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By D. E. Shanks

The Bureau of Mines surveyed a variety of inorganic ion-exchange materials to determine their suitability for removing valuable accessory elements and troublesome contaminants from metallurgical process and waste streams. Most of the materials, which included molecular sieves, heteropolyacid salts, and hydrous metal oxides, did not give adequate separations, did not have the necessary stability in strong acids or bases, or were not in a physical form suitable for ion-exchange use. Many of the suitable inorganic materials, especially the hydrous oxides, were capable of cation exchange with high capacity only in basic conditions, which caused hydrolysis of most of the cations tested. Multivalent anions, such as arsenate and phosphate, were easily removed from acidic solutions by hydrous oxides. Hydrous zirconia was the best material for this purpose. Multivalent anions were not easily des orbed because of compound formation; therefore, conventional ion-exchange techniques could not be employed. As an alternative approach, hydrous ferric hydroxide was used as a filter material to remove arsenate and phosphate from acid solutions. One gram of arsenic was removed from solution for each 20 g of ferric hydroxide. Ferric hydroxide is preferable to hydrous zirconia for use as a filter material because of low cost.

Jan 1, 1983

By C. O. Aksoy, H. Kose, K. Ozfirat, T. Malli, A. Gonen, S. Gurgen

In selecting mobile mining equipment, factors including availability, useful economic life, maintenance and operating costs, and spare parts availability are considered. Given these factors, trucks and shovels with different capacities are selected. Optimizing equipment for pit and hillside quarry cases, where 8% and 10% ramps are commonly in use, were examined; the effect of other mining activities such as drilling and blasting on unit cost were considered. In principle, 20 m to 25 m high benches should be economical for downhill haulage, and 7 m to 10 m low benches economical for uphill haulage. However, practice of both mining styles favours 10 m to 15 m bench heights. Hence, the analysis here was carried out with the field experience bench height range. In the study, a truck-shovel optimization was based on the movement of 5 to 20 million cubic metres (in 2.5 million cubic metre increments) of overburden stripping at the Eynez open pit mine in the Soma region of Turkey. The outcome showed that low-capacity shovels were unfavourable due to high production expectations. High-capacity shovels were also unfavourable due to health and safety issues causing high instances of impact vibration on trucks during the loading cycle and a decrease in foreseeable unit lifetimes. The number of shovel passes required to load a truck ranged from three to six. Trucks with high-capacity bodies were deemed uneconomical due to high investment and operating costs.

Jan 1, 2005

By J. W. Hickman

INTRODUCTION RECENT work by the authors1 on the oxide films formed on alloys of titanium and zirconium with nickel and copper indicated that an investigation of the oxides which form on alloys of copper and nickel might permit the relative rates of formation and diffusion of the ions of. these metals to be determined. This binary system is of further interest since the alloys which form are of the solid solution-type over-the entire range. In addition nickel is much more oxidation resistant than copper. A comparison of the free energies of formation of the simple oxides which may occur on these alloys indicates that nickel oxide should be observed over the entire time and temperature ranges of oxidation for all alloy compositions.1 In. order for nickel oxide to predominate on the surface, it is necessary that nickel ions form and diffuse to the surface. Two factors which may influence the formation of nickel oxide may be the ionic sizes, where Cu+ is 0.96Å and Ni-++ is 0.70Å, and the charges on the ions. On the basis of size, Ni++ should diffuse more readily than Cu+ while on the basis of charge, Cu+ should form more readily than Ni++. According to Uhlig2 passivity to corrosion in an alloy appears at a critical composition which for copper-nickel alloys is related to the tendency of the d band of electronic energy states to fill with electrons. This composition in the copper-nickel alloys corresponds to 40 at. Pct nickel at which composition Uhlig2 (quoting La Que's data) states that the alloy system becomes passive. Magnetic and specific heat data indicate that the d band of copper-nickel alloys is filled at 6o at. pct copper or 4o at. pct nickel. Mott and Jones3 have shown that if, on alloying nickel with copper, one considers a copper atom to be identical with a nickel atom except for an extra electron (nickel -has the-configuration: 3d8 4s2 and copper: 3 d10 4s) then at 60 at. pct copper or 4o at. pct nickel enough electrons are contributed by copper to fill the d band of the alloy. At this composition the magnetic susceptibility approximates zero according to Grew.4 Although the electron diffraction data will not determine the rates of the several reactions which may occur during oxidation, yet a determination of the structures of the surface oxides may yield information concerning the relationships, if any, which may' exist between the oxide structures which form and that composition where the magnetic susceptibility approximates zero. It is quite possible, of course, that the mechanisms of the oxidation and corrosion reactions may be so widely different that no correlations between them may be possible. SURVEY OF LITERATURE The metals, copper and nickel, which are face-centered cubic, form solid solution alloys which are face-centered cubic with no superstructure for all compositions. Three oxides of nickel have been investigated structurally by X ray diffraction. Of

Jan 1, 1948

By P. K. Hopke, A. Hubbard, K. H. Leong, J. J. Stukel, K. Nourmohammadi

INTRODUCTION In order to understand the transport and deposition of radon daughters in mine atmospheres, it is necessary to know the variation in the attachment of the daughter atoms to particles as a function of particle size, composition, number density, relative humidity, temperature, and radon concentration, the free gaseous diffusion coefficients of the daughters, and the variation in the mass transfer of the activity, both free and attached to particles, to mine surfaces as a function of particle size distribution, surface roughness of the mine walls, and the flow conditions. If all of these parameters are known in a model system, it should be possible to understand the transport and fate of the airborne radioactivity in real mines under certain well-defined flow conditions. There have been a number of recent investigations of the attachment of radon decay products to particles 1-4, but there are still a number of unanswered questions regarding the process. However, it is clear that for most real mine atmospheres, the vast majority of the activity is attached to particles. The size distributions for the activity-bearing airborne particles have been studied 5,6, and it has been found that most of the activity resides on particles with diameters in the range of 0.05 µm to 0.3 µm with an average mass median diameter between 0.1 and 0.2 µm. The behavior of the unattached radon daughter species has also been recently studied[ 7], and many of the previous problems regarding the value of the diffusion coefficient for Po-218 have been resolved. A major problem in the understanding of the airborne transport of radioactivity in mines is the lack of detailed knowledge of mass tranfer to and fluid flow over rough walls under fully developed turbulent flow conditions. This paper will report the progress on a project that is designed to obtained that information. MATHEMATICAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT Deposition of particles on smooth surfaces in turbulent flow has been extensively studied. A comprehensive review of these results has been prepared by Sehmel 8. There has not been such a comprehensive study of particle deposition on rough walls under such flow conditions. In recent years, only a single model has been proposed to explain such deposition 9,10 and in both of these papers the flow structure in the rough walled pipe was not taken fully into account. As part of the work being conducted on this project, a more complete model was outlined in a previous report [11]. The basic theory will be reviewed to provide a context for the flow measurements to be reported. The flux of particle deposited on the walls of a pipe in a turbulent flow is derived from the one dimensional form of Fick's law as given by [N = Dpdpp/dr (1) where N is the flux of particles deposited per unit area per unit time, D is the total eddy diffusivity of the particles, p is the airborne concentration of particles, and pr is the distance measured from the center of the pipe. The rate of deposition is best expressed by a deposition velocity Vp = NIP pb (2) where P b is the mean particle concentration in the sulk flow. The shear radius, V/ut and the shear velocity, u , are used to calculate a nondimensional distance, and velocity, respectively, where v is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. The nondimensional form of equation 1 is given by Vd = DP dpp(3) V dr+ where Pp = Pp/ Ppb(4) By integrating equation 3 from the rough wall stopping distance, S , to the center of the pipe, the deposition velocity can be obtained. In order to make this calculation, it is necessary to have accurate descriptions for the particle eddy diffusivity, stopping distance, and shear velocity in order to insure that the influence of the flow structure has been properly accounted for. The shear velocity can be determined experimentally from the shear stress evaluated at the wall, Tw, and the fluid density, ut =VT w/p = ub V f/2 (5) where ub is the mean bulk axial velocity. The wall shear stress for a given pressure drop, dP/dL, and hydraulic diameter, Dh, is]

Jan 1, 1981

By A. E. Hall, D. M. Mchaina

This paper outlines a proposed research project to investigate secondary sulphide ignitions. Sulphide dust explosions have resulted in loss of production and considerable capital and equipment replacement cost in Canadian mines. The practical application of laboratory test results to actual mine situations presents a complex problem and is a field requiring immediate investigation. The factors contributing to the outbreak of sulphide ignitions are not clearly understood. This indicates a need for future research to study the influence of blasting parameters, exhaust temperatures, and dust characteristics on secondary ignitions at source. The aim is to establish realistic quantities for each of the parameters and develop a model that will incorporate field and laboratory quantities. It may be possible to predict outcomes of sulphide ignitions when the parameters are known. It is also planned to study the techno-economic feasibility of the preventive and control methods. One aspect of planned future research requires quantification of some terms by obtaining measurements of pollutant concentrations and size distribution of the airborne dust in an underground environment immediately after a main blast. A blast-proof aerosol sampling package to measure the source term will be designed. This sampling package will consist of a sampling section and a shield which will be capable of withstanding a blast explosion. The accuracy in measuring the variables and combination of variables will be the main focus in this proposed study.

Jan 1, 1987

By Bilgehan Kekec, Sertac Dündar, Niyazi Bilim

"Knowledge of the abrasion resistance of aggregates is important when using them for asphalt and concrete mixes and highway construction materials. In this study, the usability of natural building stone waste as aggregates for different engineering applications was investigated. To this end, test samples were obtained from a number of natural stone quarries and stone cutting factories. The abrasion tests were carried out on the test samples and results were compared between samples. The abrasion strength values were determined with both the Micro-Deval (MDe) and the Los Angeles (LA) abrasion test methods. A correlation coefficient was also determined between the LA and MDe tests results using an appropriate statistical model.Introduction The rapid consumption of natural resources has led researchers to work on the efficient utilization of such resources. To this end one can convert waste into useful raw materials, or determine alternative uses of the industrial waste materials. This has become increasingly important as storing or dumping waste may result in environmental problems. In addition, the use of industrial waste in a different application of the construction industry prevents rapid consumption of limited natural resources and can mitigate environmental problems related to raw material production, Industrial waste such as blast furnace slag, fly ash, building demolition material, marble waste and dismantled asphalt have been used as highway and concrete materials (Ahmed 1993, Ramaswamy and Aziz 1992, Schroeder 1994, Ceylan and Manca 2013, Holtz and Eighmy 2000, Hebhoub et al 2011). It is very important to analyze whether these aggregates are of the required quality in terms of their application and their economic life. This analysis can be carried out using various tests such as the Micro-Deval and the Los Angeles abrasion tests, sieve analysis, durability chemical resistance, peeling and adhesion, and freezing-thawing tests (Erdem et al 1996). Specifications for aggregates also include terms that define the grain shape, cleanliness and surface textures."

Jan 1, 2017

By Ralph W. Edie

"IntroductionTHIS PAPER deals with chemical and mineralogical changes in wall-rocks associated with pitchblende mineralization in the Gold-fields area of Saskatchewan. The localities at which the rock specimens studied were collected, and descriptions of the various rock-types referred to, are given in a previous paper by the author (5).The geological field work upon which this paper is based was carried out while the writer was employed by the Eldorado Mining and Refining Company during the summers of 1948, 1949 and 1950. The laboratory work§ consisted largely of quantitative spectrographic analyses for both major and minor elements, supplemented by an examination of 250 thin sections of both altered and unaltered rocks.Character of the AlterationHydrothermal alteration, with associated pitchbende mineralization, is widespread in the Goldfields area of Saskatchewan. The most intense alteration is restricted to the immediate vicinity of fault or breccia zones, but large areas are affected to a minor extent.In detail, the relationship between alteration and pitchblende mineralization is complex, as individual veins do not in general have separate alteration halos. Pitchblende generally occurs in gash-like calcite veins or stringers in wide, fractured zones associated with faulting. Large, lenticular and tabular masses of slightly to intensely altered rock occur in the same wide fracture zones as the mineralized veins. However, vein deposition appears to be-long to a later fracturing period, after hydrothermal alteration was more or: less completed. Generally, the veins transect and are confined to highly altered rock, but on the other hand many highly altered zones intersected in diamond drill-core are barren of mineralized veins."

Jan 1, 1953

By Sherwin F. Kelly

THAT gold ores occur in Georgia is a fact apparently not widely known outside of that state, yet in the last hundred years nearly $18,000,000 worth of gold has been mined there. The discovery of gold-hearing quartz was made in 1823 on the "Forty Acre Lot" (which now belongs to the Columbia Mining Co.), in McDuffie County, and about seven years later the first stamp mill on record was erected near there. In recent years Georgia's gold production has dwindled to an insignificant figure. However, with the increase in gold price, interest in this district has been revived, so an electrical geophysical survey was undertaken to aid in discovering new quartz veins, on a part of the Forty Acre Lot, the adjoining Hamilton mine, and the nearby Woodall property.

Jan 1, 1934

Producing robust agglomerates with desirable structural properties is the key to success of the heap leaching of complex, low-grade nickel laterite ores. Mechanically strong but porous agglomerates with narrow size distribution (e.g., 5 ? 40 mm) are required to build permeable and perennially stable heaps of 4 ? 10 m height. The characterization of granules? microstructure is essential for greater understanding and correlation with the concomitant mechanical properties and robustness. In this study, we used non-destructive, computed X-Ray tomography analyses and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in tandem with conventional compressive strength,and integrity/stability tests to draw links between nickel (Ni) laterite agglomerate strength/stability, internal microstructure (e.g.,porosity, inter-particle bridges) and binder type. It is shown that binder composition (e.g., tap water vs. 30% w/w H2SO4) and post-agglomeration drying both significantly impact on granules? physicochemical and microstructural properties. Acidic binder, in contrast with tap water, leads to significant incongruent leaching of different species from particles during ore-binder mixing and agglomeration. Upon wet agglomerate curing, solidified/recrystallized leached species form strong intra-granular solid bridges which, lead to greater compressive strength of dry agglomerates. Structural stability/integrity of cured agglomerates in acidic solution, however, decreases dramatically due to greater porosity and acid solubility of intra-granular solid bridges. These findings are useful in shedding more light on agglomerate structure characteristics and their optimization for enhanced column and heap leaching with concentrated sulphuric acid.

Sep 1, 2012

By Lowell B. Moon

The Stange and Byrnes Heirs manganese mines, adjoining properties in Bland and Giles Counties, Va., have produced at least 20,000 long tons of concentrates containing 8,000 long tons of manganese. They were selected as the site for a strategic-mineral development project because of the existence of geologic possibilities for extensions of the known ore body. In plan, the long dimension of the ore body parallels the axis of a major anticline. Localization apparently is due to longitudinal and transverse fracturing incident to two-way folding. That the manganese oxides were deposited by downward-moving solutions is suggested by the fact that mineable concentrations are confined to a coarse, porous sandstone under-lain by impervious silt and clay. Bureau of Mines project work began on January 15, 1941, and was completed on April 23. The work sampling the faces of the pit, bulldozer trenching, and churn drilling. Pit sampling consisted of 132 channel samples usually 5 feet long and taken at 20-foot intervals. Seventeen trenches aggregating some 4,500 feet in length were dug by the bulldozer. Trenches averaged 12.6 feet in width and 5 feet in depth. A total of 1,978 feet of churn drilling was done in 33 holes. In preparation for churn drilling it was necessary to construct roads to 21 of the 33 sites. A total of 2,867 linear feet of road averaging 13 feet in width was built.

Jan 1, 1950

By Edward N. Trump

EXTENSIVE beds of rock salt occur in New York, Michigan, Kansas, and Texas. Wells are drilled through the beds, cased, and equipped with a suspended center tube. By circulating water through such a well, the soluble saline is dissolved and a brine produced. Operation of a well results ordinarily in the formation of an inverted conical cavity in the saline, inasmuch as the dissolving action of the fresh water is more rapid at the top of the bed than at the bottom. Under continued operations, the side wall of the cavity becomes so flat that a blanket of mud is deposited thereon and if the bed is overlain with shale or a soft rock caving follows. Three methods of operating wells have been employed-the "Tully plan," "the Detroit plan," and "the Trump plan." Both the Tully plan and the Detroit plan involve the formation of the aforesaid conical cavity with constant caving of shale above and deposition of mud on the side wall; the Trump plan was developed to avoid both these circumstances and thus materially prolong the life of a well. Details of the three plans follow. THE TULLY PLAN In the Tully plan, the water passes down the annular space between the casing and the center -tube, the brine rising in the center tube (Figs. I and 2). An inverted conical cavity is formed, the side wall of which relatively soon becomes so flat that it is blanketed by mud and impurities from the rock salt; this blanket limits dissolving action to the perimeter of the base of the cone, situated at the top of the saline bed. Caving of the overlying strata follows, and the total production of brine from the well is comparatively small. THE DETROIT PLAN In the Detroit plan, the water passes down the center tube, the brine rising in the annular space between the center tube and casing (Figs. I and 2). Initially, this flow forms a pear-shaped cavity in the bottom of the salt bed, but this cavity soon changes in shape to that of an inverted cone, as under the Tully plan, with the attendant disadvantages inherent in that plan. Application of the Detroit plan is limited to salt beds 300 ft. thick as a minimum. This depth of bed is necessary to prevent fresh water of lower specific gravity than the brine from rising in the

Jan 1, 1944

By F. L. Sizer

The mining regulations of British Columbia and Mexico present some features which might well be copied in the United States, if we are to have a complete revision of the laws governing mining titles. 1. First and foremost is the "squarc" location, which would mean the abolition of extralateral rights. This is a condition in both of the countries above named which has seemed to work no hardship upon any one, and certainly the limitation of underground rights by vertical planes through all lines makes a locator's rights clear. In view of the long and costly litigation which has involved so seriously many of our most important mining districts, it would seem to be the part of wisdom to avoid a repetition of similar trouble on titles of lode mining claims, by the enactment' of a law similar to that in force in British Columbia. Objections have been raised by .representatives of English companies to the investment of large amounts of money in mining operations in the United States, because of the insecurity of title under the 'present apex law; and the statement has been made to me personally by one of the largest English operators, that he would .never again consent to the purchase of mines in the United States, preferring Mexico with all its revolutionary troubles to the danger of encroachment upon his underground rights by an unscrupulous neighbor. Without going into further argument as to the desirability of the I(square location," it should be sufficient to say to those who are inclined to "let well enough alone" and still stick to the "law of the apex" that there have never been any serious objections raised to this feature of the square location in either British Columbia or Mexico. There are well founded and logical reasons for abandoning the doctrine of extra-lateral rights since it is so difficult of interpretation; the most natural substitute being a law similar to that of British Columbia, giving to each locator an area 1,500 ft. square. I would advocate the right to locate adjoining claims of equal extent on either side of the discovery claim, on the strike of the lode, subject to a seasonable requirement in the matter of work upon them; and in the case of a vein dipping flatter than 45' from the horizon, or in case of a

Jan 1, 1915

By A. Rodriguez-Prado

"Magnetic fields affect the growth of cultured cells and plants; however, limited information exists about their effects on vegetation performing environmental remediation. Constructed wetland mesocosms treating hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) wastewater exposed to low-intensity magnetic fields (60 Hz, 56.5 × 10-6 Tesla) produced 100% more biomass than the unexposed control. Nonetheless, they removed only 43 ± 27% of Cr(VI), compared to 60 ± 21% for the control. A Cr(VI) reduction expression was developed as a function of the magnetic field. The design and operation of constructed wetlands to treat mining wastewater can be corrected for magnetic field effects.RÉSUMÉ Les champs magnétiques affectent la croissance des cellules et des plantes cultivées; toutefois, il existe peu d’information quant à leurs effets sur la végétation utilisée à des fins d’assainissement environnementale. Les mésocosmes des marais artificiels traitant des eaux usées, contenant du chrome hexavalent (Cr(VI)), exposés à des champs magnétiques de faible intensité (60 Hz, 56,5 × 10-6 Tesla) ont produit 100 % plus de biomasse que le contrôle non exposé. Néanmoins, ils n’ont enlevé que 43 ± 27 % du Cr(VI), comparativement à 60 ± 21 % pour le contrôle. Une expression de réduction du Cr(VI) a été développée en tant que fonction du champ magnétique. La conception et l’exploitation de marais artificiels pour traiter les eaux usées des mines peuvent être adaptées pour tenir compte des effets des champs magnétiques."

Jan 1, 2015

By Samuel Doak

THE utilization of rotary kilns, of the well-known cement type, for the preparation of iron ores, for the blast furnace, has become of considerable economic importance within the past 10 years in certain localities, notably those where the native ores are lean. Such kilns may be used simply for the agglomeration of ores too fine to be charged into the blast furnace (i.e., ores whose loss in the dust catchers is excessive, and whose fineness is detrimental to the working of the furnace), or for the desulphurization of lump and fine ores the sulphur content of which does not exceed 6 or 7 per cent. The desulphurizing action can be combined with that of agglomeration provided the kiln is sufficiently large. Other processes have been developed for the same purpose, but while I am not able to draw a comparison between them by reason of lack of sufficient data, it is safe to say that the kiln, if properly dimensioned for the character of ore to be treated, will compare favorably in its results, both as to economy and quality of product, with any other process. It is not, however, as well adapted for the treatment of flue dust, as is a sintering operation, on account of the large percentage of fine coke contained therein. Any combustible entering the kiln at its feed end renders the process very much more expensive and unsatisfactory on account of the difficulty of controlling the temperature, also because of the rapidity with which long "rings" form, due to the increased heat at the cooler end of the kiln. The greatest value of the kiln at present is in the treatment of pyrites cinder; that is, the residue from pyrites ore after the extraction of the greater part of the sulphur. This cinder, while high in iron content, has too much sulphur remaining in it to be allowed to form a large part of the blast-furnace burden, without further treatment. It will range in metallic iron from 42 per cent., representing a very low-grade cinder, from a domestic pyrites, to 64 per cent. of the residue from the best Spanish ore, and the corresponding silica content will vary from the maximum of about 25 per cent. to 1 ½ per cent. The residual sulphur depends largely on the type of burner used in the original desulphurization. In general, the leanest original ores retain the greatest amounts of sulphur. In

Jan 9, 1915

By B. K. Mishra, R. K. Rajamani, P. Songfack

Primary grinding in SAG mills is gaining more importance with respect to the conventional crushing, rod and ball milling operations. This is due to the reduced operating costs generated by lower steel consumption. However. SAG milling is inherently susceptible to more severe risks and problems since it attempts to combine several stages of the conventional crushing and grinding into a single stage. This paper analyzes the SAG milling operation by predicting the motion of rocks and steel balls. The well-known discrete element method (DEM) is used to calculate the trajectories of individual entities, and their collision with one another. A computer code previously used for studying the motion of grinding media in ball mills is enhanced to handle the interaction between heavy spherical steel balls and light chunks of rocks, usually ellipsoidal in shape. The DEM based software called MILLSOFT can animate the charge motion for different design of liners. A case study of a 9.75-m diameter SAG mill is presented and the effects of lifter bar height and configuration on the overall dynamics of the charge are discussed. Also the effect of spacing between liners on lifting the charge is presented. This new approach has a large potential because it shows in detail the effect of each design or operating parameter on the performance of SAG mills.

Jan 1, 1998

By F. A. McLean

At the Annual Western Meeting held at Blairmore, Alta., October 1924, the writer presented a paper drawing attention -to the advantages of portable gas-driven equipment for developing isolated mining properties. This type of equipment was at that time practically in its infancy and the details of results actually accomplished were somewhat meagre. During the last year or so a number of these plants have been installed so that it is now possible to offer more definite information regarding the actual mining progress accomplished with such plants and their cost of operation in various parts of the country. This paper has been written with the idea of reviewing the work done during the past year, and to supply data which may be of interest to those wh9 are confronted with the problem of selecting equipment for development or assessment work. Because drilling operations play such an important part in mining, one of the first problems that usually confront the prospective? mine owner is the selection of the proper com-pressed-air plant. The size and type of equipment and the method of driving it require careful consideration. The size and type of equipment is determined largely by the funds available, transportation facilities, and the speed with which the programme of development is to be carried out. The selection of the proper method of drive usually depends on local conditions, such as the relative cost of various fuels, and has an important bearing on operating costs.

Jan 1, 1926

By Nobuharu Isago, Atsushi Kusaka, Kosuke Kawata

"Rock tunnels suffered severe damage from recent large earthquakes in Japan, despite the empirical knowledge that tunnels tolerate earthquakes better than surface structures. Seismic design for rock tunnels have therefore become a fascinating subject for many tunnel engineers. However, even basic behavior, including deformation mode and loading magnitude for hard-rock TBM tunnels and conventional ones during earthquake, has not been fully understood due to lack of actual seismic data; while EPB and slurry TBM tunnels take account of seismic design in Japan if needed. This study conducted a dynamic measurement in an actual road tunnel constructed in rock. The strongest aftershock of “the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake” (Mw = 7.1) occurred during the measurement, providing precious data to examine deformation mode of the tunnel. Considering the acquired data, numerical analysis was also performed to calculate loading magnitude to cause fatal fracture of tunnel lining during earthquake.INTRODUCTIONLarge earthquakes can pose serious risks even for rock tunnels, as evidenced by large earthquakes in the past. In the large earthquake in Japan in 2004 (Mw = 6.6), some tunnels suffered severe damage including collapse of their permanent lining (Mashimo 2005), even though the tunnels were constructed in ordinary ground conditions except for fault, fracture zone, portal area, etc. To mitigate such risks, mechanical behavior of tunnel lining during earthquake should be clarified; however, even basic mechanical behavior including load-bearing capacity of the tunnel lining against earthquake is not fully understood.Numerous damage modes were actually observed due to various ground conditions (eg. Wang et al. 2001; Mashimo 2005). Among them, major tunnel damage caused by earthquakes can be grouped into three main modes as shown in Figure 1, excluding extremely unusual conditions such as a tunnel located on a stratum boundary where the stratum stiffness varies significantly. TYPE-I shows flexural failure or crack by bending moment at shoulders; TYPE-II indicates compression failure or flexural compression failure at crown; and TYPE-III illustrates compression failure at sidewall, mainly observed on tunnel that was constructed using steel ribs and lagging method. These damage modes, Type-I, II and III, are predominantly caused by shearing, horizontal compressing and vertical compressing deformations of the surrounding ground, respectively (Kusaka et al. 2011; Asakura et al. 2001)."

Jan 1, 2016

By C. W. Stratford

[During the last few years, the necessity for development work has been generally recognized by executives throughout the oil industry, resulting in greatly accelerated progress and the adoption of many noteworthy improvements in refining methods and equipment. Several years ago, the Associated Oil Co. decided to improve distillation methods with the object of reducing refining costs. This extremely interesting work was entrusted to the writer, and W. S. James, now Chief of Research for Studebaker Corpn. of America, was selected as the principal collaborator. The latter contributed much during his two years with the Associated Oil Co., to the development work that has followed. The writer extends to the Associated Oil Co. his appreciation for permission to disclose the details of distilling equipment. In petroleum refining the principal requisites of good economics are the separation of high-priced distillates from those of lower price; maxi-mum yield of any desired distillate; lowest capital investment in refining equipment; lowest cost of operation and maintenance, and the best adaptability and flexibility of the same refinery equipment for handling crudes of widely varying characteristics. The first two items mentioned, separation and yields of distillates are determined by efficiency of fractionating equipment,. Discussion in this paper is chiefly concerned with oil-heating equipment, combustion and furl economy. It has long been well known that velocity plays a very important part in all heat transfer systems. Any betterment in specific transfer. rates in such systems must. always involve velocity. Realizing this fact, IV decided to adopt as a basic principle, the employment of energy to impart velocity required for high transfer rates through a heating diaphragm, and our method of modernizing obsolete shell stills is founded on this principle. Mechanical energy is usually cheap and its rational rspcntliture is returned in the form of greatly increased heat transfer rates, on both oil and gas sides of the sheet. Certainly there is nothing new in this principle, the only novelty being that of our peculiar method of application On the oil side (Fig. I) use is made of a centrifugal pump to jet the oil against the heated sheet thereby creating a high velocity sheet flow over the entire fired area. Such a pump is one of the most efficient machines, so far developed, for moving fluids. 'I'he oil, under pressure impinging

Jan 1, 1928

By A. A. Lavrinenko, N. I. Gluhova, L. M. Sarkisova, D. V. Makarov

"The purpose of the study is to study the feasibility of using sodium diisobutyl dithiophosphinate (DDP) to enhance the recovery of platinum group elements from low-grade refractory copper-nickel ores characterized by a portion of nickel and platinum group elements (PGEs) locked in the dominant sulfide mineral — pyrrhotite. These ore characteristics dictate the need to produce a bulk PGE-containing sulfide concentrate due to the difficulties of producing selective concentrates without a significant loss of the metals.New data on the adsorption and flotation performance of DDP-containing collectors were obtained by measuring the electrode potential, hydrophobicity of the sulfide mineral surfaces and by means of extraction spectrophotometry and flotation studies. The interaction between DDP, pyrrhotite, and pentlandite leads to the formation of surface hydrophobic layers consisting mainly of disulfide and a small amount of metal compounds. These adsorption layers are formed by the reaction with butyl xanthate. In the case of cooperite, DDP reacts with the surface, forming not only disulfide, as in the case of butyl xanthate, but also a complex platinum compound. DDP-containing agents demonstrate stronger collecting properties with respect to sulfide minerals of copper-nickel ores compared to butyl xanthate, which is explained by a stronger hydrophobizing effect and foaming properties.The addition of a combination of DDP-containing agents and butyl xanthate at a ratio of 3:1 for the recovery of sulfides and PGEs in the bulk flotation of copper-nickel ore made it possible to improve the recovery of Ni, Pt, and Pd by 13.6, 9.2, and 9.4%, respectively, relative to the recovery achieved in flotation with butyl xanthate.Bulk flotation with the addition of a composition of DDP-containing agents and butyl xanthate allows the most complete recovery of all valuable elements and is the only technologically feasible method for processing of lowgrade ores, when it is impossible to produce without loss high-grade selective concentrates suitable for smelting."

Jan 1, 2018

By F. R. Erick Mulder

"AbstractTwo bottom-hole samples have been taken from two new completions in the Turner Valley field, Royalite Lowery No. 8 on the west flank and Royalite No. 73, which was deepened into a lower fault block, on the northeast flank. From the bottom-hole oil of Royalite Lowary No. 8 a synthetic sample was prepared to simulate the original fluid in the reservoir, saturated at the gas-oil contact conditions. The sample from Royalite Lewery No. 8 has been shown to be the original fluid present at this well and represents the oil phase near the oil-water contact in• the reservoir. Complete chemical analysis, P.V.T., and viscosity data have been obtained on these reservoir fluids, which represent the range of saturation from the gas-oil to the oil-water contact in the Turner Valley oil structures. Sampling techniques and the application of the analytical data to reservoir conditions and field operations are discussed. Super-compressibility curves for an average separator tail gas have also been prepared. These data have not been available before. They will be of fundamental value in futu.re reservoir engineering studies of this field and will also serve as a guide in determining operating practices."

Jan 1, 1950