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By J. C. White

This paper, after a brief introduction giving the history and geology of the area, deals with mining operations at the Copper Mountain mine of Gaspe Copper Mines, Limited. It discusses development operations, and then goes into the mining methods employed, covering drilling, grade control, blasting practice, loading and hauling, and the road and service machines used.

Jan 1, 1969

By Robert M. Jimeson

The competitive market potential for solvent refined coal is estimated. Market advantages of solvent refined coal are enumerated. Markets are possible in combustion, railroad locomotion, and carbon electrodes. The combustion characteristics are consistent with expected air pollution restrictions on the emission of sulfur and particulate matter. A market potential of sufficient size exists to support the initiation of solvent refining in the United States. The market analysis should help fuel producers determine the advisability of their undertaking the solvent refining of coal.

Jan 1, 1969

By Robert O. Vernon

Urban sprawl, and all its attendant problems, is upon us. In Florida, and much of the rest of the world, this has been intensified by a special problem - the coastal zone - a land of high-intensity urbanization localized where the sea and our citizens interact. Florida is blessed by a long coastline of beautiful beaches, indented by estuaries, lagoons and spring fed rivers. Rocky and sand covered islands invite habitation. A large and varied fauna and flora make recreation an avocation and work a pleasure. Accompanying these people are all the sustaining, and satellite industries that find the climate, labor, and commodity markets, cheap water transportation, and natural resources to be attractive. It is estimated that by the year 2008 a megalopolis will stretch down the Atlantic Seaboard from Georgia to encompass the Keys and extend along the Gulf to Alabama. This city will be fenced by the sea on one side and by the water management works, necessary to provide the water supply for this complex, on the other. What can we do about increasing the amount of water available for this population and decreasing the resultant wastes??? Rarely has there been tendered a more favorable opportunity for a coordinated planning and development project that will provide public access to beaches and multiple use of the coastal lands. Florida, as a peninsula swept by ocean breezes, having a largely indigenous water supply and only the beginning of the pollution of estuarine and coastal waters can cope with air, water and coastal dissipation and pollution, if we have a beginning at providing a constant water supply and at limiting pollution. This answer would appear to lie underground, where the porous limestones are interbedded with impervious fine-grained sediments and ground-water that circulates through these aquifers empty to the ocean and Gulf along the continental slopes.

Jan 1, 1969

By L. G. Wilson

In order to comply with time limitations imposed by this symposium, a very narrow but nonetheless interesting segment of the market has been chosen for discussion of the preparation of a tailor-made product to meet a specific need, and in view of the fact that the barite market is one of the oldest and one of the broadest non-metallic mineral markets in the world, it is necessary that we place this in perspective. Of a recent world annual production; (i.e., 1966 figures released last year in MINERALS YEARBOOK), of some four million tons, the United States consumed over 1/2 million tons, of which approximately 950,000 tons were produced domestically and approximately 700,000 tons were imported. Of this total, something approaching 90% was used for drilling-mud weighting, and of the balance, all but about 60,000 tone is consumed in the production of glass, barium chemicals, aggregates, and other minor uses; thus we are really taking a look at a very minute, however important, and very selective, portion of the total barite-market. The real meat of this paper, after eliminating all irrelevant uses of barite, and delineating the area of discussion, resolves itself into the approach to a favorable marketing area and a specific attack on that area. Cost, to the user, has been, patently, a function of distance, as the basic price of barite has varied very little over the years until recently, and freight rates have been the governing factor. Conversely, the seller of barytes must make concession in the plant price to compensate for distance, if he is to successfully compete.

Jan 1, 1969

By Sidney Katell

This report, covering the period January 1968 through December 1968, is a continuation of a series that began with the publication of Information Circular 7516 in October 1949. It is the tenth in a series of reports prepared in cooperation with the American Association of Cost Engineers. The abstracted articles are concerned with all phases of cost of engineering in the field of chemical and petroleum plants and related subjects. They are from the following sources: 1. American Association of Cost Engineers Bulletin. 2. Bureau of Lines Information Circulars. 3. Bureau of Mines Reports of Investigations. 4. Chemical Engineering. 5. Chemical Engineering Progress s 6. Chemical Week. 7. Coal Age. 8. Coal Mining and Processing. 9. Cost Engineering. 10. European Chemical News. 3 11. Hydrocarbon Processing. 12. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 13. Oil and Gas Journal. 14. Petroleum Engineer. 15. World Oil.

Jan 1, 1969

By Haskiel R. Shell

While the original purpose of the Bureau of Mines work on fluorine micas was to synthesize large single crystals or film suitable to replace natural muscovite or phlogopite, the objective was broadened to include development of the many possible fluorine micas as a class of new, unique materials. Several methods were developed for the synthesis of the fluorine micas at atmospheric pressure: Solid state reaction, melting in crucibles, internal resistance electric melting, and arc resistance electric melting. The latter two methods are now med commercially. A variety of fluoromicas were synthesized by isomorphic substitution including disilicic, trisilicic, and tetrasilicic. Fluorophlogopite, KMg3AlSi3O10F2, is the fluoromica most widely used. While most of the fluoromicas are completely stable to water, many water-swelling fluoromicas and fluoromontmorrilonoids were synthesized. Single crystals or film of the fluorine micas were grown to 2 inches or more by a number of methods, but none has as yet proved economical. In the report, detailed data and descriptions are given on compositions, syntheses, products, and uses, and on the properties including physical, dielectric, chemical, X-ray, optical, and structural.

Jan 1, 1969

By Franklin D. Cooper

This Bureau of Mines study reviews current and proposed methods of extracting copper from sub-mill-grade ore by leaching. The amount of copper produced by hydrometallurgy has increased dramatically in recent years and will probably be about 200,000 tons per year by 1970.

Jan 1, 1968

By G. V. Sirianni, G. E. Viens, R. A. Campbell, G. N. Banks, R. L. Sachdeva

"A combined shaft-electric furnace for the smelting of ores and the melting of metallized iron pellets is being developed. The materials are preheated, and in some cases pre-reduced, in the shaft before being transferred to the electric furnace, where melting or smelting is completed. It has been demonstrated that this combination of equipment will enable much of the relatively expensive electrical energy to be replaced by cheaper energy in the form of oil or natural gas, and preliminary experiments indicate that the total energy requirements for a melting or smelting operation are significantly reduced. Projections based on results obtained from the preliminary experiments indicate that further improvements will be possible when certain modifications to the equipment are completed."

Jan 1, 1968

By J. David Lowell

This paper describes the geology of the Kalamazoo copper orebody discovered in the course of an exploration project carried out by Quintana Minerals Corporation under the author's direction in an area immediately southwest of the San Manuel mine, Pinal County, Arizona. In the period 1943-1947, exploration projects were carried out in the San Manuel area by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and Magma Copper Company which resulted in the development of the San Manuel underground block-cave mine which is now in production at a rate of 41, 000 tons per day. Mining claims covering the area immediately west of the San Manuel orebody were staked in 1946 by Frank F. Salas, R. A. Buzan, H. G. Buzan, and W. C. Buzan of Mammoth, Arizona. These claims were optioned to Martha Purcell in 1946, and in the period of 1947-1958 seven churn drill holes ranging in depth from 1,400 to 2,950 feet were drilled by Mrs. Purcell. These holes did not intersect ore and no further deep exploration was attempted prior to the Quintana Minerals project which began in August, 1965, and which is described in this report. The Kalamazoo deposit is in Sections 3, 4, 9, and 10, T 9 S, R 16 E, Pinal County, Arizona, and it is reached by driving seven miles east from Oracle, Arizona (Figure 1) . The writer is indebted to Corbin J. Robertson and Ronald B. Thompson who participated in the exploration planning of this project and to a number of other individuals who contributed to its execution and management. Petrographic work by J. M. Guilbert was used as a basis for rock and alteration classifications.

Jan 1, 1968

By E. Bonsall, J. J. Brummer, A. R. Graham

"A method and device are described for sampling diamond-drill core by cutting a continuous fillet of constant cross section from the cylindrical surface of the core throughout appropriate sample lengths. The apparatus employs a tapered, abrasive-set, cutting wheel, the conical cutting surface of which projects slightly into a rectangular core-guiding trough set parallel to the axis of rotation. The depth of fillet and thus the amount of sample per unit length can be regulated by adjusting the core guides. The freshly cut fillet itself, by engaging in a guide beyond the cutting wheel, acts to prevent rotation of the core during operation of the device.The cuttings which form the sample are normally collected in a tray below the cutting-wheel and appear at about 80 per cent -100 mesh. They require little or no further treatment or comminution before analysis. Speed, economy and convenience of sampling are thus greatly increased as compared with conventional sampling by im-1>act breaking or sawing, followed by crushing, grinding and sub division for assayAssays from fillets (about 1/20 the cross-sectional area of the core) and from 180-degree segments, from the same ninety-three core-samples, representing 431 feet of nickel-copper mineralization, gave the following results:"

Jan 1, 1968

By Irving Wender

This report describes Bureau of Mines experiments and reviews the work of others on the exposure of coal and coal-derived products to gamma rays and some other types of radiation. Results are presented on tests of three bituminous coals and a lignite that had been pulverized to minus 200-mesh particles and exposed to 1,000 megaroentgens of gamma irradiation from spent-fuel elements of a nuclear reactor. Of about 20 chemical and physical tests in Bureau work, only mass spectrometry of gases evolved during vacuum pyrolysis of the coals to 450° C gave results indicating differences in the irradiated and unirradiated samples. Mass-spectral distribution curves for CO and CO2 evolution showed fewer irregularities (reversals of curvature) for irradiated coals; thus, mass spectrometry appears to be the most sensitive method for determining radio-induced changes in coal. It is concluded that coal is not significantly altered by gamma irradiation owing to the resistivity of its highly condensed ring structure. High-level gamma irradiation, therefore, is unlikely to prove advantageous in coal processing and utilization. Specially treated coals, because of resistivity of coal to radiation damage, may be useful as an absorbent in processing radioactive wastes.

Jan 1, 1968

By P. E. Cavanagh

"The Davis tube test has been used for many years as a laboratory method for determining the magnetic iron re-coverable from a magnetite iron orebody. This paper de-scribes a method for determining the recoverable iron from ores of the Labrador Trough type, with the usua1 flow sheet utilizing spirals followed by magnetic separation.The mechanical structure of a metamorphosed iron ore, resulting from recrystallization over long periods of time, is the basis for the laboratory method developed. Similarities between the structures of such recrystallized ores and the structure of annealed and recrystallized steel are noted.A laboratory technique to determine the size of the different grains of gangue and iron ore minerals is de-scribed and the application of this information to arrive at recommended grinding techniques and flow sheets is demonstrated. The use of the method to determine recoverable iron in such ores is compared to actual iron recovery in the pilot-plant and commercial concentrations of the same ore.The use of a specified lower limit of recoverable iron as determined by this method, in order to design open-pit limits, achieves practical results when compared to designing a pit based on an arbitrary lower limit of total soluble iron. The Ungava Iron Ore deposits are used in giving an example of the resulting pit design changes."

Jan 1, 1968

By Manuel Gomez

Coking time was investigated as a function of coal properties, carbonization parameters, and the interactions between these variables. The results indicate that coal properties and carbonization conditions interact to influence the coking time, and these interactions may be determined quantitatively. Prediction equations were developed and used to simulate the effects of bulk density, flue temperature, and oven width on coking times for coals having a wide range of properties. The data presented provide additional information on the carbonization process to permit the coke oven operator to maintain closer control of coke production and coke uniformity.

Jan 1, 1968

Several new techniques. which may be applied with advantage to the search for uranium are described. Scintillation type gamma spectrometers are now available for airborne', ground and borehole use. These can distinguish in a broad way between anomalies due to uranium, thorium and potassium. Gamma spectrometers based on semiconductor detectors now under development should be capable of much greater resolution. These should also make possible rapid, accurate and cheap radiometric analyses of samples containing uranium and/or thorium, whether in radioactive equilibrium or not. Another valuable prospecting aid, particularly in areas of tropical leaching, is systematic sampling of soil for radon content. Equip- ment for this purpose is currently available and it will be possible to extend the method when development of an alpha probe suitable for use in deeper holes is completed. Variations in the concentration of certain trace elements'in soil (e.g. mercury) also offer promise in the search for mineralized zones which may contain economic eon¦- centrations of uranium.

Jan 1, 1968

By J. J. Demo

The effect of aluminum additions on the coating vale and corrosion resistance of Cr-Fe diffusiou coalings on a mild steel substvate has been studied. Aluminum additions up to 2 wt pct increase the chromium penetration rate while further additions retard it. The apparent cor$lict between these data and metallogyapkic ineasurements, which show a continuially increasing coaling thickness with aluminum addition, is discrissed. Compavisorz of corrosion resistance on the basis of equal thickness of tlre entire coating measured mnetal- ALTHOUGH ferrous metal articles are cheap and widely used, they are often quickly degraded by corrosion. To prevent or slow down the corrosion process, lographically is misleading; equal thickness of the cor-rosion-resistant portion of the coating is a bette.v basis of conzpavison. Inter difision coefFicients for Cr-Al-Fe coatings of different aluminum content have been detevmined and found to dary logarithmically when plotted againnst chromium concentvation. A general method of calculating diffusion profiles for different lrealment limes and surfuce coucentralions IS described. many types of coating are applied to steel.' Among these are diffusion coatings, formed by high-temperature diffusion of selected elements into the surface, which then becomes the coating Diffusion coatings are metallurgically bonded to the substrate and show a continuously varying concentration gradient from surface to substrate. Generally, these coatings have the advantage of adhering to the substrate upon deformation of the composite. Moreover, when chromium is one of the diffusion elements, a mild steel substrate

Jan 1, 1968

By Gerald Blackmore

This paper discusses the present state and future trends within the coal industry, and then goes into the reasoning behind these planned trends. Such factors as marketing, costs, new mining techniques and machinery, and manpower and human resources are considered. Finally, the author refers to the effect that these trends will have on the coal industry of Cape Breton.

Jan 1, 1968

By L. E. Puddington, A. L. Mular

"Since the inception of spherical agglomeration, few investigations to exploit commercially the technique in the metallurgical field have been conducted. Of these, none appear to have been carried sufficiently far to demonstrate commercial feasibility.This paper describes a continuous agglomeration-separation process that can rapidly handle large tonnages of ore material. A small pilot plant de-signed from information obtained with the semi-batch unit described herein is currently in operation.In the absence of a reagent recovery system or cheap reagents, the process is probably not economically attractive for many common ores. However, for iron ores, the fuel content of the agglomerates can be used in a subsequent step such as direct reduction."

Jan 1, 1968

By John J. Dwyer

As one begins to contemplate the organization of a talk with the title "Iron Ore - The Permanent State of Evolution," the main divisions appear to be the past, the present, and the future. But distaste for repetition of the present production achievements, which scarcely need additional description on this occasion, soon leads one to the conclusion that a more appropriate division of the subject is simply the past and the future . . . with emphasis on the future. We are working in the present, but it can only be understood by what has taken place in the years and decades gone by, and/or under what terms we will have to face the future. Evolution is more often thought of as a steady change - but steady change is really the product of revolutions, sometimes making headlines but often unnoticed at the time. With hindsight, we recognize the great importance of the emergence of the Bessemer converter and the open hearth and the vast influence that both have had on steel making and the changing ore demand. In this country we also see schooners opening the era for lake transportation of iron ore from Michigan to Take Erie. Later, steamships haul the ore from the Mesabi Range to the steel centers of the country. In order to take full advantage of the inland seaway, there had to be revolutions in ship design, loading and unloading facilities and channel and lock development. Full scale utilization of the resources of the Mesabi Range, itself, required parallel upheavals such as the development of new production equipment, and substitution of modern forms of energy for horsepower, and, yes, manpower, as well.

Jan 1, 1968

By H. K. Pelzer

Belt conveyor systems for long-distance haulage are nowadays in a competitive position with conventional methods of transportation such as railways, truck haulage, and also pipelines for solid materials. In a number of cases, the economical use of conveyors is obvious. This is in all those cases where typical features of a conveyor system are showing the outstanding economical position in the very first approach for a certain project. Regarding downhill conveyors, with today's level of belt conveyor techniques nobody would reasonably doubt the justified application of a conveyor system, - as for instance at the Marcona Mining Installation, or at the iron ore mine of Lamco in Liberia.

Jan 1, 1968

By Sidney Katell

This report, covering the period January 1967 through December 1967, is a continuation of a series that began with the publication of Information Circular 7516 in October 1949. It is the ninth in a series of reports prepared in cooperation with the American Association of Cost Engineers. The abstracted articles are concerned with all phases of cost engineering in the field of chemical and petroleum plants and related subjects. They are from the following sources: 1. American Association of Cost Engineers Bulletin. 2. Bureau of Mines Information Circulars. 3. Bureau of Mines Reports of Investigations. 4. Chemical Engineering. 5. Chemical Engineering Progress. 6. Chemical Week.

Jan 1, 1968