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By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

THIS Appendix contains a series of tables, more or leas complete, of minerals arranged according to chemical composition or to certain prominent crystallograhic or physical characters. These, it is believed, will be of service not only to the student, but ago to the skilled mineralogist. The type used in the printing of the mineral names indicates their relative importance. Table I is a complete list of the species named in this book arranged fist according to the prominent basic elements which they contain and secondly according to their acid radicals. Table II is of Minerals arranged according to their System of Crystallization The other tablets make no claim to completeness, being limited often to common ah important species. For an exhaustive system of Determinative Tables based particularly upon blowpipe and chemical characters, the student is referred to the work of Professors Brush and Pen- field, mentioned on p. 330.

Jan 1, 1922

SAFETY in open-pit mining receives a minimum of notoriety, but its significance in profitable and efficient operation is as great as in other methods of mining. Open-pit operators from Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico, exchanging ideas on safety at a symposium during the recent annual meeting of the Arizona Section, AIME, discovered unanimity of opinion that the successful safety program depended on managerial and supervisory support with the vigorous cooperation of the employes. Safety Organization The operation of a safety program is dependent on the ability of management to project enthusiasm through the company organization. This requires a suitable method of communication to the supervisory and employee levels so as to approach them in a manner that will inspire cooperation. Safety committees comprised of various combinations of managerial, supervisory, and employe personnel are frequently used for this purpose. The open-cut mine of the Chino Division of the Kennecott Copper Corp., Santa Rita, N. Mex., operates its program through management, a full-time safety engineer, and two safety committees, the Departmental and Shops Safety Committee and the Central Safety Committee. The Departmental and Shops Committee consists of one employe from each department and shop and the safety engineer. The selected members serve for a period of one month. This committee meets once a month, the only representative of management being the safety engineer because it is believed that employes will speak more freely when their supervisors are not present. The duties of the committee are to report hazardous conditions and make recommendations, but the committee has no authority to approve or disapprove. The Central Safety Committee is comprised of supervisory personnel from all departments and shops, and one member of each of the five bargaining organizations. Members of this committee are permanent and hold meetings soon after the departmental group to take action on recommendations of the latter. The committee system insures participation of all levels of personnel in the accident-prevention program, thereby stimulating safety consciousness. The New Cornelia branch of the Phelps-Dodge Corp., uses three groups to conduct the safety program; the General Safety Committee, Division Safety Committee, and the operating-unit safety meetings. The unit safety meetings provide for active participation of employes in discussion of various phases of the program. Within these groups vigorous opinions regarding safety are often expressed and the workmen are critical if they recognize a digression from the adopted safe-practice procedures. These monthly discussions give the program vitality. The Division Safety Committee is composed of the division superintendent and the division department heads, and follows an established pattern in discussion of all phases of the safety program. The General Safety Committee, made up of the manager, division, and department heads, makes decisions on policies and procedures; it renders decisions on recommendations and suggestions. Management at the New Cornelia branch feels this system of safety committees and meetings has been active in advancing the program. Safety Codes In the open-pit mines of the Southwest, a safety code for operation or service of equipment, methods

Jan 1, 1952

By C. D. Henry, M. L. W. Jackson

Environmental geologic maps of the Wilcox and Jackson-Yegua lignite belts of the Texas Coastal Plain delineate land areas on the basis of their natural characteristics. Criteria used to define map units include substrate, soil, topography, geologic process, vegetation, and land use. The maps are useful in planning and reclamation of lignite mines and in meeting the requirements of state and federal surface mining laws. Specific applications include identification of land capability, recharge areas and geometry of aquifers, flood-prone areas, areas that may qualify for prime farmland status, and other areas sensitive to lignite mining.

Jan 1, 1984

By J. T. Burwell

As is well known, the alloys of iron containing 18 ± per cent chromium, 8 ± per cent nickel and less than 1.2 per cent carbon exhibit the same allotropic modifications as iron. The face-centered cubic or gamma phase is stable at high temperatures and the body-centered cubic or alpha ferrite is presumably stable at room temperature. The transformation from the gamma phase to the alpha phase in alloys of the above composi-tion (18-8 or stainless steel) is sluggish; even moderately rapid cooling permits the retention of the gamma phase. Cold-work, however, causes the transformation from gamma to alpha to occur at room temperatures. It is difficult, nevertheless, to induce complete transformation regardless of the method of cold-working. Since metallographic polishing is very effective in transforming the surface austenite to ferrite, as indicated by the magnetic studies of Buehl and Wulff, 1 it was decided to investigate the phenomenon by electron diffraction methods.

Jan 1, 1939

By I. N. Knapp

Introduction.-The special object of these notes is to describe the mixing, testing, and use of mud-ladened water for rotary drilling in such a way as to make them helpful to the driller, the operator, or the engineer in solving his own special drilling problems. The structures, apparatus and tools used are indicated in a general way. No attempt is made to describe the art of rotary drilling; only such description as are necessary to make plain the use of mud are given. The information is the result of actual experience in drilling in Coastal Plain formations. The materials encountered in the wells drilled were unconsolidated sands, gravels, and clays, in which thin layers of sandstones, shell conglomerates, and shales began to appear at about 1,200 ft. in depth, although one well was drilled to 3,018 ft. without encountering any cemented or indurated materials. Unusual Conditions.-The general surface of the ground where the drilling was done being hardly a foot above mean tide, and the daily tidal variation being about 15 in., it was found necessary to plank over the sod surface with 3-in. plank to work from. A 30 by 30 ft. planked area was sufficient to carry the derrick with equipment and 2,500 ft. of 4-in. drill pipe stacked in it. The derrick was set up 3 ft. on cribbed blocking arranged to spread the load over the planking. The engine, boilers, and pipe yard were also carried on 3-in. planking. Drilling Outfit.-This consisted of a derrick, 20 by 20 ft. and 84 ft. high, two 35 h.p., "oil country" boilers, one double 8 ¼ by 10 in. reversible engine, two 10 by 6 by 12 in. duplex mud pumps, one 15-in. rotary, "hoisting works" with chain drive, hoisting block with line, crown block with pulleys, rotary' jetting swivels, hose, complement of tools, pipes and connections, and. a mud mixer, with engine.

Jan 12, 1914

By E. Higgins

It is the purpose of this paper to set forth the relation and function of the various organizations and institutes engaged in the promotion of safety in the iron mines of the Lake Superior region…

Jan 1, 1915

By J. C. Jr. Vaughan

ALTHOUGH a considerable amount of practical importance attaches to systems involving gases and molten metals, little is known regarding the effects of alloy elements upon the solubility of gases in liquid iron. The solubilities of hydrogen1 and nitrogen2,3 in pure liquid iron are known and it has been shown that small amounts of silicon and aluminum3 exert only a small effect upon the solubility of nitrogen but greatly increase its rate of solution. This paper presents the results of a study of the Solubility Of nitrogen, at pressures approximately one atmosphere, in molten iron containing up to 1.5.5 per cent silicon.

Jan 1, 1939

By B. H. Sage

VARIATIONS in the composition of the liquid phase of natural reservoirs which are continuous through significant ranges in elevation have been noted by petroleum technologists. In general, there is a greater gas-oil ratio and the gravity of the oil is higher in production from the upper parts of the formation. In the present paper the possible changes in composition with elevation which would result from the attainment of thermodynamic equilibrium in a uniform gravitational field have been evaluated for a naturally occurring hydrocarbon liquid, a binary hydro-carbon liquid phase and a binary hydrocarbon gas. The results indicate a progressive decrease in the mole fraction of the components from methane through the butanes with increasing depth, accompanied by a corresponding increase in the amount of the heavier components making up the system. The magnitude of these variations is perhaps insufficient to explain completely the variations in the properties of the liquid phase that are encountered at various elevations within a particular producing horizon. However, the changes are significant and the treatment presents an example of the application of thermodynamic data to the evaluation of the properties of hydrocarbon fluids under the conditions approaching those encountered in natural reservoirs.

Jan 1, 1938

By Irwin Roman

In addition to projects such as those reported in parts I and II above, the Section of Geo-physics of the Federal Government has undertaken a considerable amount of fundamental research. Two such field-projects may be mentioned, one a magnetometric study in the Comstock Dis-trict of Nevada, and the other a resistivity-study of snow and ice. In addition to the field-problems, there have been two classes of research of a mathematical type. One of these has been the preparation of tables, scales, and charts for the important geophysical functions already known; the other has been the extension of the relations involved in the resistivity-problem. The magnetometric study at Spring Valley, in the Comstock District, was made for the pur-pose of determining the value of the magnetometer in extending the knowledge of a region, as ob-tained by purely geological means. The variations in the vertical magnetic intensity were mea-sured with an Askania balance at intervals of 20 feet, along lines as shown in Figure I.. These lines were 100 or 500 feet apart over an area approximately a rectangle 6000 by 7500 feet. In addition to the lines shown, two areas were selected for more intensive study. In one, short

Jan 1, 1940

By Byron W. Cheever

Of the elements found in iron and steel, none has attracted more attention than phosphorus. It is considered the great enemy of the steel manufacturer-, and the chief aim has been and is to keep it out by using pure crude material, or when once in, to eliminate it or counteract its effect. Its presence is manifested in various ways, but most of all by producing a condition called cold-shortness. The first question, then, which presents itself is, What per cent. of phosphorus produces this condition ? I have searched very carefully for an answer to this question, but have failed to find one. Authors generally agree that wrought-iron may have a larger per

Jan 1, 1887

By H. M. Morse

This report on oil and gas development in Mississippi covers the period from Jan. I, 1944, to Dec. 31, 1944: Salt Domes During the year six salt domes were drilled for sulphur, but no commercial sulphur deposits were found. One salt dome, the Bruinsburg, in Claiborne County, has produced gas- at 935 to 940 ft' in Moody's Branch marl. The Stringer salt dome in Smith County and the Ruth salt dome in Lincoln County both had a slight showing of heavy oil. Other salt domes have been dry. In addition to the Bruinsburg dome, the Allen salt dome, in Copiah County, and the Richton salt dome, in Perry County, were discovered in 1944; also the Sumrall dome, in Covington County. New Oil Fields Baxtemille Oil Field.—The Baxterville oil field was discoveredby the Gulf Refining Co, in sec. 7, T. I N., R. 16 W., Lamar County. At the end of the year this field had one oil well, with two active operations. Production for 1944 was 1047 bbl. of oil. GwinvilLe Field.—Gwinville field was discovered by S. W. Richardson, in sec. 24, T. 9 N., R. 19 W., Jefferson Davis County. This discovery well was a gas-distillate well, the oil being crystal clear. At the end of 1944 there were two gas wells and one oil well in the field. The oil well is approximately 2 1/2-miles from the gas- distillate wells. Gas production was 55,801 M cu. ft. and the distillate production was 2644 barrels. Heidelberg Oil Field.— The Gulf Refining Co. discovered the Heidelberg field in sec. 30, T. I N., R. 13 E., Jasper County, in January 1944. This field has by far exceeded the other 1943 and 1944 discoveries, having approximately 56 oil wells, 7 dry holes, and 10 active wells at the end of the year. Production to Jan. I, 1945 was 1,441,192 bbl. of oil. Mallalieu Oil Field.—The california Company discovered the Mallalieu oil field in set. 10, T. 7 N., R. 8 E,, Licoln. County. At the end of the year there was one well in the field with three active operations. Production was 32,303 bbl. of oil. Old Oil Fields Brookhaven Oil Field, in Lincoln County, has one oil well, which produced 2590 bbl. of oil during 1944. CarY Oil Field, Sharkey County1 has only one producing well, which produced 11,818 bbl- of oil during the Year- In Cranfield Oil Field, dams County, II oil wells and two gas-distillate wells were drilled in 1944 and there were five active wells on Dee. 31, 1944- The total production for the Year was 5251422 bbl-of oil. The gravity of the oil is 40" to 54.9'- In Eucutta Oil Field1 Wayne County1 34 oil wells were completed during 1944. There were five dry holes and six active wells at the end of the year.. The field produced 454,332 bbl. of all d the average gravity is 25" Flora Oil Field, Madison County, pro-

Jan 1, 1945

By G. Broughton

For the past few years a great amount of work has been done on the viscosity characteristics and gelation of clay suspensions, much of which has been reported in papers published by the Institute.7,12,18,19,24 Impor-tant reviews have been made elsewhere by Evans and Reid,10 Marshall20 and Clews, Macey and Rigby,8 the last two on the general properties of clay. It is unnecessary, therefore, to recapitulate past work beyond recalling that three explanations for the high viscosity and gelation of clay suspensions have been put forward. For lack of more exact nomencla-ture, these may be called the water hull,16 mechanical interference" and attraction-repulsion" theories. The first pictures the clay particles as surrounded by relatively rigid water envelopes, which increase effective volume; the second emphasizes the mechanical interference of platy particles or their agglomerates; while in the third the particles are assumed to be held relatively rigidly at a distance from each other determined by the balance between the attractive (van der Waal's) forces and the elec-trical repulsions of the charges. 13,14 This article presents fresh data on clay suspensions, particularly on the influence of previous flow history of the suspensions, specific contra-ions, temperature, solvation and particle size, in an attempt to contribute to the solution of the problem.

Jan 1, 1938

By Clarence Carleton Semple

At a number of mines in eastern Nicaragua, 3.5- or 5-ft. Huntington mills are used for grinding gold-ore after a pre-liminary breaking in jaw-crushers. The smaller mills are made sectional to facilitate transportation to the more difficultly accessible mines. The capacity of the smaller mills is about 20 or 25 per cent. that of the larger, but in proportion to the quantity of ore ground they require more power and are subject to greater wear. The notes herein given are from records of the performance of the larger mills at one of the mines, but, in general, apply to the smaller mills also. The Nature of the Ore. The ore occurred as a series of flat veins in a' highly-decomposed rock, probably alaskite. The primary mineralizatioll comprised pyrite, pyrrhotite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, and quartz; the oxidation-products of which were chiefly hydrated iron oxide or limonite, chrysocolla, azurite, and malachite. The kaolinization of the feldspar of the country resulted in the admixture of a great quantity of clay with the oxidized ore. The quartz was sandy, imbedded in the clay; and probably the greater part represented the residue from the crushed rock in the fissures after leaching, and kaolinization of the feldspar. There was little vein-quartz in the unaltered primary sulphide ore. Only the oxidized ore was mined for the gold that it contained in amouiits that averaged $4 per ton. No specks of gold mere ever seen in the ore, and the gold obtained by panning was always exceedingly fine. The amalgamation-bullion was about 800 fine in gold and from 60 to 80 in silver. The ore delivered at the mill contained from 5 to 15 per cent. of moisture; during the rainy season the quantity was much greater. The moisture and clay made the ore so sticky that it had to be raked over steeply-inclined grizzlies; it hung in the ore-bins,

Jan 1, 1912

By Euzebio P. de Oliveira

One of a recent batch of samplcs from the Serra da Baliza, in the state of Paraná, Brazil, contained asphalt and a dark heavy oil; and workmen on the railway from Porto Uniáo to Uruguay discovered asphalt coming from eruptives that outcrop along the Rio de Peixe. The occurrence of asphalt in the triassic eruptives of southern Brazil, however, has been known a long time, according to Dr. Gonzaga de Campos. It is generally believed that the Botucatd sandstone is always a hard vitrified rock, from the metamorphic action of the overflowing eruptive contacts. In this region, howeyer, the contact metamorphism is almost nil; the sandstone is slightly hardened in a narrow zone about 20 to 30 cm. wide. In many places, the sandstone is so friable as to be easily reduced to sand, which is used in mortar for building in Guara-puava and Palmas. South and west from Porto Uniáo, this bench of sandstone is about 50 m. thick, and is capped by a heavy bed of basic eruptives, many of which are amygdaloids. Nature of Rocks Dr. Geo. P. Merrill, after studying the triassic eruptives collected by the Coal Commission, reached the conclusion that "All these rocks are of typical basalt-diabases, not in any essential different other than in structure. An interesting mineralogical phase is its paucity in olivine, which in many cases is completely lacking." Professor Hussak, who carefully studied these rocks and their accessory minerals, decided that in the dikes they are granular (diabase) and that in the lava sheets, porphyritic (augite-porphyrite or melaphyre), and that the latter pass evidently to normal diabases and are always typical of effusive rocks. The examination of many slides from dikes and sheets leads us to adopt the opinion of Professor Hussak; the rocks of the dikes are of ophitic structure, while that of the sheets show a great variety of structure and may vary from almost granular to basaltic. The great paucity in olivine had been noted by Hussak, who classes as melaphyres, the porphyritic triassic rocks in Brazil which contain olivine.

Jan 1, 1921

By Edward Keller

GOLD MOVEMENT ON SURFACE OF AURIFEROUS COPPER WHEN LATTER IS SUBJECTED TO OXIDATION SOME years ago the writer's attention was called to the fact that rolling-mill scales from auriferous copper do not have the gold content proportional to the gold contained in the copper from which they are derived. I So, later, he made a few simple experiments, which are described herewith. In: order to test the gold movement on the changing surface of a copper plate under the influence of oxidation, plates 6 in. by 8 in. by I in. (15.2 cm. by 20.3 cm. by 2.5 cm.) of converter copper, refined, of 99.29 per cent. purity, and leaded copper with a content of 95.65 per cent. copper, were obtained. Ten cuts were made through the thickness of the plates along the longitudinal center and the silver and gold content ascertained in each of the 10 samples in both plates, as shown in the accompanying illustration. The assay results, recorded in Tables 1 and 2, show that the gold distribution is relatively uniform in both plates, while silver has greater variations, especially in the leaded plate. The plates subjected to oxidation were placed in a red-hot muffle for about 2 hr., two small scorifiers being used as supports. Arranged alongside each other, they nearly filled the width of the muffle, and so were practically under equal conditions of heat and draft. The accurate observance of the time was not possible, however, because of other work, but the time of the exposure of each plate in a pair was identical. At the end of each period, each plate was plunged into water and completely freed of scale, which was carefully collected, dried, weighed, and analyzed. Samples of the plates had also been taken of the molten metal and duly analyzed. Table 3 contains the analytical data for the two plates and their several sheets, or layers, of oxide scales. These figures show that in the oxidations of the converter copper the silver is fairly uniform, while

Jan 1, 1919

By Adrian Brown

Over the last decade, a number of large slopes have been excavated in rock which contains families of joints or faults which dip steeply into the cut slope. Despite the absence of "adverse" structures, these slopes have exhibited alarming movement rates at very modest heights (as little as 100 meters) and slope angles (as little as 20º). Classical stability analysis suggests that such slopes should be unconditionally stable. This paper describes the toppling mechanism which has been found to be the cause of the observed movements and develops a general method for analysis of it. Simple cases are analyzed in order to provide charts which allow quick evaluation of the likelihood of this phenomenon occurring. The safety implications of such movements in slopes are also examined.

Jan 1, 1982

By Porter W. Shimer

The solution used in the following method for phosphorns-determination is the filtrate obtained in the nitric and sulphuric acid method for the determination of silicon (Transactions, vii., 346). This filtrate, being easily and quickly obtained, and always quite free from silica, is a desirable one for phosphorus-precipitation. IN order, however, to get all the phosphorus in a precipitable form the solution must be made under conditions more strongly oxidizing than simple solution in boiling nitric acid. In a solution thus

Jan 1, 1889

By O. B. Hopkins

The total production of oil in Peru in 1940 was 12,127,135 bbl., or about 10 per cent less than in 1939. Most of the reduction can be attributed to the fact that the export market under war conditions is much restricted and naturally is more than ordinarily competitive. Development and Exploration in Older Areas As evidenced by Table I, almost all production continued to come from the three established fields in coastal northwestern Peru. Zorritos Field.—Exploration in this small field, which was purchased by the Peruvian Government in 1939, continued with that in near-by areas in the adjoining National Reserve. Several wells were drilled, regarding which details are not as yet available. It is estimated that the production rate for a total of some 45 old and 15 new wells approximated zoo bbl. per day, or about 3 bbl. per well per day. Lobitos Fields.—The Lobitos area produced 2,435,504 bbl.; about 10 per cent less than the amount for 1939. La Brea-Pari9zas.—This property of International Petroleum Co. continued to account for nearly 80 per cent of Peru's production. During the year, drilling was stepped up to 139 wells, as compared with 73 wells completed in the previous year; 123 were producers and aggregated a total of 287,867 ft. Of this total, more than 85 per cent was drilled by rotary tools, which are steadily displacing other equipment. Although most of these wells were drilled in the proved or semiproved areas, eight

Jan 1, 1941

By O. B. Hopkins

The total production of oil in Peru in 1940 was 12,127,135 bbl., or about 10 per cent less than in 1939. Most of the reduction can be attributed to the fact that the export market under war conditions is much restricted and naturally is more than ordinarily competitive. Development and Exploration in Older Areas As evidenced by Table I, almost all production continued to come from the three established fields in coastal northwestern Peru. Zorritos Field.—Exploration in this small field, which was purchased by the Peruvian Government in 1939, continued with that in near-by areas in the adjoining National Reserve. Several wells were drilled, regarding which details are not as yet available. It is estimated that the production rate for a total of some 45 old and 15 new wells approximated zoo bbl. per day, or about 3 bbl. per well per day. Lobitos Fields.—The Lobitos area produced 2,435,504 bbl.; about 10 per cent less than the amount for 1939. La Brea-Pari9zas.—This property of International Petroleum Co. continued to account for nearly 80 per cent of Peru's production. During the year, drilling was stepped up to 139 wells, as compared with 73 wells completed in the previous year; 123 were producers and aggregated a total of 287,867 ft. Of this total, more than 85 per cent was drilled by rotary tools, which are steadily displacing other equipment. Although most of these wells were drilled in the proved or semiproved areas, eight

Jan 1, 1941

By Orson Cutler Shepard

RECENT research work in the flotation concentration of minerals has been concerned mainly with flotation reagents and the mechanism by which collecting reagents are held to the surface of certain mineral particles. The fundamental question of why air bubbles cling to properly prepared mineral surfaces is usually dismissed with the statement that the surface is air-avid or water-repellent. In my article in MINING AND METALLURGY for June, 1932, I showed theoretically that surface tension relationships govern bubble attachment in Rotation. This explanation has not been accepted by many; probably be¬cause the difficulty of measuring solid-solution surface tensions prevented obtaining experimental evidence. If the surface tensions involved in the system [solution, mineral, air bubble] are responsible for attachment of the air bubble to the mineral, any change in the surface tensions should cause a corresponding change in the attachment of the air bubble. An example in which the mineral-solution surface tension could be varied was found with mercury. When mercury is in contact with solutions of certain electrolytes the surface tension at the contact of mercury and solution can be altered by electrical polarization of the mercury. The surface tension rises to a maximum as the mercury is given an increasing negative potential and then decreases with further increase in potential. The theoretical relation between the surface tensions and the attachment of an air bubble is given by the following equation:

Jan 1, 1936