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Aamot, Olav Crone, Chem. Engr., Norsk Elektrokemisk, Kongensgt. 18, Oslo, Norway. '29 Abbott, Clarence E., V.P., Charge of Raw Materials, Tennessee Coal, Iron & R. R. Co., 1242 Brown-Marx Bldg., Birmingham, Ala. '04 Abel, Raymond L., Prof., Dept. of Pet. Refin., Univ. of Pittsburgh ..Pittsburgh, Pa. '28 Abel, Walter D., Cons. Engr 364 S. Cloverdale Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. '32 Abele, Louis T R.F.D. 1, Adamsville, Ohio. '31 Abell, Leo M., Ore Dressing Investigator, School of Mines Adelaide, S. Australia. '31 Abenius, Hakan V., Mine Supt., Bolidens Gruvaktiebolag Boliden, Sweden. '37 Aborn, Robert H., Asst. Met., Research Lab., U. S. Steel Corp., Lincoln Highway, Kearny, N. J. '19 Abraham, W. E. V., East India United Service Club, 16 St. James' Sq., London, S.W. 1,, England. '28

Jan 1, 1937

There were two official representatives of Foreign Governments as guests at the Chicago Meeting. One was Frederick Goransson, managing director of the Saudvikens Steel Works, who represented the Jernkonteret, the Iron and Steel In-stitute of Sweden, and who came to this country especially for our meeting. The other distinguished guest was Commander Toublet, who repre-sented the French Embassy. Commander Toublet delivered a most polished address at the Banquet, dealing with the felicitous relations existing between this country and France for the last 150 years. Com-mander Toublet was accompanied by Mrs. Toublet, who won the hearts of all the ladies present, whose guest she was.

Jan 11, 1919

By Clyde E. Williams

MUCH has been said recently concerning the depletion of the Lake Superior iron ore re- serves. Estimates given indicate a total life of the present known reserves of twenty to thirty years. Some argue that there is no need to concern ourselves about the possible depletion of the Lake Superior iron ore supply because foreign ores can be brought in to this country at a lower price than rich agglomerated ore can be produced from the lean domestic ores. Some fear, as a result of this, a displacement of the steel business from present districts to the Atlantic seaboard. Others show that foreign ores will be brought to interior points via the projected Great Lakes-St. Lawrence waterway. Others believe that the South, given better freight rates, will extend its iron and steel market into northern territory.

Jan 1, 1931

Jan 1, 1901

By R. E. Cech

Particles -3 to 30 µ diam of a 29.5 pet Ni, 70.5 pet Fe alloy after being melted and solidified while falling through a hydrogen atmosphere were found to contain a distortion-free body-centered-cubic phase. In most particles, the amount of body-centered-cubic phase approaches or equals 100 pet. It was shown by a series of experiments that this phase forms directly from the liquid. It is pointed out that a mechanism previously suggested in recent papers on the theory of the liquid-solid transformation can account for the solidification of body-centered-cubic phase in a temperature range where face-centered-cubic is the stable phase. IN the course of an operation to produce powders for a study of the martensitic transformation in Fe-Ni alloys, an unexpected phenomenon was observed. Powders of a 29.5 pet Ni alloy, which has a subzero M, temperature, were found to contain considerable amounts of a body-centered-cubic phase at room temperature. The experiments to be described were designed to elucidate the mode of formation of this unexpected phase. Experiments and Discussion An alloy containing 29.5 wt pet Ni, balance iron, was vacuum melted from high purity electrolytic iron and carbonyl nickel shot and solidified in the crucible. The metal was converted to oxide, ground to 100 pet <37µ, pressed to a cake, and homogenized 20 hr at 1350°C. To insure homogeneity the grinding, pressing, and homogenizing heat treatment was repeated a second time. The oxide was then ground to 100 pct <37µ and hydrogen reduced at 500°C. The reduced powder was given a spheroidizing treatment to produce spherical cast particles. The treatment consisted of dispersing the particles in hydrogen and allowing them to drop through a vertical hydrogen furnace set to a temperature higher than the liquidus of the alloy. This operation, commonly known as shotting, has been described more fully elsewhere.&apos; The powder produced by this method was found to contain approximately equal parts of body-centered-cubic and face-centered-cubic phases. A magnetic separation technique, previously described,&apos; was applied, and it was found that particles were either completely face-centered-cubic or nearly completely body-centered-cubic. The microstruc-

Jan 1, 1957

By Louis D. Huntoon

SHORTLY after publication of the article in the July, 1924, issue Of MINING AND METALLURGY, entitled "Canada as a Gold Producer," requests were received to determine the ownership of production. Advices have also been received that considerable discussion has taken place on the same questions both in Canada and Great Britain. The author is indebted to R. H. Coates, Dominion Statistician, and George C. Bateman, Secretary, Ontario Mining Association, for the following figures and takes this opportunity of expressing his appreciation. There have been no statistics compiled as to ownership of production. Statistics were compiled as of Dec. 31, 1921 relative to the distribution of stocks, bonds and "other securi¬ties" in industrials, agriculture excepted, throughout the Dominion, and "distribution of ownership of securities issued by mining companies incorporated and operating in Ontario" for the same year. Stock registration does not necessarily represent actual ownership&apos; as large blocks may be endorsed and not transferred; neither does registration actually represent production. When the charts are studied individually and collectively one cannot help but be impressed with the fact .that in the mineral industry of Ontario and the Dominion at large, Canadian registration predominates, the United States registration is about half that of Canada, and Great Britain is about half that of the United States. When the nickel-copper industry is excepted the British registration falls to a very low percentage. Since Dec. 31, 1921, British capital has commenced to flow into mining enterprises in Ontario and it has been already rewarded by the discovery of valuable ore deposits.

Jan 1, 1925

By R. H. Jacoby, M. J. Rzasa

Experimental equilibrium vaporization ratios were obtained for nitrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, ethane, and hydrogen sulfide in natural gas-condensate systems. Two different overall mixture compositions were investigated over the pressure range 500 to 4,000 psia at 100°, 150°, and 200 °F. Partial phase diagrams of the mixtures were obtained; one of these showed a critical point at 204°F and 3,875 psia. These and earlier data&apos; were compared with the Kellogg correlation&apos; at! 100°F and 1,000 psia. INTRODUCTION The authors&apos; have presented equilibrium vaporization ratios for nitrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, ethane, and hydrogen sulfide in complex mixtures, such as natural gas-crude oil and natural gas-absorber oil. Since mixtures of the natural gas-condensate type also occur widely in petroleum reservoirs and often contain the non-hydrocarbons mentioned, it would be useful to have appropriate K data for calculating equilibrium vaporization conditions. Roland, Smith, and Kave-ler&apos; obtained K&apos;s for methane and the light hydrocarbons in gas-condensate mixtures; and Poettmann and Katz3 obtained K&apos;s for carbon dioxide in a gas-condensate system. The data presented in this paper extend this coverage to include K&apos;s for nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide and phase diagrams for the experimental mixtures. EXPERIMENTAL WORK The equipment and experimental procedure was essentially as described previously, except for analysis of the vapor samples. The vapor sample bombs were filled at the pressure and temperature of the run. Immediately after sampling, a portion of this sample was flushed from the bomb into a 650 cc glass bulb, filling it to near atmospheric pressure. The sample in the glass bulb was then analyzed by the mass spectrometer. Some checks were made on this analytical procedure to find the accuracy of measurement of the C + content of the vapor samples. The modifications tried were complete fractionation of the vapor sample and the use of several liquids (depropanized condensate and retrograde liquid from several vapor samples) as calibrating materials for the mass spectrometer. The results obtained from these various checks differed by about 10 per cent relative and this is believed to be the order of accuracy of the vapor C+ concentrations.

Jan 1, 1953

By W. G. Jewitt

YELLOWKNIFE, the most northerly Canadian gold mining district, is once more in the throes of a boom. Touched off by spectacular and well-publicized diamond-drilling results on the property of Giant Yellowknife Gold Mines, Ltd., mining companies and the general public are competing for mining claims and for the shares of companies owning mining claims in the area, with little regard for values. Such a stock-market boom has various unfortunate consequences but undoubtedly one beneficial result is that considerable amounts of money are made available for serious development. The Yellowknife mining area lies on the north shore of Great Slave Lake, in the Northwest Territories, at a latitude of approximately 62°30&apos; north. The topography is a low-relief phase of that usual in the Canadian Laurentian shield. Roughly, one third of the surface is lake-covered, one third muskeg or overburden, and one third is bare

Jan 1, 1944

By ALEXANDER S. CORSUN

THE main orebody in the Hecla mine, Burke, Ida- ho, occurs along a nearly vertical shear zone in the Burke quartzite, with a substantial gouge and lamprophyre dike occurring in an irregular manner throughout the lode. The veins range from 3 to 40 ft. wide and dip from 70 deg. to 90 deg. There is 110 definite line of demarcation between the lode and the wall rock. Stringers of ore are often found in the wall rock for irregular distances. Horizontal but irregular quartz stringers are also found running into the walls and positions of the wall have a tendency to break to the quartz stringers and the accompanying gouge, which causes indefinite, uneven and extremely heavy side and top pressures.

Jan 1, 1930

By Saluja, Sunder S.

Man had to learn to break rocks as early as the Stone Age, when they formed his main source of raw material. He started with chipping and over the years has reached a stage where he can employ atomic blasts and break, with one blast, millions of tons of rock. In between these two extremes there have been several stages of development including fire setting, use of the expansion of water on freezing in chipped cracks in cold climates, the use of low or deflagrating explosive black powder in about the 17th century, the use of high explosives with the discovery of nitroglycerine in 1846 by Sobrero, followed by the monumental discoveries of the great Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel in the latter half of the nineteenth century.

Jan 1, 1968

By G. E. Johnson

LEAD SMELTERS AND REFINERS in 1932 were confronted with the problem of adjusting operations and costs to curtailed production and consumption at reduced prices, a problem which has been partially solved at least by improvements in operating technique and increased efficiency. At the Mount Isa properties in Australia, a third blast furnace and additional Dwight-Lloyd sintering machines were installed during the year, designed to increase the production to 6,000 tons of bullion per month. The large proportion of lead carbonate in the ores to be treated has presented metallurgical problems. Of the total lead contained in the concentrates to be smelted, two-thirds is Dresent as carbonates and one-third as sulfides. In the iiitial operations, the resulting Dwight-Lloyd sinter was soft, contained an excessive amount of fines, and was easily fusible. When charged to the blast furnaces it developed accretions in the upper part of the furnace owing to the easily fusible lead carbonates softening and fusing at the top of the charge column. This was remedied by the addition to the sinter feed of diluents of higher melting point, granulated slag and crushed limestone. The sinter feed consists of concentrates, Cottrell dust and wind-box cleanings, totalling 57 per cent of the charge; return sinter fines 15 per cent; granulated slag 23 per cent; and crushed limestone 5 per cent. The sinter produced contains 34 per cent lead and 0.5 per cent sulfur. Experiments indicated that double sintering under these conditions was of no advantage, so the original plan of single sinter treatment was retained.

Jan 1, 1933

By HARRISON W. CRAVER

LIBRARIES are universally recognized as essential to modern civilization. In a world that gets most of its learning through the printed word, storehouses of print are a vital necessity. In this regard engineering differs in no way from the other learned professions, but until recent times the library needs of engineers have received rather scant attention. When the engineering profession was more of an art and less of a science than it is today, when each problem was solved more through the results of experience than by applying scientific principles, literature was less helpful. The engineer of today, however, is aware that his activities rest upon a scientific foundation and consequently comprehensive books dealing with more limited fields are now being published. Another difficulty for the operating engineer in the past was that the published works on engineering were written chiefly for use as college texts. A third obstacle to the development of engineering libraries has been the lack of librarians with experience in engineering.

Jan 1, 1938

By Mario L. Villa

Argentina&apos;s oil production continues in its upward trend. The year 1940 closed with an important increase over 1939; that is, 1,996,371 bbl., or 10.72 per cent. The Government oil fields (Y.P.F.) are responsible for these results, as their total output was 12,474,655 bbl., which compared with the 10,222, 533 bbl. produced in 1939 represent an increase of 2,252,122 bbl., or 22.03 per cent. Fields operated by private companies yielded 8,134,882 bbl., against 8,390,633 bbl. in 1939, a decrease of 255,751 bbl. (3.04 per cent). To the total of 20,609,538 bbl. produced in 1940 in Argentina, the Comodoro Rivadavia field contributed 14,976,222 bbl.; Plaza Huincul, 1,275,814 bbl.; the Province of Salta, 1,845,1977 bbl. and the Province of Mendoza, 2,51I,475 bbl. Table 3 compares the output of companies working in Comodoro Rivadavia. The total increase of 186,819 bbl. (1.26 per cent) registered in the Comodoro Kivadavia area is due only to an intensification of development programs in the known

Jan 1, 1941

By Mario L. Villa

Argentina&apos;s oil production continues in its upward trend. The year 1940 closed with an important increase over 1939; that is, 1,996,371 bbl., or 10.72 per cent. The Government oil fields (Y.P.F.) are responsible for these results, as their total output was 12,474,655 bbl., which compared with the 10,222, 533 bbl. produced in 1939 represent an increase of 2,252,122 bbl., or 22.03 per cent. Fields operated by private companies yielded 8,134,882 bbl., against 8,390,633 bbl. in 1939, a decrease of 255,751 bbl. (3.04 per cent). To the total of 20,609,538 bbl. produced in 1940 in Argentina, the Comodoro Rivadavia field contributed 14,976,222 bbl.; Plaza Huincul, 1,275,814 bbl.; the Province of Salta, 1,845,1977 bbl. and the Province of Mendoza, 2,51I,475 bbl. Table 3 compares the output of companies working in Comodoro Rivadavia. The total increase of 186,819 bbl. (1.26 per cent) registered in the Comodoro Kivadavia area is due only to an intensification of development programs in the known

Jan 1, 1941

Jan 1, 1882

By Galen H. Clevenger

THE real and permanent advances which take place in any industry are for the most part slow evolutions which frequently develop and grow almost imperceptibly from clay to clay. A meritorious idea may and generally does require long and patient development and commercial application under a variety of conditions and in a number of localities before it emerges as standard and generally accepted practice. There must be not only technical perfection but also economic advantage. Thus a cross-section taken at any particular time of an industry may reveal little that is distinctly new and yet there may have been considerable progress. During the past year there has been little that is new in milling and yet there has been real progress; some problems have been solved and some of what we may term the newer developments have become more firmly, established.

Jan 1, 1930

By Eric J. Jette, Frank Foote

The unusual physical, electrical and magnetic properties of the iron-nickel alloys has given rise to a voluminous literature. This work will be reviewed critically in "The Alloys of Iron and Nickel," a monograph of the Alloys of Iron Research Series, soon to be published. In what follows we shall therefore confine ourselves to those of the earlier investigations that involved the use of X-ray crystal-structure methods. The earliest X-ray work on the iron-nickel system was by Miss Andrewsl. Using the powder method of X-ray analysis purely as a means of identifying the phases present, she located a region between 20 and 30 weight per cent nickel in which body-centered and face-centered phases coexisted. No lattice constants nor details of heat-treatment were reported. Bain2 also reported some qualitative observations. McKeehan3 made a systematic investigation over the whole of the system, giving many of his alloys four and some five different heat-treatments. In alloys furnace-cooled from 900&apos; to 950&apos; C. he found two coexisting phases between 0.15 and 30 per cent nickel. The precision of the lattice-constant measurements was low in comparison with what can be obtained today. Even for alloys of the same heat-treatment, differences in the constants were often between two and ten parts per thousand. In regions where no change of lattice constant with heat-treatment should occur, differences of the same order of magnitude were found. Since the maximum change in the lattice constant of nickel with change of composition is only about 2 per cent of the constant for pure nickel, these variations in the constants for a given alloy cause the points to "scatter" badly about any curve that may be drawn to represent them and it is difficult to interpret such results. In spite of this, McKeehan shows that the lattice constant of nickel increased as the iron content increased. His results for the alpha-iron phase are less conclusive. Osawa4 also investigated the entire system. For alloys slowly cooled from 1150&apos; C. and then filed into samples for X-ray analysis, he found

Jan 1, 1936

By Frank Foote, Eric J. Jette

The unusual physical, electrical and magnetic properties of the iron-nickel alloys has given rise to a voluminous literature. This work will be reviewed critically in "The Alloys of Iron and Nickel," a monograph of the Alloys of Iron Research Series, soon to be published. In what follows we shall therefore confine ourselves to those of the earlier investigations that involved the use of X-ray crystal-structure methods. The earliest X-ray work on the iron-nickel system was by Miss Andrewsl. Using the powder method of X-ray analysis purely as a means of identifying the phases present, she located a region between 20 and 30 weight per cent nickel in which body-centered and face-centered phases coexisted. No lattice constants nor details of heat-treatment were reported. Bain2 also reported some qualitative observations. McKeehan3 made a systematic investigation over the whole of the system, giving many of his alloys four and some five different heat-treatments. In alloys furnace-cooled from 900&apos; to 950&apos; C. he found two coexisting phases between 0.15 and 30 per cent nickel. The precision of the lattice-constant measurements was low in comparison with what can be obtained today. Even for alloys of the same heat-treatment, differences in the constants were often between two and ten parts per thousand. In regions where no change of lattice constant with heat-treatment should occur, differences of the same order of magnitude were found. Since the maximum change in the lattice constant of nickel with change of composition is only about 2 per cent of the constant for pure nickel, these variations in the constants for a given alloy cause the points to "scatter" badly about any curve that may be drawn to represent them and it is difficult to interpret such results. In spite of this, McKeehan shows that the lattice constant of nickel increased as the iron content increased. His results for the alpha-iron phase are less conclusive. Osawa4 also investigated the entire system. For alloys slowly cooled from 1150&apos; C. and then filed into samples for X-ray analysis, he found

Jan 1, 1936

By B. R. Hollebone

The chemical action of molten anhydrous pyridinium chloride (pyridine hydrochloride) on oxy salts and ores of some Group IV and V metals are discussed-in particular zirconium, hafnium, niobium (columbium) , and tantalum. Laboratory-scale experiments are described whose results suggest that this reaction might provide a practicable means of converting ores of these metals to the anhydrous metal chlorides. Experimental results are given which provide some insight into the nature of the reactions and some of the compounds which could be present at intermediate stages. The treatment of ores of the more refractory metals is difficult and expensive and often demands the use of gaseous chlorine, hydrogen fluoride, or other reagents which are, if nothing else, expensive and dangerous to use. This situation is, of course, due to the strong metal-oxygen affinity resulting from the high charge and the small size of the metal ion which combine to produce such high lattice energy in the metal oxide as to defeat standard reduction methods. Thus, the characteristic of these metals which leads to one of their most important properties—corrosion resistance—is the main hurdle in obtaining the metal. Many common methods&apos; for treating ores of zirconium and niobium (columbium), for example, proceed as directly as possible to the preparation of anhydrous halides. These halides are purified by now standard processes of solvent extraction, fractional distillation, and so on. This paper reports on preliminary stages in the development of a method of treating these ores—particularly of niobium—so as to prepare the anhydrous, volatile halides by the use of chemical reagents which are much more easily handled than those used at present. CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES The solvent action of aminium halides has been referred to periodically in the literature over several decades. The chemistry of pyridinium chloride has been discussed particularly by Audreith2 and Starke.3 However, since this is not familiar chemistry in its nonaqueous setting, it is perhaps well to point out some general metallurgical principles and applications. One can use, as point of departure, the fact that HC1 dissolved in pyridine is an acid very much the same as aqueous HC1. It thus gives essentially all the reactions of the HC1 with which we are familiar. However, when the ratio of HC1:pyridine reaches 1:l (a ratio far higher than is possible with H2O) the solution becomes solid C5F5NHC1, pyridinium chloride.* Inter- estingly, the acidic properties of HC1 persist in this medium, although they are manifest only in the molten state of the compound. Some typical reactions of divalent metal compounds which we have carried out in our laboratories are the following: 2PyHCl + Zn — (ZnCl2) + H2 + 2Py 2PyHCl + MnO — (MnCl2) + H2O + 2Py 2PyHCl + CuS — (CuCl2) + H2S + 2Py 2PyHCl + CaCO3 — (CaCl2) + H2O + CO2 + 2Py In these equations, the parentheses indicate a solvated compound which in water would be predominantly a hydra ted cation but which in molten PyHCl will more likely be a complex chloro-anion of the type MC14-. Some important physical properties of pyridinium chloride (PyHCl) are given in Table I. One sees from the data in Table I that at the temperature of molten pyridinium chloride both water and pyridine will boil away. Thus the system will be kept anhydrous. For this reason the reaction 2NbCl5 + 5H2O— Nb2O5 + 10HC1 has no counterpart in molten PyHCl. Instead, the chloride is made even more stable by the formation of a hexachloro complex: Nb2O5 + 12PyHC1 — 2PyHNbC16 + 5H2O + 10Py One interesting property of these complexes is their thermal instability which for the case of niobium can be illustrated as PyHNbCl6 — PyHCl + NbCl5 With a view to possible use of this chemistry in ore treatment, we have attempted to dissolve Pyrochlore (essentially FeO - Nb2O5) and recover the NbC15 from it.

Jan 1, 1968

By G. E. Keller, G. D. Coe

Several methods have been devised for rapid determination of sulfur in coal using a high-temperature combustion furnace. The fundamental principles of the various methods are similar but the techniques vary widely. The method described herein is no different in principle from some of its predecessors but varies considerably in technique. Originally devised to overcome the low-accuracy criticism leveled against the others, the tube-furnace method has proved successful for limited applications. Work is being done to widen the applicability of the technique. Subsequent to the work of A. Vita1 in 1920, a number of investigators have published data dealing with the rapid determination of sulfur in coal using a high-temperature combustion furnace.2-5 These, together with several unpublished methods, involve wide differences in technique although they are all similar in principle. Investigation of typical details of procedure showed that poor precision or accuracy could be attributed to one or more of the following: 1) inadequate quantity of sample to be representative, 2) a delivery tube temperature too low to confine condensation to a washable area of the tube, 3) no provision for back washing the delivery tube, 4) incomplete absorption of the sulfur compounds due to inadequate bubbler, and 5) the false assumption that all of the sulfur is evolved as sulfur dixoide. The method herein discussed is no different in principle from some of its predecessors; the differences are in technique. Although the method is rapid—a determination can be completed in 5 min— accuracy has riot been sacrificed in order to achieve speed. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL WORK Fig. 1 shows the arrangement of the equipment. A metered volume of oxygen is passed through calcium chloride for removal of moisture, then through Ascarite for removal of carbon dioxide, and thence through a glass tee to the feed end of the combustion tube. Connected to the side arm of the glass tee is a rubber tube that is closed with a pinch clamp during combustion of a sample. The products of combustion are expelled through a Vycor bubbler, the end of which is submerged 3 cm below the surface of a 1 pct hydrogen peroxide solution contained in a 300 ml high-form beaker. At the completion of the 4-min combustion period the contents of the beaker are titrated to a yellow end point, using a methyl red indicator, with 0.05 N sodium hydroxide (or sodium tetraborate). The pinch clamp on the tube leading from the tee in the oxygen line is then opened and mouth suction applied to draw the hydrogen peroxide up into the bubbler past the ell, almost to the rubber tube connecting the bubbler to the combustion tube. This washing of the bubbler is repeated until no further acid reaction with the indicator is obtained. The hydrogen peroxide-sul-furic acid solution is then titrated to the final yellow end point. Test work conducted at the Robena Laboratory disclosed the following critical conditions that had important bearing on the precision of the method: Weight of Sample: Several series of tests wherein the sample weight ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 g of -60 mesh coal showed that the lowest variance (standard deviation squared) resulted from the use of 0.5-g samples; the variance was slightly greater when 0.3-g samples were used, and with less than a 0.3-g sample weight the variance increased rapidly with decrease in weight. Although the use of a 0.5-g sample invariably resulted in a very slight explosion as soon as the sample entered the hot zone of the combustion tube, this did not detract from the precision of the method. Temperatures: Mott and Wilkinson5 found that a combination of low temperature (1250°C) and low oxygen flow rate (less than 700 ml per min) tended to give high results due to formation of oxides of nitrogen. Although the method herein employs a much higher oxygen rate than 700 ml per min, as an additional precaution to assure accurate results, 1315°C (2400° F) is recommended as the most desirable furnace temperature. The temperature of the elbow of the bubbler should be at least 75°C to minimize condensation

Jan 1, 1961