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By Eckley B. Coxe

The plummet lamp, to which I called the attention of the Institute, at the Bethlehem meeting, in August, 1871, with the improvement of the compensating ring, suggested by Mr. Heller, having come into general use for mine surveying in this country, and my attention having been called to the fact that it could not be employed in mines in which there was danger of meeting with fire-damp, I have so modified it that it can be used in all cases with safety. Mining engineers, who are in active practice in those districts where fire-damp is met with in the mines (and I am sorry to say it is becoming much more common in the anthracite regions), know how dangerous their work is when they are called upon to survey such mines, particularly when they are obliged to run lines in those parts of a mine which have been unworked, since by opening of doors, brattice, etc., to get the sights, they are liable to disarrange the currents of air, and cause any fire-damp that may have accumulated in the old workings to find its way into the levels, etc., where the party is at work. It is, therefore, very dangerous to leave an open light (such as the original form of plummet lamp) in an old breast or gangway, even when the safety lamp has shown that no fire-damp is present, for the opening of the doors, etc., may drive the fire-damp to the light, and thus endanger the lives of the engineers. The improved form of plummet lamp, now shown to you, can be used either with or without the safety apparatus. Upon the top of the plumb-bob portion of the old lamp a screw is cut, upon which a ring A is screwed. (See Plate 11.) On the external cylindrical part of this ring two small conical holes are drilled, 180' apart. The compensating ring, by which the plumb-bob part of the lamp is suspended, passes over the ring A, and is fastened to it by two small screws having conical points, which fit into the conical holes in the ring A. The safety apparatus resembles, to a certain extent, that of the Mueseler lamp. It consists of a ring B and plate C, which are united by four rods. The plate C has a cylindrical hole in the middle, and four apertures distributed radially around it. In the central cylindrical hole is fitted a conical brass chimney, which projects below the plate C, and is fastened to the latter, being kept ver-

By FLOYD T. TAYLOR

IN 1833, less than one hundred years ago, Michael Faraday discovered and stated the laws of electrolysis. His discovery formed the foundation of a new use of metals which has now reached a variety of application not ordinarily appreciated. Furthermore, things can be done with electro-deposited coatings which have thus far defied other methods. Some of the uses of electro-deposited coatings are interesting. The tonnage of metals already finding an outlet through such a channel is considerable. In general electro-deposits have two characteristics: ornament plus utility; utility plus ornament. Both these factors are usually found associated in electro- deposits. Ornament plus utility was probably the first use. For example, the silver-plating of tableware, having its real birth in Birmingham, England, about 1844. However, this same ornament plus utility retarded the development of electro-plating, because in the beginning, electro-plated articles were branded with the odium of imitation and shunned accordingly. The gold brick of the swindler may be an exception to this statement.

Jan 1, 1929

By R. V. Norris

In a former paper on this subject,' I summarized Murgue's theory and experiments, and presented a large number of tests of mine-fans, stating some conclusions, " more or less warranted by the evidence," as to design, capacity and efficiency. Since that time the very valuable report of Mr. M. Walton Brown: Committee on Mechanical Ventikators, Institution of Mining Engineers, has appeared, and I have made additional experiments which tend to clear up some points in connection with this subject. Design and Tests of the Luke-Fidlbr Colliery Fan. The Luke-Fidler fan (see Figs. 1, 2 and 3), built to replace an old wooden fan at a very fiery colliery, presents some pecu-

Jan 1, 1905

By J. A. Fellows, Earnshaw Cook, H. S. Avery

THE increased use of heat-resistant alloys (26 per cent Cr, 12 per cent Ni; 16 per cent Cr, 35 per cent Ni; 12 per cent Cr, 60 per cent Ni; etc.) in recent years has been accompanied by continued demands by the consumer for improvement in properties. The manufacturers of these materials, of necessity, have resorted to more critical studies of the basic causes of variations in fundamental properties. To keep pace with the need for augmented information, previous techniques of investigation have been refined and new test methods and instruments created. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the apparatus, experimental technique and precision of measurement that were employed in the exploration of properties of heat-resistant alloy presented in a companion paper.? The detailed precautions in experimental procedure essential for attainment of accurate and comparable data at elevated temperatures cannot be too highly emphasized. THE CREEP TEST Since the fundamental concepts of creep testing have been recognized for the past 20 years, present interest is restricted to refinements in equipment and experimental procedure. The creep-test laboratory constructed for the American Brake Shoe and Foundry Co. is designed to permit 1000-hr. tests in the temperature range of 1200° to 2200°F. with a choice of applied stress extending from 50 to 50,000 lb. per sq. in. in increments of 50 lb. per sq. in. To simplify the calculation of weight combinations, the loading beams (Fig. I) are provided with counterweights to eliminate the tare. The precision of the knife-edges (10.1 ratio) is such that a 10-gram weight placed on the upper specimen grip will be exactly balanced by a 1-gram weight attached to the loading shackle. Check of the loading weights proved the maximum error to be 0.06 per cent. Axial alignment is provided by crossed knife-edges in the grip seats. The furnaces are similar in design to those of Crane and Company, Battelle Memorial Institute, and the U.S. Steel Corporation. An 80 per cent Pt, 20 per cent Rh No. 19 B. and S. gauge wire is used as the heating element. The details of construction are shown in the radiograph reproduced in Fig. 2. The windings are held in place on an alundum tube with alundum cement; the distribution of turns is adjusted to give a maximum temperature gradient of ± 1°F. over a 4-in. gauge length (Fig. 3). To avoid sharp temperature differentials at the ends of the test section, the length of the furnace is four times the gauge length. Sixteen-inch coupons are used to reduce the temperature of the threaded

Jan 1, 1942

By M. G. Corson

INFORMATION regarding the use of manganese alloys has hitherto been incomplete and available only from widely scattered sources. This paper attempts a systematic description of properties and uses of alloys other than manganese bronze, manganin and duralumin, which are probably the only non-ferrous alloys associated with manganese in the minds of most metallurgists.1 PROPERTIES OF MANGANESE Manganese can react either acid or basic; it is hard to obtain in the pure state; it has two different crystalline lattice structures, both of the cubic system, one stable above 850° C. and the other below 650° C., both coexisting in the intermediate range. Although the commercial product is hard and brittle, the pure metal seems to be ductile. In fact Zhemchuzhny, in Russia, was able to obtain ductile manganese and draw it to fine wires by the simple expedient of adding about 3 per cent. copper to the alumino-thermic product. Copper most probably brings the sili-cides, aluminides, nitrides and carbides present in the commercial product into a much less harmful form of distribution. One industrial use that can be foreseen for wrought manganese articles is as anodes for electrolytic processes in sulfate and nitrate solutions, particularly with high voltages. A practically insoluble skin of manganese peroxide is likely to form in such cases and an insoluble and strong anode material will be available.

Jan 5, 1927

By E. C. Potter

FUEL-OIL was first substituted for coal at these works in September, 1888. It was first applied in the converting-department to the battery of boilers, consisting of 14 tubular boilers, 16 feet in length by 5 feet in diameter. To operate these boilers with coal for 24 hours required 14 strikers, 3 ash-wheelers, 6 men unloading coal, and 2 water-tenders, making a total of 25 men. With fuel-oil the same boilers require for the same period 2 water-tenders and 4 men to attend to the burners, making a total of 6 men. This gives a saving of 19 men, which, at an average of $2 per day each, amounts to $38 per day. Comparing the consumption of oil with that of coal, we find that for the week ending January 5, 1889, with an ingot output of 6403 tons, 2731 barrels of fuel-oil were used as against a necessary consumption of coal for the same work of 848 tons, showing 3.22 barrels of fuel-oil to be equivalent to one ton of Indiana block-coal. Figuring oil at 60 cents per barrel, and coal at $2.15 per ton, we have as the cost of oil $1.93, as against $2.15 for its equivalent in coal. In December, 1888, the rail-mill battery of 26 boilers, of the same dimensions as those in the converting-department, was equipped for fuel-oil. For the week ending January 5, 1889, with a rail out-put of 5208 tons, 5987 barrels of oil were consumed, as against a necessary consumption of coal, to do the same work, of 1805 tons, showing 3.31 barrels of fuel-oil to be equivalent to one ton of Indiana block-coal, which at the costs named above would show $1.98 worth of fuel-oil to he equal to $2.15 worth of coal. The labor required to operate the rail-mill boilers for 24 hours, with coal as fuel,is: 26 stokers, 4 water-tenders, 6 ash-wheelers, 12 men unloading coal; total, 48 men. With oil as fuel, the same work requires 4 water-tenders and 6 men to attend to the burners; total, 10 men; a saving over coal of 38 men in 24 hours, which, at an average price of $2 per day, would be $76 per day. In the brief experience we have had with oil as fuel, we find that the efficiency of the boilers is somewhat increased and the repairs are

Jan 1, 1889

By A. Mitchell, T. Bagshaw

A recent paper by Thomas1 has presented new data on the solubility of hydrogen in solid silver at 1 atm pressure in the temperature range 600° to 963°C. However, no data is reported in the literature on hydrogen solubility in liquid silver. The Sieverts technique which has been described previously2,3 was used in the present work. Charges of approximately 160 g were melted in Morgan "purox" recrystallized alumina crucibles and purified helium was used for the determination of the "hot volume" during each experiment. A chemical analysis of the silver indicates that the impurity content (Cu + Al) is less than 0.02 wt pct. Hydrogen solubility in the temperature range 963° to 1200°C was investigated. The results of three experiments are shown in Table I. Fig. 1 shows an Arrhenius plot of the present work together with the solid-state data of Thomas, Steacie, and johnson,4 Eichenauer et al.,5 and Siegelin et al.6 The following expression has been derived from the Arrhenius plot of the present data: log (solubility of hydrogen, cm3 per 100 g) = 2.154-3512.0/ToK The heat of solution derived from Fig. 1 is 31,150 cal per g mole H2 compared with the value of 33,020 cal per g mole H2 obtained by Thomas and 12,000 cal per g mole H2 obtained from the data of Steacie. It was observed that hydrogen evolution took place when the silver melts were solidified under 1 atm of hydrogen, which would not be expected from an extrapolation of the results of Steacie. Schenck and Lange7 have observed that, for several transition metals at their melting points, the ratio of the hydrogen solubility in the liquid to that in the solid lies in the range 2.1 to 3.1. The present results and those of Thomas are in accord in this respect having a ratio of 2.8. 'C. L. Thomas: Trans. TMS-AIME, 1967 vol. 239, pp. 485-96. 2T. Bagshaw and A. Mitchell: I. Iron Steel Inst., 1966, vol. 204, p. 87. 'M. Weinstein and J. F. Elliott: Trans. TWS-AIME, 1963, vol. 227, p. 382. 'E. W. R. Steacie and F. M. G. Johnson: Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. A, 1928, vol. 117, pp. 662-79. 'W. Eichenauer et al.: Z. Metallk., 1958, vol. 49, pp. 220-25. 6W. Siegelin et al.: Z. Elektrochem., 1957, vol. 61, pp. 359-66. 'H. Schenck and K. W. Lange: Arch Eisenhuettenw., 1966, vol. 37, no. 9, pp. 739-48.

Jan 1, 1969

By Paul Averitt

The U. S. Geological Survey has been actively engaged in work on coal for more than 50 years. During this long period we have released more than 300 publications containing information about coal and coal reserves, including details on the thickness, distribution, and quality of coal, and the structure and stratigraphy of the coal-bearing rocks. We have also cooperated with state surveys on many similar publications. For many areas these reports are the only reliable published data on our resources of coal. During the last several years we have substantially increased our activities above the wartime low. We now have field work in progress, or reports in preparation, on 13 detailed mapping projects distributed as follows: 1. Pennsylvania anthracite field 2. Casselrnan Basin, Md. 3. Leslie County, Ky. 4. Deep River field, N. C. 5. Coosa field, Ala. 6. Powder River field, Mont. 7. Spotted Horse field, Wyo. 8. Yampa field, Colo. 9. Paonia field, Colo. 10. Trinidad field, Colo. 11. Durango field, Colo.

Jan 1, 1949

[†AARONSON, ALFRED E., Vice-Pres., Mid-Co. Petroleum Co., Mid-Co. Bldg., Tulsa Okla. '18 ABADIE, EMILE R., Min. Engr Box 927, Porterville, Cal. '76 ¦ABADILLA, QUIRICO A. Student, Colorado School Of Mines, Golden, Colo. '20 ABBOTT, CLARENCE E., Gen'l Supt. Iron Mines Div., Tenn. Coal, Iron & R. I. Co., 1405 Minnesota Ave., Bessemer, Ala. '04] [ ]

Jan 1, 1925

By H. W. Gillett

CLYDE WILLIAMS has reminded me that in the fall of 1929, gave, in MINING AND METALLURGY, an account of the hopes and aspirations of Battelle Memorial Institute, which was then just swinging into initial operation; and that therein I remarked that B.M.I. should stand, as well, for Better Metallurgical Industries, since helping to better them was the Institute's aim. So he has suggested that some of the betterments of the past fifteen years might well be listed. A yearly summary of progress comes pretty close to the ultimate in futility, for everything proved of value in that year had its inception in earlier years, and everything really new has still to be proved. Plenty of things hailed as wonderful achievements for that year, by some enthusiasts invited to contribute to the summary, turn out in later years to be inglorious flops. But over a decade and a half, betterments that are really such become self-evident, and recounting some of them can be done without guesswork or wishful thinking. An inventory of what was known and utilized in 1929 compared to what is now known and used is not too hard to make. Perhaps the most clear-cut picture of what is known and used at a certain date is drawn by the handbooks, textbooks, and equipment catalogs of that date, with scientific periodical literature forecasting what knowledge may later be used when it is verified and assimilated. The tools available for production or for research limit the application of old and the finding of new knowledge.

Jan 1, 1945

By Gareth Thomas

The analysis of Kikuchi pattersns of exct ovientalions from single cryslals and paired Kikuchi lines from single and overlapping crystals is shown to be useful and quanlitalve and is applied to Phase transfovnzcitions including ordering, spinodals, mavten-silic, and nuclealion and growth pyocesses. 112 pinciple, the analysis of exacl orientations enables the crystal system and the Bravais lattice of a crystal to he determined. The advantages of the davk-field imaging technigure for detecting vevy small precipitates are also described. ALTHOUGH Kikuchi electron-diffraction patterns were first observed nearly 40 years ago,' little systematic application seems to have been made of them, until fairly recently during electron microscopy, when their usefulness in contrast experimen and for determining exact orientations8'9 has been pointed out. With the availability of gonio-metric specimen tilting stages it has now become possible to make much wider use of diffraction patterns, particularly the Kikuchi pattern, which is the main subject of this paper. The treatment presented here is not exhaustive but it is hoped that it will stimulate more use of Kikuchi patterns during electron-microscopy investigations. The Kikuchi pattern is formed as a result of Bragg diffraction of the inelastically scattered electrons produced during the interaction of the beam and thick specimens, The important feature of these patterns is that they give an accurate representation of the symmetry of the crystal being investigated, so that it is possible to identify crystal systems and even the Bravais lattice. This means that new structures, e.g., formed in phase transformations, may be identified during normal electron microscopy, so that Kikuchi-pattern analyses considerably extend the uses of the electron microscope. Recent work has also shown that dark-field images are more informative than bright-field images, particularly, for observing small precipitates. The second part of this paper discusses some applications and advantages of dark-field imaging in studies of two-phase systems. 1) DIFFRACTION PATTERNS 1.1) Spot Patterns. Electron-diffraction spot patterns have their limitations because of the importance of the form factor on the intensities and shape of the reciprocal lattice points. Because of the extension of these points into relrods, reflections are possible over a large angular range (+5 deg) and the patterns from thin regions can be complicated because second-layer relrods intersect the reflecting sphere. Spot patterns can thus give only an approximate idea of the crystallography unless the foil is tilted into exact orientation. In this case the spot pattern is symmetrical, with equal numbers of spots on the positive and negative zone directions about the origin. Such cases are necessary for structural analyses and have been used recently to determine the crystal structure of the ordered Ta64C phase." Exact orientation means that the plane of the reciprocal lattice lies exactly normal to the incident beam as shown in Fig. 1(b). It should be noted that in exact orientations the angle of reflection is less than the exact Bragg angle 9 so that the reciprocal lattice points lie to the outside of the sphere, Fig. 1(b). This deviation is denoted by the parameter s and in the usual convention4 s is negative for exact orientations and, of course, zero at the exact reflecting position shown in Fig. l(a). In order to avoid secondary reflections from thickness relrods it is advantageous to work in thicker regions of foils. Diffraction from thick regions may also produce Kikuchi patterns and as dis-

Jan 1, 1965

By H. B. FERNALD

THE interesting and carefully developed formula which Professor Bucky presents for answering the question of whether proposed new equipment will give a net return on investment equal to or greater than that on present equipment starts with an assumption that the management may make this relative return a determining factor in its decision whether or not the new equipment should be provided. I do not question that in some cases the management may take this position, but I would point out the error involved in so doing. The proper test is not a comparison of the return on new as compared with the return on old investment, but is rather a comparison of the return on a particular new investment as compared with the return which would be obtainable from some other new investment which now might be made. Then I would point out that I believe Professor Bucky is in error in using as a factor in his computations the item of unamortized cost of old investment. The financial advantage to be derived from a new investment does not depend on the extent to which we may in the past have written off the cost of old equipment, nor does it even depend upon what was the original cost of that old equipment. Even the salvage or resale value of the old equipment will only enter into the picture to the extent that the present salvage or resale value differs from the ultimate salvage or resale value otherwise to be obtained, after due allowance for the interest factor.

Jan 1, 1930

By A. B. Hersberger, R. S. Dean

Although it is obvious that in any flotation process we must have a froth, in recent years the development of collecting reagents has caused the possibilities of better frothing agents to be overlooked. Some investigators have even gone so far as to say that the number of satisfactory frothing agents was sufficient. A little consideration will show, however, that the reagents available in the past were far from ideal frothers. The properties of an ideal frother for flotation work may be set down as follows: 1. It must form in low concentrations a copious but not too persistent froth. 2. It must be insensitive to hydrogen-ion concentration of the pulp; that is, it must froth equally well in an acid or alkaline medium. 3. It must be insensitive to salts, even in high concentration. 4. It must be absolutely noncollecting to both sulfides and nonsulfides. 5. Its frothing properties must not be affected by collecting reagents, including soap, the most generally used nonsulfide collector. 6. It must readily emulsify and disperse any insoluble collecting agent that is likely to be used. Clearly the existing frothers do not qualify. Pine oil, for example, is an acceptable frother for many purposes but if used in soap flotation a delicate balance between pine oil and soap must be struck because, as pointed out by Coghill1, these two reagents are incompatible in certain concentrations. The objections to soap itself as a frother are obvious, and the cresols and their substitution products all have some collecting power and very little emulsifying power. The mechanism of frothing in flotation was early explained on the basis of the Harkins-Langmuir theory of oriented molecules.2 These investigators showed that if an organic compound having an unsym-metrical molecule (in which one end of the molecule contained water-

Jan 1, 1939

By R. S. Dean, A. B. Hersberger

Although it is obvious that in any flotation process we must have a froth, in recent years the development of collecting reagents has caused the possibilities of better frothing agents to be overlooked. Some investigators have even gone so far as to say that the number of satisfactory frothing agents was sufficient. A little consideration will show, however, that the reagents available in the past were far from ideal frothers. The properties of an ideal frother for flotation work may be set down as follows: 1. It must form in low concentrations a copious but not too persistent froth. 2. It must be insensitive to hydrogen-ion concentration of the pulp; that is, it must froth equally well in an acid or alkaline medium. 3. It must be insensitive to salts, even in high concentration. 4. It must be absolutely noncollecting to both sulfides and nonsulfides. 5. Its frothing properties must not be affected by collecting reagents, including soap, the most generally used nonsulfide collector. 6. It must readily emulsify and disperse any insoluble collecting agent that is likely to be used. Clearly the existing frothers do not qualify. Pine oil, for example, is an acceptable frother for many purposes but if used in soap flotation a delicate balance between pine oil and soap must be struck because, as pointed out by Coghill1, these two reagents are incompatible in certain concentrations. The objections to soap itself as a frother are obvious, and the cresols and their substitution products all have some collecting power and very little emulsifying power. The mechanism of frothing in flotation was early explained on the basis of the Harkins-Langmuir theory of oriented molecules.2 These investigators showed that if an organic compound having an unsym-metrical molecule (in which one end of the molecule contained water-

Jan 1, 1939

By F. L. Bosqui

NO metallurgical process developed in the last half century has been more widely advertised to both technologists and lay- men, or has done more to promote efficiency and economy in the extraction of the valuable portions of ores than has the flotation process. Practically everybody has heard of this strange procedure whereby the heavy portions of an ore are made to float while the light parts sink. Some- times it is called froth flotation, the mineral-bearing froth being from the first a distinguishing characteristic. Many times it is called oil flotation, because a thin film of oil was commonly applied to the particles to be floated to make them adhere to the bubbles that rise through the pulp to form the surface froth. Oil, though commonly used, is not, however, necessary for this purpose, which is one of the facts that has been learned as the process has been developed.

Jan 1, 1940

By H. O. Hofman

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, In deternlining experimentally the fusibility of clays, two kinds of methods may be distinguished—the direct and the indirect. Of the direct methods, that of Seger has found

Jan 1, 1899

By A. Blake Caldwell

Tyrone-a complete mining and concentrating facility built by Phelps Dodge Corp.-straddles the Continental Divide where surface water on either side flows in opposite directions although all water is taken from and returned on the northwest side of the Divide. At the outset, Tyrone was saddled with a problem of an adequate water supply, and the Gila River some 23 miles distant appeared to be the logical source. This in itself presented a major obstacle to Phelps Dodge because of the distance water had to be pumped and because of an adverse head which had to be overcome between the Gila River and the two 4-million-gal-capacity terminal water supply tanks at the mill. Having acquired water rights on the Gila River and in order to control the seasonal fluctuations in water volume, the company built the Bill Evans, off stream, earth-filled dam. This reservoir will contain 2100 acre-ft of water when full and it was constructed by the Hamilton Construction Co. for Phelps Dodge. The dam impounds fresh water for the Tyrone plant's use and four vertical turbine pumps (4500 gpm each) lift the water 275 ft from the Gila River into the reservoir. Since construction, Phelps Dodge has optioned the lake to the New Mexico State Game Commission for recreational purposes. In addition to the lake, land around the reservoir has been optioned to the State Game Commission for public use. The lake has already been stocked with trout and by next summer some keepers should be available for the taking.

Jan 12, 1969

By H. P. Stuwe

It is investigated whether a model of sphere packing permits the computation of the lattice parameters and their variation with concentration in various a phases; it does, except in phases containing silicon. Several observations indicate that a particular role is played by the "E-atoms" in the lattice. THE phase is formed by many alloys of the transition elements.'-' Its structure has been described by Bergman and Shoemaker,5,8 Dickins, Douglas, and Taylor,7 and Kasper, Decker, and elanger.' There are five kinds of crystallographically equivalent positions for the 30 atoms in the unit cell which have been designated by these authors I, 11, 111, IV, and V or, in the same sequence, A, B, C,D, and E, as shown in Fig, 1. For the purposes of the present paper two elements of the lattice will be discussed separately: The lattice planes perpendicular to the c-axis which are made up by the atoms A, B, C, and D and which determine the a-parameter; and the close-packed "vertical rows" of E-atoms which determine the c-parameter. asper,9 and Frank and kasper10 described the a phase and other complex structures as sphere packings. In these papers particular attention is paid to the coordination polyhedra. Lattice positions with an equal number of nearest neighbors are considered equivalent regardless of their crystallo-graphic description. This seems to work very well for the explanation of ordering phenomena in the a phase as far as information on this is available." If the description of the phase as a sphere packing is valid it should be possible to draw two further conclusions: 1) It should be possible to calculate the lattice parameters from the atomic radii of the components, and 2) It should be possible to predict the variation of the lattice parameters with concentration within one phase field. Both points are discussed in this paper. PROCEDURE Measurements of lattice constants were done with a symmetrical back-reflection X-ray camera. With Cr-radiation, about a dozen a1 lines could be observed with most samples. From the (550/710)- and 720-lines the a-value was computed. With this value the c-parameter was calculated from the (333)- and (413)-lines. Finally, the position of all the other lines was computed from the lattice parameters thus obtained. In this way the validity of the indexing could be checked and, at the same time, this proce- dure gave an estimate of the accuracy of the lattice parameters. A correction was made for film shrinkage. The atomic radii used in the computations are the Goldschmidt radii for coordination number 12. Actually, some of the atoms have a coordination number of 14 or 15, but the error thereby introduced is small. * For the computation of lattice constants from the atomic radii an "average atomic radius" of all components was used, i.e., complete disorder was assumed. Although this seems to be true for some systems like OS-Cr,4 it is not true in others.11,13,14 The ordering model, however, which has been suggested by Kasper on the basis of extensive research lets both kinds of atoms contribute to both the ''vertical rows" and the lattice planes perpendicular to them, so that even with ordering of this kind the assumption of complete disorder cannot introduce a very serious error in calculating lattice parameters. RESULTS Bergman and shoemaker6 gave a table of the interatomic distances in the Fe-Cr phase. If we disre-

Jan 1, 1960

By George Newton

When Mr. Bailey asked us to present a paper describing our new BOF shop, he requested that we avoid a presentation heavily laden with detail and statistics. Not only have we attempted to do this, but also we have prepared a number of colour slides which, hopefully, will provide you with a graphic conception of the facility. The installation of the BOF facility at the Steel Co. of Canada's Hilton Works was delayed many years because of the remarkable production growth of the oxygen open hearth furnaces in No. 3 shop. However, in mid-1960 it became strongly evident that not only would increased ingot capacity be required, but also that N0.2 shop - with vintage non-oxygen open hearth furnaces - would have to clean its stacks in the near future, or be closed down. A decision to embark on the BOF facility was made in 1967 after an extended period of in-depth planning and assessment of industry trends.

Jan 1, 1972

By J. M. Clark

(Wilkes-Barre Meeting, June, 1911.) For some years past, those interested in the development of the increasingly important mining industry of Canada, have urged the adoption by the Dominion Parliament of a federal mining-law, which would have the force and stability of statutory enactment. At present, placer-mining in the Yukon Territory, is governed by the Yukon Placer Mining Act. All other mining under federal jurisdiction is governed by 'Orders in Council and Ministerial Regulations. In the earlier stages of development, it is perhaps a matter of necessity that these important matters should be so dealt with; but it is now felt that the time has come when mining-rights in the extensive regions under federal control should be put on a permanent basis, -and that any changes required from time to time should be made only after full and open discussion in Parliament. A short sketch will suffice to indicate how vast and varied the interests affected really are. When the Dominion of Canada was constituted by the Imperial Statute known as the British North America Act of 1867 (which came into force by proclamation on July 1 of that year), it comprised only the present Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick; but provision was made for the inclusion of Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, British Columbia, Rupert's Land, and the North West Territories. Subsequently Rupert's Land and the North West Territories were acquired, the 'Crown Colonies of British Columbia and * SECRETARY'S NOTE.-Mr. Clark, an eminent Canadian lawyer, and joint author of the treatise on "The Law of Mines in Canada," has been requested by the Do¬minion Government to prepare a Federal mining-law, and presents this paper, by invitation of the Council, in order to obtain, if possible, useful suggestions from members of the Institute.-R. W. R.

Apr 1, 1911