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By C. H. Herty

Almost every metallurgist who has given the Howe Memorial Lecture has had a personal contact with the distinguished gentleman to whose honor this hour is devoted. Unfortunately for me, such personal contacts were not possible. However, in the preparation of a thesis on the open-hearth process, one of my earliest tasks was to make a survey of the literature, and it was from Professor Howe's Metallurgy of Iron and Steel that I drew a number of references to previous work which formed the foundation for my reading. In his volume there is such a complete exposition of the then current thought on the subject of slags and on their role in the elimination of phosphorus from steel that I feel no hesitation in discussing in this Howe Lecture the subject of "Slag Control." In the present era of close specification, the drive for uniformity of product, and the close inspection of the product and of the cost sheet, the utmost efforts must be made to control the steelmaking variables to the best advantage of the steel producer. One of the major variables is the slag in the furnace and its effect upon the composition and quality of the metal. What advantages are to be gained from slag control? In the broad sense the advantages must be tremendous, because the very foundations of good steel melting are based on "shaping up" the slag to a point where, with proper temperature, the heat is ready for the final additions. Every melter works toward these ends through his experience with innumerable heats of steel. The elimination of undesirable constituents such as phosphorus and sulphur is entirely a matter of slag composition and physical nature, a point well known for over half a century. The role played by the slag in assisting in proper heat transfer from roof and flame to the steel has been equally well known. In more recent years there has come the problem of oxygen control in the more accurate gauging of additions for making high-grade rimmed steel for the new strip mills, and in the deoxidizing additions for grain-size control and cleanliness of forging steels, both carbon and alloy. In this problem the oxidizing characteristics of the slag are of prime importance.

Jan 1, 1940

By Jay Carpenter

THIS paper deals with only one step in the treatment of ore at the West End mill; not because the other steps are repetitions of practice in other mills, but because in this particular step there is in use the Trent agitator. This device, although it has apparently failed in many mills, is here giving excellent service and has proved to be well adapted for making a thorough replacement of pregnant solution with a minimum amount of barren solution. The strong and weak points of this agitator, its present simple construction, and its use as a thickener for agitator or battery pulp are features of interest; but perhaps the point of greatest interest to the metallurgist in this day of continuous decantation is its use in a series of tanks for slime treatment by the replacement method. The agitating department of the West End mill consists of six redwood tanks, 24 ft. in diameter, 18 ft. high, each equipped with aTrent agitator, a centrifugal pump, and a motor. The pulp is transferred by a pump from the top of a flat-bottomed tank to a set of arms and nozzles in the bottom of the tank, at just sufficient pressure to cause the arms to revolve. The streams from the many nozzles keep the bottom of the tank clean, and these streams, coupled with the effect of the revolving mechanism and the ascending current, keep the pulp in constant motion and of constant gravity. .These agitating tanks hold 90 tons of dry slime and 202 tons of solution with a 1.24 pulp, our ore having a specific gravity of 2.7. This capacity is about 10 per cent. in excess of the standard 15 by 45 ft. Pachuca tank. The tanks are connected in one series for continuous agitation, the pulp for each agitator being drawn by its pump through a branch suction from near the top of the preceding tank and. delivered to the bottom of the tank by the agitator arms along with the regular pulp of that agitator. This method works automatically, since the flow through the branch suction varies directly with the difference in head of the two tanks. The chance for new pulp to pass out quickly is, therefore, much less than in many other systems of continuous agitation, since the new

Jan 8, 1915

By Jay A. Carpenter

This paper deals with only one step in the treatment of ore at the West End mill; not because the other steps are repetitions of practice in other mills, but because in this particular step there is in use the Trent agitator: This device, although it has apparently failed in many mills, is here giving excellent service and has proved to be well adapted for making a thorough replacement of pregnant solution with a minimum amount of barren solution. The strong and weak points of this agitator, its present simple construction, and its use as a thickener for agitator or battery pulp are features of interest; but perhaps the point of greatest interest to the metallurgist in this day of continuous decantation is its use in a series of tanks for slime treatment by the replacement method. The agitating department of the West End mill consists of six redwood tanks, 24 ft. in diameter, 18 ft. high, each equipped with a Trent agitator, a centrifugal pump, and a motor. The pulp is transferred by a pump from the top of a flat-bottomed tank to a set of arms and nozzles in the bottom of the tank, at just sufficient pressure to cause the arms to revolve. The streams from the many nozzles keep the bottom of the tank clean, and these streams, coupled with the effect of the revolving mechanism and the ascending current, keep the pulp in constant motion and of constant gravity. These agitating tanks hold 90 tons of dry slime and 202 tons of solution with a 1.24 pulp, our ore having a specific gravity of 2.7. This capacity is about 10 per cent. in excess of the standard 15 by 45 ft. Pachuca tank. The tanks are connected in one series for continuous agitation, the pulp for each agitator being drawn by its pump through a branch suction from near the top of the preceding tank and delivered to the bottom of the tank by the agitator arms along with the regular pulp of that agitator. This method works automatically, since the flow through the branch suction varies directly with the difference in head of the two tanks. The chance for new pulp to pass out quickly is, therefore, much less than in many other systems of continuous agitation, since the new

Jan 1, 1916

[A Aall, Christian H., M49 B VP, Dir of Smelt & Refin, Am. Metal Climax Inc., 1270 Ave. of the Americas, N.Y. Aaroe, Stanley L., A54 B VP, The W. S. Tyler Co. of Can. Ltd., St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada Abalos, Toodulo Q., J57 A Prod Foreman, Lepanto Cons. Mng. Co., Mt. Province, Philippines Abbass, G., M55 P. O. Box 680, Hong Kong, China Abbitt, James M., A54 770 Sole Blvd., Bartow, Fla. Abbott, Raymond C., J59 3442 Greenwich Ave., Columbus 24, Ohio Abdullah, N. Y., J53 Dept. of Mines, Res. Div., P. O. Box 1016, Tiger Lane, Ipoh Perak, Malaya Abel, John F., Jr., J53- 100 Maple, Littleton, Colo. Abell, Leo M., M31 B Conc Supt, Phelps Dodge Corp., Morenci, Ariz. Abendroth, Harry E., A57 A Geol, Union Carbide India, 183 Brabourne Rd.. Calcutta. India]

Jan 1, 1961

By Alden Greninger

THAT metallographic structures analogous to the martensite of steel may be found in certain copper-aluminum and copper-tin alloys has been known for many years; similar structures recently were found in certain copper-zinc alloys.1 In all three of these alloy systems the martensite structures result from transformation of the metastable ß phase when the speed of cooling from the ß range is sufficiently high to suppress decomposition into equilibrium phases. ? In the normal decomposition of solid solutions into equilibrium phases, diffusion is needed to bring about the necessary changes in concentration, and the rate of reaction falls almost to zero at temperatures slightly above room temperature. The rates of reaction for martensite processes, however, are not dependent upon temperature; the transformation does not require readjustments of concentration. For example, the marten-site transformation in 60:40 (ß) copper-zinc does not begin until the temperature has dropped to about minus 30° C., and then continues down to minus 130° C. and probably even at lower temperatures.1 Further-more, martensite processes apparently proceed only while the tempera-ture is falling, within the proper range, and cease completely while the temperature is held constant; ? and they cannot be suppressed by extremely rapid cooling although the rate of cooling for some alloys may be increased to over 10,000 times the critical cooling velocity. Isaitschew, Kaminsky and Kurdjumow2 account for these observed behaviors of martensite processes by postulating that the mechanism " . . . consists in a regular rearrangement of the lattice in such a way

Jan 1, 1939

By M. R. Louthan, C. L. Angerman

In polycrystalline Zircaloy-2 the orientation of zirconium hydride precipitates is influenced by an applied stress during hydride precipitation; hydride platelets are oriented nearly parallel to a compres-sive stress and perpendicular to a tensile tress. 1,2 A similar effect has been observed in the Ti-H system, where precipitation of the low-density hydride platelets occurred on habit planes made energetically favorable by the application of stress. 3 Recently, stress activation of hydride habit planes in zirconium and Zircaloy-4 was also demonstrated. The hydrides precipitated on {101l), {112l} and (2131) planes in both zirconium and Zircaloy-4; however, no platelets were found near the prism-plane positions in the Zircaloy-4 samples. Investigations at the Savannah River Laboratory, using polycrystalline Zirc_aloy-2 samples, have confirmed the (101l) and (1121) habit planes but also showed that the prism planes were active hydride habit planes. Using single-surface stereographic analysis and back-reflection Laue techniques, most of the previously reported habit planes for a zirconium were observed.4"1 and one additional plane, the (1013) plane, was noted, Table I. All the habit planes observed had the form (101l) or { 112l) indicating that these planes are the habit planes for hydride precipitation in poly-crystalline Zircaloy-2. The specimens used in these studies were cut from large-grained weld areas of seam-welded tubing and were hydrided in either a static steam autoclave at 400°C and 1500 psig or in a modified Sieverts apparatus at 400°C.

Jan 1, 1967

By M. G. Corson

Information regarding the use of ixanganese alloys has hitherto been incomplete and available only from widely scattered sources. This paper attempts a systematic description of properties and uses of alloys other than manganese bronze, manganin and duralumin, which are probably the only non-ferrous alloys associated with manganese in the minds of most metallurgists. Properties of Manganese Manganese can react either acid or basic; it is hard to obtain in the pure state; it has two different crystalline lattice structures, both of the cubic system, one stable above 850" C. and the other below 650" C., both coexisting in the intermediate range. Although the commercial product is hard and brittle, the pure metal seems to be ductile. In fact Zhemchuzhny, in Russia, was able to obtain ductile manganese and draw it to fine wires by the simple expedient of adding about 3 per cent. copper to the alumino-thermic product. Copper most probably brings the sili-cides, aluminides, nitrides and carbides present in the commercial product into a much less harmful form of distribution. One industrial use that can be foreseen for wrought manganese articles is as anodes for electrolytic processes in sulfate and nitrate solutions, particularly with high voltages. A practically insoluble skin of manganese peroxide is likely to form in such cases and an insoluble and strong anode material will be available. Manganese as a Scavengek Because of its activity manganese might become the most efficient scavenger and refiner of copper, were it not for the fact that 0.01 per cent.

By J. B. Cheatham, C. E. Murphey

Presently, computer control of Borobolic direction cannot be obtained during drilling, and most straight-holc drilling methods attempt to resist hole deviation rather than control direction. Many of the theories advanced as possible explanations of the cause of hole deviation are Summarized berein. A new correlation of physical partables is introduced to indicate bow factors such iis drill collar stiffness clearance and hit weight influence borehole deviation, .A methord is proposed for predicting the rate of change of hole angle when drilling conditions are changed. INTRODUCTION Control of borehole direction during drilling can be difficult and costly. Unintentional crooked holes are often lrilleti in dipping formations and many times directional drilling is required when the surface location is not directly above the target area —- for example, at offshore and mountainous locations. Prilllng progress can be greatly hindered in either air or liquid drilling when it be comes necessary to use low bit weight to prevent excessive hole angle build-up. If hole inclination becomes too great, drill pipe drag becomes excessive and fishing risks are increased, logging is more difficult and problems of differential sticking, key seating and fatigue failures may be encountered. Dog-legs and key seats are more serious problems than steep inclination angles: therefore, reducing rate of direction change is preferred to attempting to maintain absolutely vertical holes. Consequently, a straight inclineti hole is preferable to a nearly vertical crooked hole containing numerous dog-legs. In this paper, theories of the cause of hole deviation and analyses of drill string behavior under down-hole conclitions are summarized. Methods for computing hole deviation are presented und systems for resisting deviation as well as neans for provic!ing control of holt- direction are iliscusseI. A new correlation of physical variables is introduced tu indicate how factors such as drill collar stiffness, clearance and bit weight influence borehole deviation. A method is oroposeti for predicting the rate of change of hole anFrle when drilling conditions are clianged. IIEVIEU' OF PREVIOUS WORK ON HOIaE DEVIATION Significant progress in the theoretical analysis of hole deviation problems has been made in the past 1 5 years. The pioneering work has been primarily a result of the efforts of Lubinski and Woods.l-5 In 1950, Lubinski 1 considered the buckling of a drill string in a straig:rt vertical hole, a problem also considered by Willers6 in 1941. It wns concluded that very low bit weights must be used to prevent hole deviation resulting from drill collar buckling. The use of conventional stabilizers was proposed2 in 1951 by Mac Donald and Lubinski as a method for permitting greater Sit weights to he carried without drill collar buckling. These authors pointed out that a 2° nearly vertical spiral hole can cause severe key seatinp, and drill pine near, wilereas n 3 straight inclined hole with deviation all in one direction, while not vertical, will not result in serious drillirig or producing problems. Studies were continued with an investigation of straight inclined holes by Lubinski and Woods3 in 1953. In this paper they concluded that perfectlv vertical holes cannot be drilled even in isotropic forriations unless extremely low bit P-eights are used. .l'l~ey postulated that constant drilling conditions produce holes of constant inclination angle and varying conditions cause the hole to drill at a neiv equilibrium angle. This analysis was not concerned with drill string buckling since it was based on an equilibrium solution in which the ~irill string Was presumed to lie along the lower side of the hole abcrve the point of tangency. Weight of the drill collars below the point of tangency tends to force the hole toyard the vertical, whereas the weight on hit tends to force the hole aurav from the vertica l. The concept of an anisotropic formation Lvas introduced as an empirical method for explaining actual drilling data and as a means for extrapolating known deviation data to otiier conditions of hit

Jan 1, 1967

LIST OF THE MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE AND THEIR LOCALITIES FROM ITS ORGANIZATION Transactions Number Place Date Vol Page I Wilkes-Barre, Pa * May, 1871 I 3 II Bethlehem, Pa August, 1871 I 10 III Troy, N Y November, 1871 I 13 IV Philadelphia, Pa February, 1872 I 17 V New York, N Y * May, 1872 I 20 VI Pittsburg, Pa October, 1872 I 25 VII Boston, Mass February, 1873 I 28 VIII Philadelphia, Pa * May, 1873 II 3 IX Easton, Pa October, 1873 II 7 X New York, N Y February, 1874 II 11 XI St Louis, Mo * May, 1874 III 3 XII Hazleton, Pa October, 1874 III 8 XIII New Haven, Conn February, 1875 III 15 XIV Dover, N J * May, 1875 IV 3 XV Cleveland, 0 October, 1875 IV 9 XVI Washington, D C February, 1876 IV 8 XVII Philadelphia, Pat June, 1876, V XVIII Philadelphia, Pa October, 1876 V 9 XIX New York, N Y February, 1877 v 27 XX Wilkes-Barre, Pa * May, 1877 vi 3 XXI Amenia, N Y October, 1877 vi 10

Jan 1, 1910

By E. L. Kinsella, F. S. White

Solids fluidization utilized in two ways for the commercial production of lime is described. Crushed —6 mesh limestone is dried and dedusted in a single bed reactor, then calcined in a 5-stage reactor. Construction, operation, and results obtained with both processes are given. THE solids fluidization process brought out by the Standard Oil Development Co. in the early forties for catalytic cracking of petroleum enabled rapid transfer of large quantities of heat from gases to solids under closely controlled temperature conditions. As the technique developed, it was natural that applications for the process outside the petroleum industry would be sought. The calcination of limestone to quicklime requires the transfer of a large quantity of heat at high and closely controlled temperatures. For these reasons, this possible application was one of the first to be investigated. Laboratory work conducted by the Dorr Co. indicated that lime produced by solids fluidization would be of exceptional quality. Calculation of theoretical heat balances showed that savings in fuel could be expected. Accordingly, a pilot plant of 10 tons per day capacity was erected by the New England Lime Co. at Adams, Mass., to substantiate the process. Operation of the pilot plant, previously described,' showed that excellent lime could be produced with a saving in fuel. The work also indicated the necessity of preparing feed to remove the finer fractions if dust losses were to be held to a tolerable level. A single-stage fluidized solids drier-stripper was developed to accomplish this sizing.' Subsequently a commercial lime reactor was erected at Adams, beginning operation in June 1949, followed by air sizer facilities completed in November 1951. This paper will describe these two applications of solids fluidization. The raw material for preparation of lime by the fluidizing process is a high calcium crystalline lime- stone having the approximate chemical composition shown in Table I. The stone is first prepared by crushing and grinding in conventional equipment to pass a 6-mesh sieve. After crushing, the material is sent to the FluoDry unit for drying and dedusting. Fluidized Drying and Sizing As shown in Fig. 1, the FluoDry unit consists of a -in. cylindrical steel shell, 9-ft ID by 22-ft 6-in. overall height. Attached horizontallv at the bottom is a 6-ft diam combustion chamber, approximately 7 ft 6 in. long. A refractory constriction dome, consisting of first-quality fire brick shapes, partitions the inside into two sections. The lower section is called the windbox and the upper the bed compartment. The vertical wall of the shell is lined with 6-in. first-quality rotary kiln blocks. In the bottom of the windbox a hoppered section is formed with castable refractory to permit the windbox to be readily cleaned via a 6-in. screw conveyor. The combustion chamber is similarly lined with refractory shapes. On the 6-in. diam section, 4 in. of insulating brick, HW-26, are used. The inner combustion chamber is lined with 4-in. Korundal brick to withstand the high flame temperatures encountered. An 8-in. steel feed pipe, entering vertically through the top and fitted with an air-operated cone valve,

Jan 1, 1953

By F. S. White, E. L. Kinsella

Solids fluidization utilized in two ways for the commercial production of lime is described. Crushed —6 mesh limestone is dried and dedusted in a single bed reactor, then calcined in a 5-stage reactor. Construction, operation, and results obtained with both processes are given. THE solids fluidization process brought out by the Standard Oil Development Co. in the early forties for catalytic cracking of petroleum enabled rapid transfer of large quantities of heat from gases to solids under closely controlled temperature conditions. As the technique developed, it was natural that applications for the process outside the petroleum industry would be sought. The calcination of limestone to quicklime requires the transfer of a large quantity of heat at high and closely controlled temperatures. For these reasons, this possible application was one of the first to be investigated. Laboratory work conducted by the Dorr Co. indicated that lime produced by solids fluidization would be of exceptional quality. Calculation of theoretical heat balances showed that savings in fuel could be expected. Accordingly, a pilot plant of 10 tons per day capacity was erected by the New England Lime Co. at Adams, Mass., to substantiate the process. Operation of the pilot plant, previously described,' showed that excellent lime could be produced with a saving in fuel. The work also indicated the necessity of preparing feed to remove the finer fractions if dust losses were to be held to a tolerable level. A single-stage fluidized solids drier-stripper was developed to accomplish this sizing.' Subsequently a commercial lime reactor was erected at Adams, beginning operation in June 1949, followed by air sizer facilities completed in November 1951. This paper will describe these two applications of solids fluidization. The raw material for preparation of lime by the fluidizing process is a high calcium crystalline lime- stone having the approximate chemical composition shown in Table I. The stone is first prepared by crushing and grinding in conventional equipment to pass a 6-mesh sieve. After crushing, the material is sent to the FluoDry unit for drying and dedusting. Fluidized Drying and Sizing As shown in Fig. 1, the FluoDry unit consists of a -in. cylindrical steel shell, 9-ft ID by 22-ft 6-in. overall height. Attached horizontallv at the bottom is a 6-ft diam combustion chamber, approximately 7 ft 6 in. long. A refractory constriction dome, consisting of first-quality fire brick shapes, partitions the inside into two sections. The lower section is called the windbox and the upper the bed compartment. The vertical wall of the shell is lined with 6-in. first-quality rotary kiln blocks. In the bottom of the windbox a hoppered section is formed with castable refractory to permit the windbox to be readily cleaned via a 6-in. screw conveyor. The combustion chamber is similarly lined with refractory shapes. On the 6-in. diam section, 4 in. of insulating brick, HW-26, are used. The inner combustion chamber is lined with 4-in. Korundal brick to withstand the high flame temperatures encountered. An 8-in. steel feed pipe, entering vertically through the top and fitted with an air-operated cone valve,

Jan 1, 1953

By Warren H. Westphal

For mining and exploration, and indeed the entire mineral industry, the first century of AIME has ended with far more problems than it began. Paradoxically, most of these problems have arisen not because, the industry has been unsuccessful, but rather because it has succeeded too well. Whatever the public demand for minerals over the past 100 years, it has somehow been met-and met at a price well within the public's ability to pay for the products. But as AIME moves into its second century, the past successes of mining and exploration are beginning to levy a tax on the future. Prospectors have already found most of the rich and ready ores, and miners have dug them out. New mineral assets grow progressively harder to come by, and as they do, the need for them grows inversely more pressing. How and where and at what cost can adequate supplies be found? How and at what cost can they be mined from heretofore inaccessible recesses deep underground and under the seas-or from vast surface tonnages containing only minor values? And once they are found or won, how can these assets be husbanded for generations to come? How also can they be extracted without injury to the land, air and water on which we and our successors must depend? And what constructive use can be made of the incidental materials now treated merely as wastes-sometimes at great expense?

Jan 1, 1971

MRS. SIDNEY J. JENNINGS, President MRS. ARTHUR S. DWIGHT, First Vice-President MRS. KARL EILERS, Second Vice-President MRS. H. W. HARDINGE, Third Vice-President MRS. BRADLEY STOUGHTON, Recording Secretary MRS. AXEL 0. IHLSENG, Corresponding Secretary MRS. HARRIS K. MASTERS, Treasurer Welfare Committee MRS. C. C, BURGER, Chairman Sub-Committees Americanization Belgian Relief MRS. LEVI HOLBROOK, Chairman MRS. HENRY H. KNOX, Chairman Emergency MRS. HERMAN A. PROSSER, Chairman A very successful meeting Of the Council of the Woman's Auxiliary was held Wednesday, July 18, and plans for war relief work were thoroughly discussed. The Belgian Relief Committee has sent out the following letter to the ten local sub-committees, which were formed to raise money to feed the Belgian children: "The Commission for Relief in Belgium announced in a letter from Mr. Hoover that after the first of June the United States Government would take over the relief of Belgium and Northern France and called attention to the following paragraph: ?Naturally, having built up such an effective organization you will desire to keep it alive as far as possible, and we venture to suggest that, although the general relief of the countries involved will now be met by the Government appropriations, emer-gencies and special conditions may arise which could only be met by private donations. In such circumstances your organization will afford a ready means of meeting the demands of the situation, whatever they may be. Should any of your contributors

Jan 9, 1917

By Forrest F. Craig

Both early and more recent1 laboratory measurements of gas-oil relative permeabilities were made by subjecting oil-saturated cores to external gas drives. In these runs it was generally assumed that the flowing gas/oil ratio was constant at every point throughout the core. Using this assumption, the resulting equation for the gas-oil relative permeability ratio becomes A where Q is the flow rate at the producing end of the system. This relative permeability was then specified for the average saturation of the core. The assumption and resulting equation fail to recognize that in an external drive, the oil flow rate varies from zero at the injection end to a maximum at the producing end. The assumption also fails to consider the existence of a saturation gradient during an external drive. This saturation gradient is due solely to non-steady-state flow. Some authors2,3,4 have used this erroneous method of calculating relative permeability ratios from external drives. Other authors5,6,7 have used relative permeability ratios in calculating expected field performance by external drive, using Equation (1) and making the incorrect assumption that the saturation is uniform within the driven portion of the reservoir. To find the correct relation between the relative permeability. ratio at the average saturation and the produced gas/oil ratio, the insertion in Equation (1) of a factor, F, to adjust it for oil velocity gradient has been considered. The equation then takes the form Assuming that the oil velocity is directly proportional to the distance from the injection point leads to the conclusion that, for a linear system, the average oil velocity is one-half that at the producing end. Thus, the average gas/oil ratio is twice the produced gas/oil ratio, and Equation (2) is transformed into However, here again the existence of a saturation gradient is not recognized. The produced gas/oil ratio is related to the relative permeability ratio at the saturation of the outlet end of the system. It can be shown quite readily that, if the true log k,/k, saturation relationship is linear over small ranges of saturation, then d log kjko Where aaxv and u2 are the average and outlet saturations, respectively. Examination of Equation (3) shows that the factor F cannot have a single value over the whole saturation range. Another method of dealing with external drives is that of Buckley and Leverett.' Their method, which assumes no gas expansion and outlet end effects, considers fully the saturation gradient present due solely to the displacement mechanism during an external drive, and applies Equation (1) to each point along this gradient. The calculation of production history using relative permeability ratio is straightforward. However, the calculation of relative permeability ratios from production history by this method is impractical. In a recent paper, Welge,1 using an approach similar to that of Buckley and Leverett, presents a simplified method for determining the saturation at the producing end of the system. At thi; saturation, the relative permeability ratio calculated by Equation (1) applies exactly, after breakthrough of the stabilizej front. By this method, relative permeability ratios or production history may be calculated with equal ease. Use of this method as a laboratory tool in determination of relative permeability ratios by external drive requires the knowledge of the total injected fluid volume; in addition to the average saturation and producing ratio. As a preliminary test of this method of calculation, laborntory external gas drives were run on a 3% in. diameter, 11 in. long sample of Nellie Bly consolidated sandstone. This core sample had a permeability of 824 md and a porosity of 28.1 per cent. The driving fluid was air. Three different oils were used, having viscosities of 1.4, 9.8, and 125 cp, respectively. The runs were made under identical pressure differentials,

Jan 1, 1952

By A. A. Smith

The application of indium to bearings was first advocated by C. F. Smsrtl in 1938, for the purpose of inhibiting corrosion of certain bearing alloys. He found that a thin layer of indium plated on the bearing surface and subsequently diffused at elevated temperatures markedly decreased the rate of corrosion in lubricating oils containing organic? acids. Most of his work was done on cadmium-base alloys, although he showed that the treatment was also effective for copper-lead and other; alloys. Since their introduction, indium-treated bearings have found considerable use, particularly in connection with airplane motors.2 Undoubtedly the effectiveness of the indium plate in resisting corrosion depends upon its relative concentration on the bearing surface after the diffusion treatment and after prolonged use at operating temperatures. Some diffusion experiments were made on a number of base metals that had been indium plated, to determine the depth of penetration after heating for reasonably long periods of time. As only the practical aspects were desired, no attempt was made to determine actual diffusion constants. Method Two different series of experiments were carried out to study the diffusion of indium into several base metals. Cast cylinders about one-inch diameter were machined to 0.750-in. diameter, so as to remove all surface imperfections, and final finishing was done with oo sandpaper. The original diameters were very carefully measured with micrometers and then a layer of indium was electrolytically deposited on the cylinders from a sulphate bath.3 In the first series of experiments, about 0.002 in. of indium' was deposited and diffusion, was carried out at 150°C. for a period of 500 hr. in a thermostatically controlled electric oven. After the diffusion period, successive layers were machined from the specimens and analyzed spectro-graphically and chemically—the spectro-graphic examination serving as a guide to determine which layers should be chemically analyzed. Apparently there was some surface oxidation of the indium plate due to the long heat-treatment, which may have had some effect on the diffusion. A1so, the cadmium alloy showed some incipient melting, which probably was caused by the formation of a low-melting eutectic. To eliminate these factors, another series of experiments was carried out by heating in an electrically heated, automatically controlled, oil bath at lower temperature. The preparation of the specimens was the same as before except that a layer of indium 0.0001 in. thick, an amount commonly used commercially on bearings, was deposited on each of the cylinders. Diffusion was carried out at 120°C. for a period of 200

Jan 1, 1944

By A. A. Smith

The application of indium to bearings was first advocated by C. F. Smsrtl in 1938, for the purpose of inhibiting corrosion of certain bearing alloys. He found that a thin layer of indium plated on the bearing surface and subsequently diffused at elevated temperatures markedly decreased the rate of corrosion in lubricating oils containing organic? acids. Most of his work was done on cadmium-base alloys, although he showed that the treatment was also effective for copper-lead and other; alloys. Since their introduction, indium-treated bearings have found considerable use, particularly in connection with airplane motors.2 Undoubtedly the effectiveness of the indium plate in resisting corrosion depends upon its relative concentration on the bearing surface after the diffusion treatment and after prolonged use at operating temperatures. Some diffusion experiments were made on a number of base metals that had been indium plated, to determine the depth of penetration after heating for reasonably long periods of time. As only the practical aspects were desired, no attempt was made to determine actual diffusion constants. Method Two different series of experiments were carried out to study the diffusion of indium into several base metals. Cast cylinders about one-inch diameter were machined to 0.750-in. diameter, so as to remove all surface imperfections, and final finishing was done with oo sandpaper. The original diameters were very carefully measured with micrometers and then a layer of indium was electrolytically deposited on the cylinders from a sulphate bath.3 In the first series of experiments, about 0.002 in. of indium' was deposited and diffusion, was carried out at 150°C. for a period of 500 hr. in a thermostatically controlled electric oven. After the diffusion period, successive layers were machined from the specimens and analyzed spectro-graphically and chemically—the spectro-graphic examination serving as a guide to determine which layers should be chemically analyzed. Apparently there was some surface oxidation of the indium plate due to the long heat-treatment, which may have had some effect on the diffusion. A1so, the cadmium alloy showed some incipient melting, which probably was caused by the formation of a low-melting eutectic. To eliminate these factors, another series of experiments was carried out by heating in an electrically heated, automatically controlled, oil bath at lower temperature. The preparation of the specimens was the same as before except that a layer of indium 0.0001 in. thick, an amount commonly used commercially on bearings, was deposited on each of the cylinders. Diffusion was carried out at 120°C. for a period of 200

Jan 1, 1944

By High Archbald

It is possible to construct a simple diagram of the earnings, or the production, of the men employed at a coal mine that will show not only if the conditions tend toward contentment among the men, but if the operating distribution of the work is correct. As earnings are the greatest cause of discontent, even exceeding all the other causes, if contentment exists in the matter of earnings, the likelihood of other discontents flaring up is greatly lessened. The basis of such a diagram would be the Gaussian curve of the normal variation in human ability. Such a curve has long been recognized. H. L. Moore,' in discussing the quantitative relation between wages and ability says: "It has been pointed out that industrial efficiency is dependent upon physical, mental, and moral qualities, and these qualities . . . there is good reason for regarding as being distributed according to the Gaussian law.

Jan 1, 1925

This listing of members is arranged to show company affiliation The primary breakdown is by state or country, then by company name and political subdivision At the end of each major group is a general list showing members affiliated with schools or colleges and those who did not indicate any company affiliation The listing, for countries outside United States, is broken down generally by continents and alphabetically within the continent by countries The various countries are indexed on the preced¬ing page *-The asterisk indicates members available for consulting work Anyone desiring to be listed with AIME as available for consulting work can do so by sending a written request to the office of the Secretary.

Jan 1, 1952

By Hugh Archbald

IT is possible to construct a simple diagram of the earnings, or the production, of the men employed at a coal mine that will show not only if the conditions tend toward contentment among the men, but if the operating distribution of the work is correct. As earnings are the greatest cause of discontent, even exceeding all the other causes, if contentment exists in the matter of earnings, the likelihood of other discontents flaring up is greatly lessened. The basis of such a diagram would be the Gaussian curve of the normal variation in human ability. Such a curve has long been recog-nized. H. L. Moore,1 in discussing the quantitative relation between wages and ability says: "It has been pointed out that industrial efficiency is dependent upon physical, mental, and moral qualities, and these qualities . . . there is good reason for regarding as being distributed according to the Gaussian law..

Jan 7, 1924

U.S. Signs Pact With Miami Copper Miami Copper Co., of Arizona has agreed to mine lowgrade copper ores in an extension of its Globe-Miami mining district operations at a guaranteed price of 27.35[] per lb, under a contract signed with defense Materials Procurement Agency. Terms of the contract call for delivery of 230 million lb of refined copper between 1955 and 1962. DMPA said highgrade ore in the de posit will soon be exhausted and it is considered advisable to have Miami continue the operation. The Government has an option to buy 120 million lb of refined copper from present production at market prices. Miami will develop the new ore- body at its own expense-estimated at $3 million. If losses under the new contract reach a specified point, Miami may cancel the agreement. The company plans to use the block caving method in the underground operation.

Jan 4, 1953