or overburden, that overlies the matrix. The top of the bed on which the phosphate was deposited is known as the basement and a subsurface contour map of this old buried erosion surface is known as a basement map. Recent experiments have been made in preparing maps that show tonnages and grades of the phosphate content of the matrix.

Jan 11, 1951

By AIME AIME

WILLIAM BAYARD HEROY, Director of the Institute since 1935 and Vice-President for the past year, has been active in both geological and engineering circles of the petroleum industry for many years. "Bill," as he is generally called, was born in New York City in 1883, and graduated from the department of geology at Syracuse University in 1909 with a Ph.B. degree. Immediately he joined the U. S. Geological Survey, where he established an enviable record during the next eleven years. While with the Survey he acted variously as chairman, chief, and advisory engineer for a variety of Governmental bodies, many concerned with power.

Jan 1, 1939

YEAR OF ELECTION 1913. FRANK DAWSON ADAMS Montreal, Canada. 1935. GUILLAUME DANIEL DELPRAT Melbourne, Vic., Aust. 1920. HENRY STURGIS DRINKER Merion Station, Pa. 1933. KARL EILERS New York, N. Y. 1922. FEDERICO GIOLITTI Trino,Italy. 1906. SIR ROBERT A. HADFIELD London, England. 1921. FRANK WILLIAM HARBORD London, England. 1917. HERBERT HOOVER New York, N. Y. 1931. WALDEMAR LINDGREN Cambridge, Mass. 1921. C. MCDERMID London, England. 1913. EZEQUIEL ORDOAEZ Mexico City, Mexico. 1935. ROBERT PEELE New York, N. Y. 1937. GEORGE S. RICE Washington, D. C. 1911. ROBERT H. RICHARDS Cambridge, Mass. 1934. T. A. RICKARD..... Victoria, B.C., Canada. 1933. ALBERT SAIVEUR CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Jan 1, 1937

(Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons introduced by members. ) Member, age 33, single, desires position as null superintendent or charge of mine and mill. Twelve years' milling, cyaniding and flotation in the southwest and Mexico. Will go anywhere. No. 458. Member, mining engineer and geologist, graduated, from- mining college, age 27, single, exempt, with practice in metal mining, surveying of any kind, field geology and ore testing, desires to .engage as geologist or mining engineer with a reputable concern in the west or east of. U. S. Hard worker and reliable. No: 459.

Jan 6, 1918

By Paul Soros

Terminal facilities were recently completed at Conneaut, Ohio, on Lake Erie, for the Bessemer and Erie Railroad Co. (a wholly-owned subsidiary of U.S. Steel Corp.) which may become the blue- print for all future coal shipping terminals. Design and engineering of the new facility was by Soros Associates, New York, N. Y. Unlike terminals of conventional design, for example, those at Toledo and Newport News, which load coal directly from the railroad car to the vessel, the new installation passes the coal into temporary storage, loads the vessel from temporary storage and provides alternative reclaiming systems in case of major system failure.

Jan 1, 1966

By G. F. Swindle

This paper discusses a Personal Computer (PC) software package that reduces the time required to evaluate a mineral reserve. It provides for: •Entry of borehole data onto PC diskettes and the creation of a borehole database; •Capture of map data using an attached X-Y digitizer; •Calculation of uniform square grids for thickness, mineral qualities, overburden ratio, etc., •Compilation of multiple such grids into a digital model, and iterative evaluation of the model with the user applying constraints and cut-off values; and • Graphic display of grid cells (blocks) showing which cells failed, and on which constraint(s), and a complete reserve report showing tonnages, averages, histograms, and quality arrays.

Jan 1, 1985

By H. S. "Pete" Fowler

SME-AIME's Planning Committee established Working Party No. 22 in September 1974. Its charge was to: "Determine and take necessary actions to have Mining Engineering included among the disciplines on the National Professional Engineering Examinations." The first national examinations in "Mining/Minerals Engineering" will be given during April 1979, in states that request questions from the National Council of Engineering Examiners (NCEE), Seneca, S.C. From a survey by NCEE, mining engineering is recognized as a specialty in professional engineering registration in 25 states. In addition, 19 states give examinations in mining engineering. At press time, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Virginia have indicated they will use the April 1979 exam.

Jan 11, 1978

By Z. E. Arlin, R. D. Lynn

The problem of disposing of excess waste water coming from The Anaconda Co.'s two uranium mills in Grants, N. M., first confronted the company's engineers in 1956. The increased discharge of mill waste water was due to the start-up of a second mill, recently completed to supplement production from a smaller plant which the company had operated since 1953. The waste water is mildly acidic and has a low level of radioactivity due to small amounts of uranium-natural, thorium-230 and radium-226. In addition, it contains large amounts of manganese, iron and the sulfate and chloride salts of sodium, calcium and magnesium.

Jan 7, 1962

By Norman P. Goss

What would appear to be a very simple process on paper has proved to be overrun with a multitude of unseen difficulties. For more than 70 years attempts have been made to cast metals in a continuous manner, but it has been only within the last Io years that some degree of success has been achieved.1 Historical Development Bessemer's Experiments—Method I Bessemer was the first to try to cast molten metal in a continuous manner. His method is fully described in U. S. Patent No. 49053, issued in 1865. The patent drawing is shown in Fig. I. In this method the molten metal was poured between a pair of rolls of large diameter, which were cooled by water sprays. Means were provided to prevent moisture from coming into direct coptact with the molten metal. The width of the strip was controlled by the flanges. On paper this should work to perfection, but it is beset with many difficulties still awaiting solution. Bessemer failed to reduce his invention to commercial practice. About 1890 Bessemer's method was revived by Norton and associates (U. S. Patent No. 441375). They formed the Fluid Metal Rolling Co. at Maywood, Ill., and spent $250,000 in endeavoring to develop the technique for this simple method. Finally they had to abandon it. Naturally, they did carry the technical development far beyond anything Bessemer had done, but even so it was far from being a useful commercial success. In recent years it has undergone further development by C. W. Hazelett (U. S. Patent No. 2058447), who has succeeded in obtaining long lengths of copper, brass, aluminum, and even stainless steel. He introduced many' ingenious devices but the greatest obstacle still remained—the disintegration of the roll surface when the surface is heated and chilled in rapid succession. Difficulty is also experienced in maintaining a uniform supply of molten metal to the rolls. The patents pertaining to this method would indicate these to be the major obstacles. Experimental work by Mellen—Method 2 A departure from the method introduced by Bessemer, was tried by Grenville Mellen, of East Orange, K. J., sometime between 1914 and 1920, who obtained a number of patents.2 His method is illustrated in Fig. 2. This method failed to make an impression upon the art; however, it is of value in pointing out the difficulties the inventor ran into and the way in which he tried to meet them. The split mold sections form two endless chains. When going through the center of the apparatus, these sections engage each other to form a complete mold. As the engaged mold section moves downward at a constant speed, molten metal is teemed into it. As this is going on, another set of cooperating mold sections move into position on top of the one being filled. The molten metal is teemed into the mold through a silica tube. According to the teachings of this patent, the level of molten

Jan 1, 1945

By H. Hooykaas

A few years ago Marsal published a method of predicting oil recovery as a function of time for an edge-water-drive reservoir with several rows of wells.' The method is based solely on oil- and water-production data obtained during a short period for the first row of wells and the gross productions (past and future) of all wells. This paper presents a streamlined version of the original publication and experimental evidence showing the reliability of this version. For this purpose scaled experirnents were performed in a large model (750 X 500 X 23 cm, 24.4 ft X 16.2 ft X 8.9 in.) in which edge-water-drive reservoirs with three rows of production wells were simulated. From the results of the experiments it is concluded that the method gives a fairly accurate prediction of the future production behavior of the reservoir and enables us to select the most profitable production plan. Results obtained with the method were always slightly conservative. INTRODUCTION The calculation method developed by Marsal aims at forecasting future reservoir behavior.' It can be applied to floods in which a number of down-dip wells are rapidly going to water. Essentially it is a method for predicting the future behavior of the up-structure wells on the basis of the observed behavior of the down-structure wells. As such, the method is especially useful for predicting behavior of edge-water drives toward several rows of wells. The requirement to be met for justifying the approach is identity of production mechanism in all regions of the reservoir. The attraction of the method then lies in the fact that it applies even when we have no complete description of the prevailing production mechanism. The original publication was in the German language and for this reason, perhaps, did not attract widespread attention. In our opinion it deserves to do so because it does offer in a simple way results which are in fair agreement with observed data. The aim of the present paper is to bring the method to the attention of a wider audience. The method in its most simplified form is reviewed and experimental data in support of it are presented. PRINCIPLES To show Marsal's principle. we will first write the continuity equation for very simple conditions, linear flow (in the positive x-direction) in an incompressible porous body [cross-section A(x), porosity +(x)], saturated with incompressible fluids (oil saturation S). When the oil in this formation is displaced by water, injected at x = 0 (inlet face), we get where q(t) is the total gross displacement rate and f the fractional oil flow. The equation can be solved if we make the assumptions: (1 ) that the fractional oil flow (f) is a univalent function of saturation (S); and (2) that the function is the same throughout the porous medium. Then: f = f(S) Solving this equation with the method of characteristics, we obtain

Jan 1, 1966

By R. S. Pratt

IT is proposed to discuss the materials and furnaces, as well as the melting procedures used in preparing metal for casting billets, bars or cakes for mill fabrication. As far as possible, consideration will be given to the alloys that are commonly made in most brass mills producing strip, tube, rod and wire. RAW MATERIAL The basic raw material for such mills, of course, is copper, which may be obtained in the form of ingots, ingot bars or cathodes. Refinery-cast ingots and ingot bars, which are simply double ingots, are supplied in accordance with A.S.T.M. Specifications as regular electrolytic or fire-refined tough-pitch copper. In the wrought-metal industry, the electrolytic brands have been preferred, although during the war large quantities of fire-refined coppers sufficiently pure to be suitable for all existing requirements were imported from South America. With the exception of Lake copper, most primary fire refined coppers produced in this country have not been considered satisfactory for wrought metal alloys. Cathode copper, which is now widely used instead of ingot copper for alloying, is the electrolytically deposited metal that is normally remelted in the production of electrolytic tough-pitch ingots. It is in the form of rough, flat plates not suitable for processing but quite satisfactory for melting when sheared into suitable sizes. Raw zinc is perhaps the next most important raw material and this is obtained in various grades, depending on the analytical requirements of the alloy to be made. The grades of zinc as outlined in the A.S.T.M. Specifications vary in cost with the amount of impurities-lead, iron, cadmium-and are purchased in such a way as to produce the most economical mixture consistent with the purity required in the alloy. Other virgin metals (lead, tin, aluminum and nickel) are used in varying quantities for making copper alloys. These elements can also be purchased in accordance with the appropriate A.S.T.M. Specifications where available. Also available are a number of special alloys, which are used as deoxidizers or as means of adding relatively small quantities of elements not suitable for adding directly as virgin metal. In this category are such materials as phosphor copper or phosphor tin, silicon copper, manganese copper, cadmium copper, and copper-iron or zinc-iron alloys. Some of these alloys may be purchased on a definite alloy basis or may be produced in the plant itself for its own use. For largely economic reasons, however, a great proportion of the charge to the melting furnaces consists of alloy scrap. In the production of many finished products, as much as 70 or 75 per cent of the metal originally cast may be discarded at various points along the production line. This material eventually finds its way back to the casting shop as mill scrap, overhaul or scalping chips, skeleton scrap, rod turnings, or miscellaneous fabricating scrap. One of the most serious problems in the

Jan 1, 1946

By R. W. Guard, M. E. Fine

By treating the dislocation like a surface and ap-plying the usual thermodynamic treatment to the adsorption process a Gibbs adsorption equation for dislocations was derived. For extended dislocations in binary solutions the adsorbed concentration on the fault, X2a, may be computed from (jo/da2b) where a2b is the activity of the solute in the bulk material and s is the stacking-fault energy. Using the data of Howie and Swann for s the adsorption concentration goes through a maximum at 2 at. pct Al in Ag-Al, 10 at. pct Zn in Cu-Zn, and 8 at. pct A1 in Cu-Al. The pinning stress calculated from this concentration difference goes Ihrough a maximum at the same concentration us the peak in X2 a. The computed pinning stress thus does not vary with composition in the manner predicted by Suzuki, as was also pointed out by Hendrickson. The results are compared with the stress increment which can be attributed to Suzuki locking in Cu-Zn and Cu-Al stress-strain curves. They both agree in magnitude and in the location of the maximum. The predicted and observed maximum values for the Cu-Zn system (where activity data are available) are 700 g per sq mm (predicted) and 1000 g per sq mm (measured, laking into account the orientation factor of 2.2 to convert poly-crystalline to single-crystal data). CERTAIN simple internal surfaces may be regarded as dislocation grids. This fact suggested that it might be profitable to consider certain phenomena related to segregation of solute atoms at dislocations from the point of view of the thermodynamics of surfaces and surface adsorption. A general treatment of this type is given and then the results are applied to Suzuki segregation and pinning. Confirmation of the results is obtained from comparison of stress-strain behavior for copper and copper-base alloys. Two kinds of dislocations need be treated: perfect and extended dislocations. In either case the line tension of a dislocation, ?. the work which must be done to increase the length of dislocation by a unit length, is analogous to the surface tension. For an undissociated dislocation ? is the self-energy of a unit length of dislocation; for an extended dislocation where is the self-energy per unit length of a pair of partials far enough apart so that there is no interaction energy, is the interaction energy per unit length, is the stacking fault energy per unit area, and w is the equilibrium separation of the paired partials. In the absence of an applied stress the force pushing the dislocation partials apart in a close-packed structure is Gb2/12p where G is the shear modulus, b is the Burgers' vector of the complete dislocation, and is the separation of the partials. At the equilibrium separation, w this force equals s. Thus

Jan 1, 1965

By F. J. Fayers, S. A. Hovanessian

The one-dimensional displacement equation for a homogeneous porous medium, including the effects of gravity and capillaty forces, has been solved by a numerical method. A finite-difference scheme is developed for obtaining saturation, pressure and fractional flow profiles in waterflood recovety problems. From the numerical examples given, it is concluded that the gravitational forces have a pronounced effect on the saturation profiles and the pressure distribution curves of the system. INTRODUCTION Within the past 20 years, a number of papers have appeared in the literature dealing with the quantitative treatment of waterflood recovery problems. In their celebrated paper, Buckley and Leverett1 described a method for calculating saturation profiles when the effects of capillary pressure and gravity are excluded. Terwilliger, et al,2 included the effect of gravity in their theoretical and experimental investigation of oil recovery problems and obtained close correlation between experiment and theory. welge3 described a simplified method for obtaining the average saturation and the oil recovery from an oil reservoir. The effect of gravity can be included in this calculation. More recently (1958) Douglas, et al,4 presented a method for calculating saturation profiles which includes the effect of capillary pressure. The authors start with the one-dimensional displacement equation (which is nonlinear in the derivative) and, by a change of variable, transform this equation to a semi-linear partial differential equation. This equation is then solved by a finite-difference method on a high-speed digital computer. Fayers and Sheldon5 obtained the solution of the one-dimensional displacement equation by directly replacing the differential equation by a finite-difference equation. The effects of capillary pressure and gravity were in- cluded in their solution. Here, since the movement of the foot of the saturation front is governed by a separate equation, the elapsed time in attaining a particular saturation profile cannot be obtained. The results of these two papers indicate that the inclusion of capillary forces eliminates the triple-valued Buckley-Leverett saturation profiles. In the present paper, the one-dimensional displacement equation for a homogeneous permeable medium, including the effects of capillary and gravity forces, is solved. The method of solution resembles that described in the paper by Douglas, et al, since it involves a similar transformation of variable. However, it extends their work in that the effect of gravity is included and, in addition, pressure profiles may be calculated. Also, the functions of saturation [kro(S), krw(S) and Pc (S) ] required are entered in tabular form rather than as low-order polynomials. This simplifies data preparation and permits the use of a greater range of function types. Unlike the method of Fayers and Sheldon, the corresponding elapsed time required for the development of each saturation profile is calculated and, also, saturation profiles may be calculated after breakthrough. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS The dimensionless form of the one-dimensional displacement equation for a homogeneous porous medium as obtained from Darcy's law and material balance relations can be written as follows.

Discussion of the paper of CLARENCE A. WRIGHT, presented at the St. Louis meeting, October, 1917, and printed in Bulletin No. 130, October, 1917, pp. 1565 to 1591. H. A. WHEELER, St. Louis, Mo.-This paper by Mr. Wright is one of the most thorough and exhaustive studies that has been made of the milling practice in the Joplin district. Mr. Wright spent about two years there, in behalf of the U. S. Bureau of Mines and the Missouri Geological Survey, and this paper, which is the result of his work, will, repay careful reading by any student of ore dressing and is invaluable to an operator in that district.

Jan 1, 1918

• In 1949 the United States imported 7,400,000 tons of iron ore; Chile, Sweden and Canada, in that order of importance, supplied over 80 pct of this amount. U. S. imports have increased from 3 pct of the total supply in 1940 to 8 pct in 1949. • Mica has been successfully synthesized by scientists of the National Bureau of Standards. quartz, magnesite and bauxite, plus a fluorosilicate compound to act as a crystallizing agent, are heated to 2500°F in a platinum-lined crucible and as the furnace cools mica crystals grow. The key to parallel growth to make sheets is in precision control of temperature. • Inland Steel Co. of Chicago has taken an option to lease from Steep Rock Iron Mines, Ltd., of Canada -- a large undeveloped acreage in the vicinity of Steed Rock Lake, Ontario -- for the purpose of exploring and developing a new iron ore mine. The exploration program is expected to begin at an early date. •A 20-yr test conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Mines with the cooperation of Cleveland-Cliffs indicated that chemically treated timbers last from 2 to 3-1/2 times as long as untreated ones set in the same passageway. Of the three reagents used, zinc chloride gave the best result -- 13.3 yr as compared to 3.8 yr for untreated timber. •Senator Pat McCarran charged that President Truman used a "shotgun approach" to the taxation problem when he accused the mining industry of enjoying excessive depletion exemptions when actually mining taxes should be lowered. He introduced to the Senate a report of the National Advisory Council -recommending a decrease * The country's first graduate program of research and instruction in conservation of natural resources will begin at Yale in September. The Conservation Foundation is supplying $20,000 a year to finance the program. •Felix E. Wormser urged that adequate tariff protection should be provided to offset effects of devaluation on the domestic mining industry in an address before the Colorado Mining Association. He advocates tariffs rather than subsidy legislation, such as S. 2105, for the protection of the lead-zinc miners because the latter would promote inefficiency and "impair our priceless free market." •"It may be startling to realize that for the world's white population the per capita requirements for minerals have multiplied 30 times in 30 yr, or that more minerals have been mined in the last 40 yr than in all prior history." -- Evan Just, in "Mineral Depletion and Metal Supply." •The National City Bank in its monthly letter states that both management and the unions concede that there are too many miners trying to make a living out of the industry for its present market. •On Feb. 3 it was reported that 6000 Anaconda employes in Chile quit jobs in sympathy with striking telephone and electric workers. The government has ordered them back to work on penalty of discharge. It appears that the walkout will not be prolonged in view of the government stand.

Jan 3, 1950

A PROSPECTOR stood atop a Venezuelan mountain called El Florero just 25 years ago, and shouted to the world that he had found a large, rich new source of iron ore. But his words were lost in the big green South American jungles and besides, the world had more iron ore than it could handle. There were no crises in 1926, no major wars on the horizon, no worries about mineral supplies. In the U. S., the populace was "keeping cool with Coolidge," and the solid foundation of the economy-the steel industry-rested on a still firmer basis, the Lake Superior iron ores.

Jan 5, 1951

(Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons.) The governing body of the Imperial College of Technology, London, S. W. (Royal School of Mines), will shortly proceed to the appointment of a Professor of Metallurgy. This important Chair has been filled in the past by such eminent metallurgists as John Percy, Sir William C. Roberts-Austen, and others. Inquiry has been received at the office of the Institute for an engineer to examine a mica, deposit in one of the New England States. The position of converter blower at. a side-blow Bessemer steel casting plant is vacant.

Jan 4, 1913