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By H. K. Shearer

The principal events in the oil history of south Arkansas, north Louisiana and Mississippi in 1930 have been: In Arkansas, very little activity, except for discovery of deep oil production at Urbana, and completion of the first oil well in Miller County. In Louisiana, continued development of the Zwolle area, bringing production up to about 10,000 bbl. per day; practically complete development of the Carterville oil-producing area; discovery and drilling of the rather disappointing Holly area, and discovery of Trinity gas production at Sugar Creek, Claiborne Parish and Rodessa, Caddo Parish. In Mississippi, discovery of the Jackson gas field, in Hinds and Rankin counties. Proration of oil runs was not put in effect in these areas during 1930, because the natural decline of the older fields brought production below the demands of local markets. The only effect of the oversupply and low price of oil was the curtailment of some drilling which might otherwise have been done. Drilling in Arkansas reached the lowest stage since the discovery of oil, with less than 100 completions. Louisiana showed some increase in drilling over 1928 and 1929, but almost half of the wells were drilled primarily for gas rather than oil. As no review on north Louisiana production has been prepared since 1927, and there was none on south Arkansas for 1928, the developments of the three years, 1928, 1929 and 1930 are here briefly discussed.

Jan 1, 1931

By Arthur Foote

AT THE end of the year 1914, the main North Star incline shaft had reached the 6300-ft. level, and encountered a vein dipping Southwest, or, exactly opposite to the North Star. Subsequent development failed to find the North Star vein continuing beyond this intersection, so the 6300-ft. level proved to be the bottom level of the North. Star vein, and very little ore was found below the 5300-ft. level. The new vein was called No. 1 vein. Development work carried on for the next 10 years discovered a third vein, called No. 2, branching off about 1200-ft. to the east, with a North-south strike and a west dip. No. 1 vein had about 900 ft. of backs above the 6300-ft. level before reaching the boundary line of the property, and No. 2 vein died out about 800 ft. above. During these 10 years, the money spent on development was increased from $54,000 in 1914 to $184,000 in 1924; the ore reserves steadily diminished until it was evident that the mine must close down unless by some means a large tonnage of ore could be developed quickly.

Jan 1, 1930

By Joseph Kuti

Longwall mining is the term used for the underground extraction of a wide and deep panel of coal. Such a panel may be blocked out by one or more entries on either side ("head" and "tail") of a longwall face. If all the entries are pre-driven, the panel extraction is termed longwall retreat mining. With one exception, all the longwall faces in the United States are of this type.1 Prior to the general decline in the rates of production with Continuous Miners, the development of the multiple entries generally kept ahead of the longwall extraction rate. This is no longer the case: longwall extraction rates far exceed the rate of development. In addition to this problem, in newly established mines, the development of a haulage and bleeder system based on multiple entries results in a lead-time of three years or more before longwall mining can be applied.

Jan 11, 1979

By Erik G:Son Odelstjerna

ALTHOUGH the Swedes have not taken as prominent a position in the open-hearth as in the Ressemer industry, the successful development of which in Sweden has been described by Prof. Åkerman, in a paper read before the Institute,? nevertheless our work with the Siemens-Martin method may possess some interest, even for countries outside our own, and especially for the United States, where the charcoaliron industry competes with that of Sweden for the first rank in extent and importance. I take the liberty therefore of giving in

Jan 1, 1895

By Louis Huber

THE Liberty tunnels extend through a very steep hill in Pittsburgh (locally called Mount Washington) for a distance of slightly over a mile. The two tunnels parallel each other and are 59 ft. apart, center to center (Fig. 1). They are for vehicular traffic, and in each there is ample space for two lines of vehicles. Northbound traffic, towards downtown Pitts- FIG. 1.-NORTH PORTAL OF LIBERTY TUNNELS. NOTE THE WINDBREAK AT END OF EAST TUNNEL. burgh, is confined to the east tunnel and southbound traffic to the west tunnel. The South Hills residential district is separated from downtown Pittsburgh by Mount Washington, a steeply rising escarpment south of and adjacent to the Monongahela River. The Mount Washington district immediately south of the Monongahela River has been reached, for many

Jan 1, 1927

By John Carter Anderson

The theory of a zonal deposition of ores from ascending solutions which were differentiation products of a cooling magma, first propounded by Spurr,l in a measure explained by Lindgren,2 and recently re-emphasized by kemp,3 while perhaps accepted in principle by many mining geologists, so far has not been accepted as capable of practical application in the study and development of ore deposits. From his observations, the writer is convinced that there are laws governing the primary deposition of ores which, when properly worked out, will be of greatest economic value; and that the application of this knowledge to the development of new mines will mark an advance in the mining industry similar to that following the working out and application of the theory of secondary enriehiment. That there has been a tendency to a zonal distribution in the formation of ore deposits, by which the ores of one metal have been precipitated from tile mincralizing solutiolis at a greater distance from the source than those of another, cannot be disputed; and the nature of this zoning in a given deposit or district has been frequently described.4 But that a selection precipitation of the ores of two or more metals, other than lead and zinc, in successive zones may have taken place in a single deposit within limits economically possible of exploration is not generally recognized or admitted.

Jan 1, 1923

By D. M. Given

HOW much can the mine operator afford to spend on his coal burning boiler plant? The usual answer is as little as possible and still get the job done. Thus, attention must be focused on the spot where excessive costs are most likely to arise - the materials handling end of the job. Boiler plants consuming less than 30,000 tons of coal annually can be controlled to the point where costs for handling coal and ashes are under $1.00 per ton. There is a wide selection of coal and ash-handling systems that can be used in smaller boiler plants to provide labor savings and convenience required if management is to accept coal as fuel.

Jan 7, 1953

Officers of the Institute have been entertained by, members at nine meetings in different parts of the country during the months of March and April. Institute policies have been discussed by the officers and by members present at the different meetings, with the result of bringing about a better understanding of Institute policy among the members; it has also been made clear how various suggestions are viewed by members who are not all in close touch with Institute activities and with the policy of the Board of Directors. President Jennings devoted his remarks chiefly to an account of Institute activities in connection with Government service for the war, and presented an able address on the relations of labor and capital; with special relation to possible changes that may be necessary during the reconstruction period following the war. This carries forward the suggestion made by him in taking up the reins of government at the Annual Dinner on February 20, 1918, and makes available a paper which has aroused great interest at the different meetings; this address will be found on a following page. In referring to Institute activities in connection with the war, the President mentioned especially the Naval Consulting Board, the War Committee of Technical Societies, the War Minerals Committee, and the census of engineers prepared not only by the Institute in connection with the Bureau of Mines, but also by the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. He announced also the appointment of two committees, one on ferrous and one on non-ferrous metals, advisory to the Tariff Commission, and the appointment of a member of the Committee on the Excess Profit Tax, having especially to do with the question of excess profit taxes on gold mines. He also announced the appointment of a new committee known as the Committee on Industrial Organization, which will devote its energies largely to the question of relations of capital and labor and of "human engineering."

Jan 5, 1918

By G. M. Swinkels, A. Vizsolyi, E. Peters

A process is described utilizing ferric chloride leaching followed by reduction of the cupric content to cuprous by cement copper, with CuCl obtained thereafter by crystallization. The residual liquor is cemented with sponge iron to produce cement copper and a copper free ferrous chloride solution. The latter is oxidized in an autoclave with oxygen to regenerate ferric chloride and to precipitate excess iron as a granular, filterable hematite. Cuprous chloride crystals are reduced to high purity metal with hydrogen, while sulphur reports almost quantitatively in residues in the elemental form. Pyrite and molybdenite are not leached. This paper describes the important variables in the process, as well as the deportment of minor elements as silver, gold, selenium, tellurium, bismuth, nickel, lead, zinc, magnesium, etc. An elegant method of isolating silver from CuCl crystals is described, as well as recovery of gold from residues by a chloride reagent The process is described as non-polluting and capable of producing refined copper, ore grade iron oxide, elemental sulphur, and yields of minor metals as good or better than obtainable by conventional smelting, without the use of solvent extraction or electrochemistry.

Jan 1, 1981

By W. S. Steele

Vermiculite is a nonmetallic mineral of the mica family, probably related to biotite mica. Its occurrence has been noted at numerous places in the United States and in some foreign countries, but it can be said that vermiculite is of only moderately wide distribution. A laboratory and field survey of over 60 deposits in the United States by F. 1;. Schundler & Co., of Joliet, Ill., indicates that the purest deposit represented in this survey is on the property of the Zonolite Company at Libby, Montana The Zonolite Company is commercially active and the vermiculite it produces is sold as Zonolite. Hereafter, in this report, the word "Zonolite " will be used to designate the vermiculite produced by the Zonolite Company. Values given herein to Zonolite are peculiar to the vermiculite produced from the Zonolite Company's deposits. References to " vermicullite," are to he interpreted as covering the broad field covered by the Schundler survey. Composition and Characteristics of Vermiculite Vermiculite is an aluminum-nmgnesium silicate. The following typical analysis is published by the United States Bureau of Standards: silica, 41 per cent; iron oxide, 7; aluminum oxide, 18; magnesium oxide, 21; calcium oxide, 1; alkalis (sodium and potassium), 1; moisture, 11. Vermiculite breaks down into platelike formation in crushing and grinding operations. Its cleavage is basal. Crude, screened, dry Zonolit,e weighs between 80 and 90 Ib. per cubic foot; its specific gravity is 2.8 and its specific heat is approximately 2. The fusion point of Zonolit'e is 2462" F. Crude vermiculite contains between 7 and 9 per cent of chemically combined moisture. The instantaneous introduction of crude Zonolite into an expansion furnace at a temperature of between 1800" and 2000" F. transforms the combined moisture into steam, which in an effort to liberate itself forces all explosive expansion of the platelike crude material

Jan 1, 1934

By Charles Ramseyer

THE manufacture of iron and steel is one of the largest of our indus-tries; and in point of size of single plant and equipment certainly the biggest of all industries. By the general public it is generally con-sidered a prime example both of the marvelous technical advances achieved by modern science and engineering in the design and operation of equipment and of the efficiency of big business in the coordination of men and materials. Actually the operation of its basic processes has not changed significantly in either theory or fundamental design of equipment in the past 75 years. Though many other process indus-tries have been born and developed, and not seldom completely revolu-tionized, during this period, the primary processes of making iron and steel are still carried out along the lines laid down, and in the equipment originated so long ago, by Bessemer, Siemens and Martin, and subse-quently expanded to practically the modern scale by Carnegie, Schwab and Captain Bill Jones in the eighteen eighties and nineties. The application of the principles underlying the continuous counter-current physical and chemical interaction of solids, liquids and gases, which have been so successfully used in the rapid evolution of our chemical process industries, has been very largely lacking in the steel industry. In the days of -the last-named giants, especially Carnegie, the steel industry made great and rapid technical progress. Carnegie's ever driving idea (as later with Ford in the production of automobiles) was the finding of new and better ways of making cheaper steel. Carnegie himself was a steelman, and so long as he dominated the industry its technical progress. was rapid; and he, like Ford, was vastly successful financially as well, since his costs were continually being driven lower than those of his competitors by his advances in steelmaking technique.

Jan 1, 1934

By J. C. Danko, R. D. Stout, A. H. Holtzman

The deformation characteristics of pearlite have been studied by light and electron microscopy.1,2 In the electron-microscopic work, deformation was found to take place by 1) ferrite slip which is parallel to the lamellae, 2) slip transverse to the lamellae with both cementite and ferrite deforming, and 3) ferrite-cementite interfacial slip. The transverse slip gives a step-like appearance to the lamellae in light microscopic work. It was thought that spheroidization of deformed pearlite would commence at the regions of maximum cementite deformation, the "stepped" areas. Although there is no possibility for seeing slip in the microstructure if the specimen is polished after deformation, the step-like appearance of the lamellae clearly indicates the transverse deformation. Thus, the areas of cementite deformation are apparent after polishing and the effect of deformed areas on spheroidization may be studied by the usual metallographic techniques. This note reports the result of a metallographic investigation which substantiates that spheroidization begins in the "stepped" areas. An AISI 1080 steel was normalized, re-austeni-tized at 1040°C, and isothermally transformed at 700 ± 4°C for 4 hr. Cubes, 5 mm to a side, were compressed between parallel plates to strains of 20, 40, and 50 pct. After deformation, specimens were heated to 600, 650, and 700°C; withdrawn at increasing time intervals and examined metallo-graphically for the percentage and distribution of spheroidite. The percentage of spheroidite was determined by lineal analysis. A micro structural region considered as spheroidized was one in which a lamellar skeleton was not distinguishable. Table I gives the times necessary for 95 pct spheroidization for each condition of strain and annealing temperature. Fig. 1 shows the microstructure of coarse pearlite compressed 20 pct, then polished and etched. Here the lamellae form a step by bending at two

Jan 1, 1959

By Paul Tyler

THE extensive employment of nonmetallic minerals antedates the use of metals, but only within the last two decades has the production of nonmetals begun actually to keep pace with the complicated activities which characterize the so-called Machine Age. The economic changes ushered in by the Industrial Revolution were reflected first in an increased demand for metals and for fuels. In the modern sense, therefore, the nonmetallic mineral industries are new and afford new opportunities for engineer and economist alike. A certain amount of caution is indicated, therefore, before attempting to apply ready-made formulas to the problems of these industries. Economics is not an exact science. In the field of production technology where the number of variables is fairly well known, the principles of economics are readily applicable, but as the student proceeds through the province of marketing into the unexplored regions of psychology and sociology he must distinguish carefully between scientific reasoning and purely metaphysical speculation, even when the latter masquerades as economics. The present paper attempts to prove no preconceived theorems and is designed primarily to stimulate careful thinking on sundry neglected phases of these industries. An attempt is made to differentiate the general problems into single aspects which afford promise of being comprehended separately; also, some fundamental statistical data are presented, but merely to indicate a method of scientific approach applicable to more intensive studies.

Jan 1, 1933

By Bension Varon

Systematic projections of mineral supply, demand and prices are an integral part of the mineral sector planning process. As such, their primary value is not as prophecies but as devices for imposing discipline on thinking about the future and as means of ensuring consistency in policy decisions. Both the present and the broad outline of the future as presently discernable affect projections on specific minerals. The present world mineral situation reflects most prominantly the recent commodity cycle while our view of the future is largely shaped by perceptions and attitudes of policy-makers and the public over larger issues. Mineral commodities are of considerable importance to various countries. This in itself dictates a strong interest in systematic projection activities, the need for which is heightened by the volatility of certain basic variables affecting mineral demand in the world. It is useful for presentation purposes to discuss the various techniques suited for projecting mineral trends under three principal headings, viz., econometric modeling, systems analysis and technological forecasting. In addition, two specialized variants, input-output analysis and resource base modeling, are discussed. In each case, a brief description of the approach and some indication of its application to projections of mineral commodities are provided.

Jan 1, 1977

By Chester Lee

Introduction THE Atlin Mining District is in the northwest corner of the Province of British Columbia. Ruby Creek, where the operation to be described is situated, is 17 miles east of the town of Atlin and about 18 miles south of the south line of Yukon Territory (Fig. 1). Gold was discovered in the district in January, 1898, and the production to date from placer mines has been $4,518,000, according to the reports of the Minister of Mines for-the province. Geology The essential points in the regional geology are given in the following paragraphs. Long erosion produced a plane-like surface slightly above sea level with a few peaks and ridges.1 A gradual uplift followed and. erosion increased, the streams cut deeper, the cuts so made being afterward increased by glaciation. The ice straightened and planed the slopes of the main valleys and widened and lowered their floors, in some cases flooring the valleys with silt, sand, gravel, and clay. As the glaciers rapidly retreated, lakes were formed.

Jan 5, 1916

By Charles A. Mitke

Excluding top-slicing and sublevel caving, large production caving methods may be divided into two general classes, the branch raise, or undercut caving method, and the combined shrinkage and caving method, each of which has a number of variations, the result of continual efforts towards obtaining lower costs and better extraction, by the introduction and substitution of minor improvements and modifications. Early Caving Methods Present caving methods are the cumulative result of developments covering a period of many years, with the most rapid growth during the past 15 years. They originated, presumably, from early English stoping methods, and, as far as is generally known, were first introduced in the Michigan iron district. They have had their greatest expansion and application in the large low-grade porphyry coppers. In their present form, they are probably a development and combination of sublevel caving and shrinkage (back stoping on ore) with gravity handling of broken material. Sublevel caving, as practiced in the Michigan district today, is a combination of drift, or crosscut, mining, with top-slicing, and caving, supplemented by later refinements in the shape of mechanized handling of broken ore. A height of anywhere from 16 to 20 ft. is generally taken, and the ore is drilled and blasted along the drift or crosscut for half this height (say 8 to 10 ft.), after which the upper 8 to 10 ft. caves and breaks of its own weight, with comparatively little assistance from drilling. This

Jan 1, 1928

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period Aug. 1, 1916, to Sept. 10, 1916: ALLEN, Louis M., JR., Chief Mine Sampler, Old Dominion Min: & Smelt. Co., Globe, Ariz. ATKINSON, CHESTER, Min. Engr., Asst. Supt., Smelt. Dept., Cerro de Pasco Mining Co., La Fundicion, Peru, South America. BAKER, CLAIR LINCOLN, Genl. Mgr., Mexican Dept., Amer. Smelt. & Ref. Co., 1108 Mills Bldg., El Paso, Tex. BARROWS, WALTER A., 3d, Asst. Supt., Blast Furnaces, Thomas Iron Co., Hellertown, Pa. BARTHOLOMEW, GEORGE POMEROY, Asst. Cons. Engr., Guggenheim Bros., 120 Broadway, New York, N. Y. BILLOW, ELMER E., Pres., National Supply Co., 416 NN-rest Grand Ave., Chicago, 111. BROWN, SAMUEL ROLLINS, Mill Supt., The Plymouth Cons. Gold Mines, Ltd., Plymouth, Cal.

Jan 10, 1916

By H. Hanemann

THE application of other than mechanical methods to the study of the mechanical-physical properties of metals has become in the last few years a topic of investigation of ever-increasing interest, both from the theoretical standpoint and from that of the engineer and constructor. Besides the investigations which have been made of 'the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic metals, in their relation to the mechanical properties of these metals, which will be discussed more in detail below, there have been made studies of other phenomena in the same relation, and methods for the mechanical testing of metals have even been suggested, for example, the microscopic method of Tammann,1 and the thereto-electric, method of Turner2 for determining elastic limits. The application of all such methods, which are based upon the dependence of some physical, crystallographic, or possibly chemical property, upon the mechanical state of the metal, must be preceded by close and careful correlation of these various "test" properties with the known mechanical state of the different metals or materials. It is with this view that the present work, as well as that of many previous investigators of, what .may be termed in the interests of brevity, the mechanical-magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials of construction, has been done.

Jan 12, 1915

By D. K. Crampton

THE object of this work was to obtain and correlate information on effect of internal stress in variously drawn tubes on several properties. Also, a simple approximate method of comparing types of stress distribution in such variously drawn tubes was sought. There is also included some work on comparison of single and polycrystalline materials and effect of different types of operation and preferred orientation. PREPARATION OF MATERIAL A series of tubes was drawn to study the effect of the type and degree of final reduction on various physical properties and the approximate distribution of stress intensity across the tube wall. The material used all came from a single heat of 70-30 brass melted in a regular production Ajax-Wyatt induction furnace. The analysis of the metal as cast was: copper, 70.36 per cent; lead, 0.04; iron, 0.02; zinc, balance. The material was cast in "shells" with 4 in. outside diameter and 3/4 in. wall thickness. It was drawn part way down according to the usual standard mill schedule and then by suitable individual schedules to finish by a variety of types and degrees of drawing to the same final cases in every instance; namely, 0.750 in. outside diameter by 0.080 in. wall thickness. The exact final draws, together with the percentage area reductions, diameter reductions and gage reductions are given in Table 1.

Jan 1, 1932

By F. Cadena

HIWASSEE Dam, now under construction by the Tennessee Valley Authority on the Hiwassee River, a tributary of the Tennessee River, will require aggregate for approximately 800,000 cu. yd. of concrete. Near the damsite deposits of natural sand or gravel are not available and graywacke, a rock that is found in abundance, suggested itself as a likely source of manufactured aggregate. Graywacke is a metamorphosed sandstone composed principally of a mixture of quartz (65 per cent), mica (25 per cent), and feldspar (10 per cent). Other minerals are pres-ent in negligible amounts. The rock varies in different parts of the quarry from very fine to a coarse grain containing particles of about 1/4 in. maximum size, although the bulk of the deposit is medium grain. Exten-sive tests showed that graywacke would be suitable as a source of both coarse and fine aggregates. The aggregate plant available for use at Hiwassee Dam consisted of the coarse-aggregate and sand plant used on the Norris project. The coarse-aggregate plant had also been used at Chickamauga Dam. Although most of this plant equipment is now in use at Hiwassee, the present flowsheet is not only different from that at Norris and Chicka-mauga but is also unique as compared to the flowsheet of the average crushed-stone aggregate plant. It is hoped that this paper will show the importance of proper arrange-ment of equipment if the optimum in flexibility and capacity is to be attained.

Jan 1, 1939