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By Leonid V. Azároff, H. N. Murty

In the course of investigating the soft X-ray absorption spectra of Ni-A1 alloys, Das and ~zfiroff' observed an anomalous brittleness in solid solutions containing 3 to 5 at. pct Al. The brittle alloys also had anomalously larger lattice constants' and the fine structure at the nickel K edge of an alloy containing 3.96 at. pct A1 unexpectedly resembled that of NiA1 more closely than that of a solid solution containing 5.51 at. pct Al. This led them to suggest the possibility that short-range ordering was produced during the homogenization anneal to which each specimen was subjected, similar to that observed in dilute solutions of vanadium and of chromium in nickel: as the principal cause of embrittlement. It was decided to repeat the above measurements on several alloys in this composition range in order to test the above hypothesis and to establish the effect of heat treatment on the alloys' properties. Three solid solutions in this range were prepared containing, respectively, 3.16, 4.00, and 4.54 at. pct Al, in addition to alloys containing 6 and 9 pct. All samples were annealed in vacuum at 1800°F for 100 hr and then furnace-cooled to room temperature, as in the original study. The lattice constants of these alloys are shown by open circles in Fig. 1 and can be seen to fit quite closely the curve established by the previously measured values, indicated by solid circles. (The experimental errors are of the order of the size of the circles, +o.oo~R.) The three alloys containing 3 to 5 at. pct A1 were found to be quite brittle, as previously reported. In order to test the possibility of ordering, these three solid solutions were again heated to 1800°F and, following a few hours at that temperature, were quenched directly to room temperature. All three alloys lost their brittleness. In order to verify the proposed ordering hypothesis, it was decided to subject each sample to several cycles of quenching and annealing (disordering and ordering). After some experimentation, it was established that reproducible results could be obtained by anneal-

Jan 1, 1968

By C. A. Hartnagel

The production of petroleum in New York in 1940, totaling 4,999,000 bbl., was only slightly under the amount produced in each of the previous three years. The year 1940 started auspiciously with a posted price on Jan. I of $2.75 a barrel. Four price reductions, beginning in May, resulted in August in a low of $1.85 a barrel, after which two increases brought the year's closing price to $2.15 a barrel. The favorable crude price at the beginning of the year stimulated an increased drilling program, especially in the water-flooding districts. In the Allegany County region, which accounts for about two-thirds of the state's oil production, 886 wells, including water-intake wells, were drilled; 200 more than in the preceding Year. During the closing months of the Year there was a marked decline in the number of wells drilled. The unfavorable position in which the industry found itself before midsummer was due largely to the loss of export markets for its high-grade lubricants, constituting approximately 25 per cent of its business. As a result of this situation, runs to refineries were curtailed as much as 30 Per cent at the middle of the Year. Improvement in market conditions toward the end of the Year found the stocks of available crude at an almost record low. Deep DRILLING with the gradual exhaustion of some of the important natural and flood-oil-produc-ing areas of the Allegany and Bradford pools, overproduction will not be a serious problem in the future. The possibility of finding new territory or deeper producing sands has been further lessened by the drilling of additional deep wells for gas in and about the present oil fields. Many of these wells drilled to the Oriskany sand-stone were over 4000 ft. deep and have tested the entire thickness of the Devonian formation, the upper 2000 ft. of which contain all the important oil-producing strata in the state. Water-flooding It is thus evident that the problem of the New york oil producers is not one of find-ing new supplies but of obtaining as much 6 oil as possible from the old developed fields that during the 60 years of their life have 1 produced I 3o,ooo,ooo bbl. of oil. Although a few floods were in operation before I9I9, when the production of oil by flooding was 1 made legal, the output for that year amounted to only 85I,000 bbl. From 1919 I on there has been an almost constant increase, which during the past four years has averaged well above 5,000,000 bbl. annually. During the last 22 years, which constitutes the period of important flooding operations, 651337,000 bbl. of oil have been produced in the state. Careful estimates indicate that between one-third and one-half of the oil fields are being flooded or are already watered out. Some of the flooded and watered-out areas include territory with unusually thick sands, which were highly productive during the early history of the fields. From a recent study of operations in the New York oil fields, it is estimated that about 65,ooo,oo bbl. of oil

Jan 1, 1941

By C. A. Hartnagel

The production of petroleum in New York in 1940, totaling 4,999,000 bbl., was only slightly under the amount produced in each of the previous three years. The year 1940 started auspiciously with a posted price on Jan. I of $2.75 a barrel. Four price reductions, beginning in May, resulted in August in a low of $1.85 a barrel, after which two increases brought the year's closing price to $2.15 a barrel. The favorable crude price at the beginning of the year stimulated an increased drilling program, especially in the water-flooding districts. In the Allegany County region, which accounts for about two-thirds of the state's oil production, 886 wells, including water-intake wells, were drilled; 200 more than in the preceding Year. During the closing months of the Year there was a marked decline in the number of wells drilled. The unfavorable position in which the industry found itself before midsummer was due largely to the loss of export markets for its high-grade lubricants, constituting approximately 25 per cent of its business. As a result of this situation, runs to refineries were curtailed as much as 30 Per cent at the middle of the Year. Improvement in market conditions toward the end of the Year found the stocks of available crude at an almost record low. Deep DRILLING with the gradual exhaustion of some of the important natural and flood-oil-produc-ing areas of the Allegany and Bradford pools, overproduction will not be a serious problem in the future. The possibility of finding new territory or deeper producing sands has been further lessened by the drilling of additional deep wells for gas in and about the present oil fields. Many of these wells drilled to the Oriskany sand-stone were over 4000 ft. deep and have tested the entire thickness of the Devonian formation, the upper 2000 ft. of which contain all the important oil-producing strata in the state. Water-flooding It is thus evident that the problem of the New york oil producers is not one of find-ing new supplies but of obtaining as much 6 oil as possible from the old developed fields that during the 60 years of their life have 1 produced I 3o,ooo,ooo bbl. of oil. Although a few floods were in operation before I9I9, when the production of oil by flooding was 1 made legal, the output for that year amounted to only 85I,000 bbl. From 1919 I on there has been an almost constant increase, which during the past four years has averaged well above 5,000,000 bbl. annually. During the last 22 years, which constitutes the period of important flooding operations, 651337,000 bbl. of oil have been produced in the state. Careful estimates indicate that between one-third and one-half of the oil fields are being flooded or are already watered out. Some of the flooded and watered-out areas include territory with unusually thick sands, which were highly productive during the early history of the fields. From a recent study of operations in the New York oil fields, it is estimated that about 65,ooo,oo bbl. of oil

Jan 1, 1941

Faulty rock dusting of the New Orient Mine at West Frankfort, Ill. was declared to have been the primary cause of the extent of the blast that killed 119 men on December 21. Walter Eadie, state director of mines and minerals, ascribed the explosion to the ignition of methane in a working place about a mile northwest of the shaft of the mine. The initiation of the combustion was either by a spark from electrical machinery or from men smoking in the mine. It was surmised that a train of empty cars stalled in a ventilation door, had caused sufficient disturbance in the ventilation system to permit accumulation of gases. The Federal Bureau of Mines said that the Illinois explosion was caused by an electrical spark that touched off the clouds of gas present because of the faulty ventilation equipment. The bureau report listed three conditions as primarily responsible: An inadequate ventilating system, operation of faulty electrical equipment and the presence of large accumulations of fine coal dust capable of exploding. "This coal dust, principally along roadways, was not removed from the mine or rendered inert by the application of sufficient rock dust," the report stated. Investigations showed that an even more disastrous blast was averted because the explosion eventually reached areas where it could expand into open workings and where enough rock dust had been applied to retard it.

Jan 1, 1952

By Pol Duwez

The effect of the rate of cooling on titanium, zirconium, and thallium has been measured. For titanium-molybdenum alloys, it has been shown that for molybdenum concentration up to 8 pct the rate of cooling has no effect on the transformation temperature, but this temperature decreases progressively with increasing molybdenum content. HIGH strength to weight ratio and remarkable corrosion resistance have often been advanced as the main reasons for the present widespread interest in titanium. For the physical metallurgist, the existence of an allotropic transformation in titanium is another important factor. As in the case of iron, an allotropic transformation may be the fundamental property upon which the response of Ti-base alloys to heat treatment will depend. It is therefore important to study the mechanism of the allotropic transformation in pure titanium and the effect of alloying elements on this transformation. The existence of an allotropic transformation in titanium was reported in 1931 by Schulze.' Later, De Boer et al.' determined the transformation temperature from a discontinuity in the electrical resistivity at 882"42O°C. According to recent work," the transformation temperature is 882.5"&1°C. The crystal structure of the room temperature a phase is hexagonal close-packed and the high temperature fi phase is body-centered cubic.' It is well known that the high temperature /3 phase of pure titanium cannot be retained by quenching to room temperature. Several investigators'-' have shown that in alloys of titanium with metals which are soluble in the @ phase (for example, nickel, molybdenum, chromium, or manganese), the /3 structure can be retained, providing the concentration of the alloying element is greater than a certain critical value. Below this critical value, the alloys transform during quenching, at least partially, into a supersaturated solid solution having the a. structure. This behavior is very similar to that found in some iron binary alloys (Fe-Ni and Fe-Mh, for example) and is an indication that the transformation might occur by means of a shear mechanism analogous to that observed in the austenite-martensite reaction. The present investigation is mostly concerned with the effect of the rate of cooling on the /3 to a transformation. In the first portion of this paper, the results obtained on pure titanium are described. Two other pure metals, zirconium and thallium, were also investigated, because they both have an allotropic transformation like titanium, from an hexagonal close-packed to a body-centered cubic structure. For purposes of comparison, the effect of rate of cooling of the y to a transformation of iron was included in the experimental program. The second part of this paper deals with Ti-Mo alloys. The equilibrium phase boundaries involving the solid state reactions on the Ti-rich side of the system were determined and a study was made of the effect of the rate of cooling on the transformation of the high temperature /3 solid solution. Experimental Procedure Since the main object of the present investigation was the determination of the effect of the rate of cooling on a transformation temperature, the best technique available was that used by Greninger" in his study of the martensite arrest in carbon steels. This method consists of heating a very small sample of metal to which fine thermocouple wires are .attached, cooling the sample rapidly by means of a blast of helium, and recording the temperature vs. time curve on an oscillograph. The apparatus used in the present experiments was very similar to that described by Greninger, except that the heating coil was made of molybdenum wire (0.040 in. in diam) and the assembly was placed in a bell jar under vacuum of 10" mm Hg or less. The specimen con-

Jan 1, 1952

By W. C. Muehlhof, L. D. Lamont

THROUGHOUT the anthracite industry's history, the problem of handling and dis¬posing of refuse material has been one of major importance. In the early days of the industry's activities, only the large sizes of anthracite were satisfactory for market requirements and the smaller sizes were deposited as refuse. As time went by, more efficient coal-burning equipment was developed and a market demand was created for the finer sizes of coal. This demand made it possible to recover market¬able coal from banks deposited as refuse in the earlier days of mining. The same condition holds good today and we can see a definite trend toward the objective of utilizing the No. 4 and No. 5 buckwheat sizes. Under present conditions, we know that a limited market exists for No. 4 and 5 buckwheat; we know that the finer sizes of anthracite can be burned as pulverized fuel; we know that these fine sizes can be processed and sold as bri¬quettes, and we also know that the heat content of these fine sizes of coal is compar¬able with that of the sizes now merchan¬dized. Therefore, it should be the objective of the industry to conserve these fine sizes of coal in such manner that if and when processing facilities are developed, and market demands exist, the material can be salvaged and made available to meet these demands. From the standpoint of economical future reclamation, the ideal method of disposing of refuse containing the finer sizes of coal is to deposit it in banks separate and apart from other breaker refuse. By this procedure, the minimum amount of material will be processed in future salvage operations to recover the No. 4 and No. 5 buckwheat sizes. Many collieries in the anthracite region are operated under leases that have a specific term. These lease agreements provide that, upon expiration of the lease by term, exhaustion or otherwise, the ownership of the refuse material reverts to the lessor. Therefore, a question was raised in the minds of these operators: Why should I assume the expense of such pro¬cedure when I have no assurance that I will benefit by the future processing and sale of these fine sizes? Under present conditions, the answer to this question is not one of choice but of necessity, as restrictions imposed by legislation make it mandatory on operators of preparation plants to take necessary steps to properly treat silt-laden waters before permitting them to enter the streams. By reason of these restrictions, the disposal of fine sizes becomes a secondary_ rather than a primary operating con sideration, and the procedure for disposing of this refuse becomes a matter of choice governed principally by topographical and geographical conditions. METHODS OF HANDLING REFUSE There are three principal methods of handling and disposing of fine-size refuse; namely :

Jan 1, 1946

By R. L. Blackwood

The solid inclusion cell for absolute in situ stress measurement has been found to give reliable results in coal. The cell is described briefly, along with the methods of installing, overcoring and taking readings in underground coal mines. The validity of the cell performance is demonstrated by reference to the stress-relief curves obtained during overcoring and a three-dimensional B.I.E.M. analysis of the installation to test for stress anomalies deriving from the geometry of the overcoring groove-borehole-cell arrangement. Case studies of two stress measurement projects using the cell are presented for coal mines in New South Wales, Australia.

Jan 1, 1982

By H. De Cizancourt

AS in former years, Pechelbronn, in Alsace, was the most important producer in 1936, with 484,453 bbl., of which 283,151 from drilling and 201,302 from mining showed a slight increase in comparison with the preceding year. Gabian, in France and Tliouanet, in Algeria, are nearly exhausted. At Gabian, four wells drilled in intermittent exploitation produced during the year 2893 bbl. Four wildcats, one of which is producing, constituted all the activity in research on French territory. In Morocco, some wildcats have been drilled in search for new fields and exploratory drilling has been done in Tselfat and in Djebel Bou Draa in known fields, but the results have been inconsiderable. In Tunisia there was a gas outburst in Kebir 1, which is the first practical result obtained. In Madagascar, the Andrafiavelo region has been left and a new region has been tried in Folakara with the Tsimororo. In French Equatorial Africa, one drilling is in progress.

Jan 1, 1937

By C. C. RAE

The Texas Panhandle produced 18,677,000 bbl. of oil in 1932 as against 25,064,000 in 1931. The decline was caused by smaller market demand, since the Railroad Commission potential increased from 105,528 to 149,260 bbl. during the year. Well Completions, 1932 The development during 1932 compares with 1931' as follows: Year Wells Drilled Dry Holes Gas Wells Oil Wells Initial Pro- duction, Bbl. 1931 200 6 77 117 347 1932 136 18 28 90 603 Crude oil prices, small market demand, and lower allowable rate of production caused less drilling. Expiration of leases was one reason for a greater number of dry holes through forced drilling of questionable areas. The small number of gas wells reflected the influence of the business depression upon industrial and domestic gas demand, together with difficulties of franchise negotiations or pipe line extensions under present conditions. Probably much of the gas-well drilling was done on expiration leases, or to protect against drainage, and equalize withdrawals as between the various units held by each gas pipe line company. The increase in average initial daily production was due chiefly to excellent granite wash wells in the LeFors district developed by the Texas Co. and Skelly Oil Company. In the Panhandle district, comprising a major anticline with almost a million productive gas acres, the pools tend to merge in time, the development being confined to more productive areas. Hence separation into pools becomes a matter of time of development with some effort to keep dolomite, archosic and granite wash production separate. Many pools, like the Finley and Bowers, have mainly one type, but many leases and even individual wells produce from two zones. The oil production is usually closely associated with sea level, where proper porous formations

Jan 1, 1933

By E. P. Hindes

The total amount of oil produced in the state of Oklahoma during the year 1928 was 242,286,400 bbl., as compared to 273,372,650 bbl. in 1927; 177,650,000 bbl. in 1926; and 167,900,000 bbl. in 1925. The year 1928 ranks second to 1927 in which more oil was produced in the state than in any previous year. The large in in 1927 and 1928 was due principally to the development of the Greater Seminole district. The decrease of approximately 31,000,000 bbl. in the 1928 production as compared with the production in 1927, was caused by a drop of nearly 8,500,000 bbl. in the Seminole district production and a more or less normal decline in the production of practically all the other older and more settled fields. During 1928 approximately 1800 producing wells were drilled in Oklahoma, which yielded during the year approximately 90,000,000 bbl. of oil. The average initial production of these wells was 850 bbl. per day, and the average daily production per well for the year was 137 bbl. The average daily production per well of the total number of wells producing in 1928 was 10.9 bbl., which is a 13.5 per cent. decrease from the 1927 average of 12.6 barrels. At the close of 1928 a total of 95,400 producing wells had been drilled in the state, and approximately 61,000 were still producing. The grand total amount of oil produced in the state from the time the first well was drilled up to and including 1928 was 2,553,000,000 bbl. The production in 1928 was 9.5 per cent. of the total oil produced in the state. Texas led all other states in 1928, with a production of 251,835,200 bbl. Oklahoma was second with 242,286,400 bbl., and California was third with 231,982,600 barrels. Fields outside Greater. Seminole District Practically all the old settled fields in Oklahoma experienced a normal and expected decline during the year 1928. The fields showing the most, pronounced decline as compared to 1927 were: Burbank, which dropped from 15,230,400 to 11,939, 150 bbl.; Tonkawa, from 7,692,000 to 4,952,900 bbl.; Garber, from 5,056,300 to 3,139,400 bbl., and Wewoka, from 6,188,-800 to 2,450,400 bbl. There were no new extensions, discoveries of

Jan 1, 1929

By P. Pietrokowsky

lntermediate phases in the binary metal alloy systems Ti-Zn, Ti-Hg, Zr-Zn, Zr-Cd, and Zr-Hg have been investigated by X-ray powder diffraction methods. Gamma-TiBHg and Zr3Hg have a beta tungsten structure; TiHg and ZrHg are analogous to ordered AuCu (L l0 type); delta-TixHg and ZrHg, are isomorphous with ordered AuCu,, (L l2 type); ZrZnz is face-centered cubic (C 15 type); TiZna crystallizes in a C 14 type structure; and Zrll-, occurs in cubic and tetragonal modifications in which a random distribution of atoms exists. Additional information for the intermediate phase TiZn, is presented. THE physical metallurgy of titanium and zir-conium when alloyed with elements in subgroup 11-B of the periodic table has received comparatively little attention in the literature. Laves and Wallbaum' reported the existence of several intermediate phases in the system Ti-Zn. They identified TiZn as a CsCl (B 2) structure and described TiZn, as an ordered Cu,Au (L 1, type) crystal structure. Gebhardt' investigated very limited zinc-rich regions in the systems Ti-Zn and Zr-Zn. Phase relationships in these partial constitution diagrams were deduced from the results of thermal analysis and metallography, X-ray results being inconclusive. The first zinc-rich intermediate phase in either system was not identified. More recently, Anderson, Boyle, and Ramsey" have had occasion to refer to a partial Ti-Zn phase diagram (unpublished data) covering the region 0 to 10 atomic pct Ti, wherein two intermediate phases corresponding approximately to TiZn,, and TiZn,, were indicated. The metals used in this investigation and typical analyses as determined by the suppliers are given in Table I. The iodide-process zirconium which was used was not hafnium free. Experimental Methods Alloy Preparation: The relative ease with which titanium and zirconium combine with other elements places extensive restrictions on the methods by which alloying can be achieved. The direct current electric arc melting procedure was found to be unsatisfactory for preparing these binary alloys and for this reason solid state diffusion methods were utilized. The iodide process titanium and zirconium rods were filed by hand. Fines were subjected to a magnetic separation and classified as to size as either finer than 200 mesh or coarser than 200 but finer than 80 mesh. Powder mixtures of various binary combinations of titanium and zirconium with zinc and cadmium were compacted in a 12 mm diameter die and then placed in Vycor or quartz vials which were evacuated and sealed. The mercury alloys were prepared in a similar manner; the proper weight of liquid mercury being placed in a vial with minus 200 mesh titanium or zirconium. These ampoules were then heat treated at various temperatures and times depending on the characteristics of the particular alloy system. Upon completion of the heat treatment the ampoules were cooled rapidly and the specimens weighed. The loss in weight varied from 1 to 3 pct (except as noted in the text) and for this reason the calculated compositions were accepted as a fair measure of the actual alloy compositions. X-Ray Dif raction Techniques: Powder diffraction experiments were conducted at room temperature with a 143.2 mm Debye-Scherrer X-ray camera in which the film was placed in the Straumanis arrangement. When copper radiation was used, a nickel filter was employed, and for the cobalt target a filter of iron oxide was used. In both cases, the /i? filter was placed between the X-ray target and the powder specimen which was mounted on a glass fiber. The lack of information based on optical metallography placed reliance on the results obtained from the X-ray experiments for determination of

Jan 1, 1955

By Roshan Bhappu, Laszlo Dudas, Herman Maass

Introduction Chemical and mineralogical constitution play a very important role in the processing of ores because they dictate the method, either physical or chemical, for extracting the mineral or metal. Similarly, the mineralogical nature of the ore, especially the grain size of the valuable minerals, is very important in its processing. The fineness of the grain may be such that physical separation pro- cesses may be eliminated in preference to chemical techniques. In the past, very little attention has been devoted to the geo- logical and mineralogical occurrences which may be potential sources of ores by both the geologist and mineral processing engineer. On the one hand, geologists have devoted less attention to lower grade, complex mineral deposits, and, therefore, may have inadvertently curtailed an exploration 2rogra.m. On the other hand, the metal- lurgists have neglected to study in detail the geological environ- ments and mineralization of potential ores with the view of deter- mining the critical parameter that could assist in economically processing complex submarginal deposits. In the final analysis, a chemical processing technique converts the valuable metals to a mobile state under conditions similar to those which deposited originally in the host rock. The relationship between ore-genesis and chemical processing is close when the process of mineral or metal deposition in a particular ore deposit is understood--putting the metal in solution by reversing the process of deposition is re- latively easy. For this reason, some researchers and educators have been stressing the importance of ore-genesis, geochemistry, mineral equilibria, and ionic equilibria in studying and explaining the

Jan 1, 1974

HAVING shown you before how moulds of statues and also those of guns are constructed, I wish to tell you at present how, if you wish to cast them in bronze, you are further to prepare and arrange these moulds so that they may receive the melted mass of the metals in a friendly manner and without disturbance. I know that you understand that a real and intense heat has been intro-

Jan 1, 1942

By F. V. Hicks

THE similarity of mining practices in bituminous coal fields through-out America is due to the fact that certain fundamental conditions are encountered in all fields. The problems of labor, housing and mining are somewhat similar whether the mine is in Pennsylvania, Illinois, Wyoming or the State of Washington. Each field has had its particular problems, resulting in advantages or disadvantages over a competing field. This might take the form of a wage differential, a better natural condition more favorable to cheap production, or proximity to a market that allows freight rate advantages, etc. In any event, no matter how favorably situated, the mining companies that have been slow to recog-nize and accept the advantage of mechanization, clinging too long to the old hand methods, have found themselves unable to meet competition. Throughout the Wyoming coal fields, production methods have so changed in the last decade as to be almost unrecognizable to an old-time coal miner who has had no connection with the industry during; that period. The old contract system, with its peculiar labor relationship between employer and employee, based upon the long-established custom that the miner's working place was his castle, and that it was his privilege to carry on operations within that place largely in his own way and to his own liking, is a condition that has passed away. The present-day, 100 per cent mechanized mine bears but little resemblance to the old. A change -in system has naturally altered the old-time labor relationship. Contract labor has been almost entirely eliminated and a straight day-wage basis established, with certain classes of work calling for different rates, which places the entire personnel of the underground operating force more directly under the direction and supervision of the mine foreman and his assistants. The transition from the old order to the new has gradually done away with the system of penalties, personal- rights and privileges existing under the contract system, which were so controversial in the past that the average mine management was constantly involved in labor disputes in fields where organized labor was employed.

Jan 1, 1936

By W. B. Weeks, H. K. Shearer

The year 1937 brought to south Arkansas increased drilling activity and production. Oil production amounted to 12,159,440 bbl., an increase of 1,504,500 bbl., or 14.1 per cent over 1936. This was the largest production since 1931, and the first annual increase since 1925, when the deeper sands at Smackover were developed. There were 177 wells completed during the year, with 103 oil wells, 6 gas wells, and 68 dry holes, an increase of more than 100 per cent over 1936. Of the 56 wildcat wells drilled, 52 were dry and 4 produced oil. Two new fields, one important extension and three minor extensions were discovered. The trend toward deeper drilling is shown by the fact that 97 wells were more than 5000 ft. deep, including 80 over 6000 ft. and 13 over 7000 ft., although the depth record of 7973 ft., made in 1935, was not exceeded. Geological Section Deeper and more extensive drilling during the past few years, not only in south Arkansas but also in adjacent parts of north Louisiana and east Texas, has furnished much important geological information and has brought out some very unexpected facts in regard to structural and depositional conditions in the series of formations laid down in the interval between the end of the Pennsylvanian and early Cretaceous time. It is now evident that an important basin of salt deposition existed in the Arkansas-Louisiana-Texas area, but it is still an open question whether this salt basin was contemporaneous and continuous with the even larger Gulf Coast salt basin extending from Mississippi to Mexico. The accompanying columnar section (Fig. 1) shows the producing zones and names that have been applied to the several subsurface formations, most of which have no outcrop equivalents. This is for the convenience of readers unfamiliar with recent developments, but the correlations and nomenclature cannot yet be considered final. These formations will be discussed in more detail in various papers to be published in the near future.

Jan 1, 1938

By C. E. Shoenfelt

The deepening of the General Crude Oil Company's No. 1 Meyers, NE. NE. SE. of sec. 22, 24S., 36E., in the Cooper area of Lea County, in April, 1934, resulted in the discovery of an oil field of major importance. The discovery well is an old well drilled by Cranfill $ Reynolds and completed in July, 1929, in limestone at 3438 ft. for an initial production of 90,000,000 cu. ft. (estimated) of 'gas. Deepening operations were started early in April, 1934, and cores were taken from the old total depth of 3438 to 3508 ft. A Haliburton test taken through the drill stem at 3439 to 3460 ft. showed 50,000,000 cu. ft. of gas with an increase of 5,000,000 cu. ft. between 3461 and 3474 ft. When completed the well tested 12,000,000 cu. ft. of gas and 5000 bbl. of oil at 3474-3508 feet. The new oil field—the result of this discovery—is between the Eunice and the Jal fields, closer to the productive area of Jal than to that of Eunice but far enough away from both to be considered a separate area. Eventually, all of these pools may be joined together by productive oil wells to form a single unit of large size. They lie in a general northwest-southeast alignment and the intervening areas have not been condemned by dry holes. In the drilling campaign that followed this discovery, 24 wells were drilled, of which 23 were oil wells with combined initial productions of

Jan 1, 1935

By Quentin Singewald

SOME of the broader relations between structure and ore deposition along the London fault, deduced from a thorough study of the geology of the eastern part of the Mosquito Range, should be of general interest to economic geologists. The first part of this paper is a generalized state-ment of the geology of the region in which the London fault is located; it may be supplemented by reference to several earlier publications by the writers and to the U. S. Geological Survey's Professional Paper 148, on the Leadville district. The second part deals with the structure of both the fault and the disturbed zone adjoining the fault. The third part dis-cusses the salient features of the ore deposits, particularly emphasizing structural control. The two generalized maps are complementary to one another but contain too many data to show on a single small map. The London fault is between Leadville and Alma, and the ore deposits along it are said to lie in the Alma district. Field work in this district, during six summers since 1927, has been a part of the cooperative work of the U. S. Geological Survey, the State of Colorado, and the Colorado Metal Mining Board. The writers have made use of work by R. D. Butler, J. W. Vanderwilt and R. E. Landon. G. F. Loughlin and C. H. Behre, Jr., who have worked on the west side of the range, have con-tributed valuable suggestions. Mining men of the district have aided in many ways.

Jan 1, 1936

WHEN Magma Copper Company in 1952 set about finding $100,000,000 to finance the project of developing and equipping the property of its lusty progeny, the San Manuel Copper Corporation, A. J. McNab, president and guiding genius for both companies (and incidentally a mining engineer by profession), determined that he would avoid the mistake frequently made in such circumstances, of underestimating the cost, and thereby running short of funds before the job was completed. The fear that this might happen was one of the reasons why insurance companies, one potent source of "big" money, were reluctant to finance the enterprise. How, they asked themselves, would Magma, a relatively small company, get additional money in such a contingency? Insurance officials' thumbs were turned down. Conditions Imposed by R.F.C. The upshot was the negotiation by Mr. McNab for San Manuel of a contract with the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, dated July 10, 1952, whereby needed monies in amount up to $94,000,000 would be advanced as a loan, bearing 5 per cent interest. Arrangements were made for the separate financing of the new $10,000,000 town, needed for the project, through the Del E. Webb Construction Company of Phoenix, Arizona, and M.O.W. Homes, Incorporated, of Los Angeles. Thus the $94,000,000 drawing account was believed ample to provide for building the railroad, the mine plant, the concentrator, and the smelter, as well as for the underground development of the mine needed to start production. As a matter of fact, only

Jan 1, 1957

By G. W. Traer

THE distillation of bituminous coals at what is commonly termed low temperature, and the quantities, nature and adaptabilities of the products have been the subject of considerable experimentation, during recent years. Fortunately, the earlier work in this country was done by men whose scientific training qualified them properly to record and interpret the results of-their experiments. The work of Prof. Parr, of the University of Illinois, is especially notable in this respect. Prof. Parr's work, added to that of English experimenters, demonstrated certain things to a degree which is generally regarded as convincing. They have proved that a caking bituminous coal, when subjected to a temperature of not more than 1000° F. (preferably somewhat less) will yield light tar having low specific gravity (about 1.06) and high value; also, that this yield, with a given coal, will depend upon the percentage of hydrocarbons in the coal, the maximum temperature used, and the promptness with which the distillate gases are removed. It is assumed that air is excluded from the retort, and that the coal is subjected to heat for a sufficient time to drive off all of the tarry hydrocarbons. The results attained in the first, or low-temperature stage of the Carbocoal process, recently described by C. T. Malcolmson, corroborate these general principles. It is the purpose of the writer to describe other work of a practical nature, directed toward the commercial adaptation of these principles, which was begun nearly two years ago; this investigation was assisted by A. J. Sayers, of the Link-Belt Co., and Carl Scholz.

Jan 9, 1918

By Leonard P. Skolnick

PROPERTIES of materials containing a hard con-stituent dispersed in a metallic matrix are dependent on the distribution of the hard phase.'-' The grain growth of titanium carbide in liquid nickel was studied in order to understand microstructural development in this and similar systems. Smith" has examined the influence of surface energy on the distribution of phases in alloys. The grain growth of tungsten carbide in cobalt has been the subject of many conflicting theories. Those prior to 1950 have been summarized by Goetzel.' Recently, Gurland and Norton3 and Gurland8 have indicated that growth occurs primarily by diffusion through the liquid phase in order to lower the inter-facial energy between the carbide and the liquid metal. In the development of the Ti-C-Ni ternary phase diagram, Stover and Wulff9 have shown that both eutectiferous dendritic titanium carbide, and primary titanium carbide which had developed crystals of cubic symmetry, were rounded by heating below the solidus, and that if primary carbide was already present the typical eutectic decomposition products were not formed. Experimental Procedure The infiltration technique was used to study the grain growth of titanium carbide in nickel. In contrast to sintering, infiltration more readily assures uniform dispersion of the two phases, and the problems associated with mixing by milling; i.e., mill contamination, breakdown of original carbide size in the operation, development of interfering surface films, etc., are avoided. In addition, the complicating effect of densification by shrinkage is eliminated. The titanium carbides used were commercial grades. Their chemical analyses, size distributions and shapes are summarized in Table I. Size analysis was conducted by microscopic count on a minimum

Jan 1, 1958