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By Vernon C. Davis

"SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSIn initial attempts to mine taconite by conventional open-pit methods, the material tended to break into tabular blocks that were too large to be handled by conventional shovel dippers and were unsatisfactory in an ordinary crusher feed. A great amount of secondary blasting was necessary, which added considerably to the cost of mining.The Bureau of Mines and others are engaged in studies designed to contribute to the solution of taconite-mining problems. These studies concern problems related to drilling techniques and patterns, types and methods of use of explosives, and other factors relative to effecting maximum fragmentation at minimum cost.This report is concerned with study of the application of shaped charges in drill holes, the effectiveness of shaped charges as compared to capped charges in secondary blasting, and the merits of different drilling patterns and methods of detonation of conventional-explosive charges.Fragmentation of taconite at or near the surface is controlled or strongly influenced by joint and bedding planes. Since all tests in this study were made in a jointed and bedded area, a definite conclusion as to the relative effect of a shaped charge in a drill hole, as compared to a conventional charge at greater depths and tighter ground, is precluded. However, application of shaped charges in primary blasting of taconite appears to be of no advantage.In secondary blasting of taconite, conventional, capped charges produced better breakage than shaped charges of the designs tested.Based on the results of conventional blasting practice in horizontal-, inclined-, and vertical-hole tests, no better fragmentation is obtained from blasting either horizontal or inclined holes, compared to vertical holes.Holes drilled in staggered parallel rows that intersect both series of joint planes at the greatest possible angle, give maximum breakage compared to rows parallel to one of the series of joint planes.Methods of detonation made little difference in breakage; but the millidelay caps produced the best conditions for moving the broken rocks."

Jun 1, 1953

By M. C. Harris

"Excess Gibbs energy is a thermodynamic parameter which quantifies the difference between the value of the Gibbs energy for a real mixture and that for an ideal mixture. More specifically the partial molar excess Gibbs energy of a species (i) in a mixture is indicated by the change in the overall excess Gibbs energy of the solution as the number of moles of species (i) changes while keeping temperature, pressure and the number of moles of all other species in the solution constant. Generally it is obtained from the activity coefficient which in turn can be obtained for a species in a mixture using a variety of models. The most widely used method is to use UNIFAC. Flotation is probably the most important process in the concentration of minerals and requires the use of reagents such as collectors and frothers. There is abundant experimental data which illustrates that collectors of different alkyl chain lengths will change the contact angle and that frothers of different structures and molecular weights will result in changes in key flotation properties such as froth behavior, surface tension and critical coalescence concentration. In this paper it is shown that there is a strong linear relationship between measured parameters such as froth volume/height, surface tension, critical coalescence concentration and contact angle and the partial molar excess Gibbs energy of the molecules used. Proposals are made to explain these correlations.INTRODUCTIONAs is well known froth flotation is arguably the most widely used process in the separation of minerals. In broad terms the process relies on the use of reagents known as collectors to adsorb onto a mineral surface and thus render the mineral particle hydrophobic. Alkyl thiolates are very commonly used for this purpose. The hydrophobicity is induced as a result of the alkyl group’s molecular structural properties which results in it forming a non-ideal mixture with the process water. Surfactants (or frothers) are typically alcohols and are known to lower the surface tension of the system and also inhibit bubble coalescence and reduce bubble size. Since alcohols are polar they will also form a non-ideal mixture with water. The hydrophobic mineral attaches to the bubble and rises to the froth phase where the valuable mineral is recovered as a concentrate. Frothers have often been characterized using the so-called HLB (hydrophobic-lipophilic balance) number but recently it was shown that the use of activity coefficients (?) or excess Gibbs energy (G ex ), which is calculated using equation (1) is a much more appropriate way to describe the behavior of these reagents in non-ideal mixtures with water (Corin and O’Connor, 2014)."

Jan 1, 2016

By Z. Zitron, G. J. de Korte, D. W. Horsfall

This paper summarizes work carried out on the treatment of fine coal, nominally classified as minus 0,5 mm (wedge-wire screen), which is removed from the raw coal prior to the treatment of the plus 0,5 mm sizes. The minus 0,5 mm coal divides, for treatment purposes, into fines, nominally between 500 and 150 !tm, and ultrafines, nominally minus 150 !tm. Studies on processes for the treatment of minus 0,5 mm coal are discussed, and the lower size limit beneficiated is indicated for each process. The installation and operational results from a pilot froth-flotation plant treating minus 150!tm coal are described.

Jan 1, 1986

By E. A. Breitenbach

A computer program has been developed to afford rapid and complete quantitative log analysis for exploration and production decisions. The computation consists of automatic selection of tops and bottoms of porous intervals from the digitized data, and then point-by-point calculations within each selected interval. Nearly all log types can be analyzed. This paper presents the calculation techniques found to be appticable to machine evaluation and gives examples of their use. INTRODUCTION As the quantitative interpretation of well logs entails repetitive use of charts and equations, it is natural that digital computer programs would be written. A Universal Log Interpretation Computer Program (ULICP) has been developed to afiord rapid and complete analysis for exploration and production decisions. Application of this program enables the log analyst to: (I) apply rapid quantitative log analysis for exploration and production decisions on either a field, a well or on a single zone basis; (2) apply concepts of interpretation requiring detailed numerical analysis; (3) analyze all porous intervals on each log, rather than a few selected zones, and complete the analysis in less time than previously required. Computations are reported for every digitized point in each zone; (4) use empirical techniques applicable to a given area as an integral part of the computation; (5) experiment with the empirical coefficients and exponents in the interpretation equations to find the best possible solution; and (6) automatically plot both the original and computed data to scales analogous to the field prints. The primary utility of a log interpretation program stems from its ability to do an overwhelming amount of work with very little man-power. If a calculation procedure or thought process can be formalized to the extent that step-by-step logic can be written, a computer program can be developed that follows this logic. The major question is one of economics. A feasibility study of the costs for such a program indicates that digital processing is economical primarily as a means of increasing the productivity of the log analyst. In effect, the probability of missing productive intervals in any well, because of a lack of time to do detailed calculations, is greatly reduced. The nucleus of ULICP is programmed to compute large sections of a suite of logs by selecting zones automatically and then performing all pertinent computations on a data point by data point basis within each zone.'.' An entire suite of logs can be processed in this manner with very little manual intervention. Sufficient programming logic is available so that each log analyst can request computations pertinent to his area. These requests are made by simple additions or deletions of information on the input header cards. Hence, the log analyst is always in complete control of the computation process. The evaluation of a suite of logs requires pre-editing, digitization, computation, presentation of results and interpretation. Work by the log analyst is reqilired only in pre-editing and interpretation. Thus, he is allowed more time for comprehensive interpretation, rather than calculation. For continuity, the discussion of ULICP is organized sequentially: pre-editing, digitization, computation and presentation of results. DISCUSSION PRE-EDITING The extent of pre-editing prior to computation is dependent on the format of the original data. For analog prints, it requires inspection, correlation and editing of the logs, plus the entering of required data an special forms. For digitized data such as magnetic tape field recordings, only the special forms are necessary. The process for analog prints will be given here. The inspection and correlation process involves the selection of sections for digitization and the correlation of the traces to a common depth. To decrease the cost of digitization, traces that exhibit large variations in shale formations can be redrawn to a non-zero baseline. The next step is to enter all pertinent data on the input header cards. The header cards presently used for ULICP are presented as Figs. 1 through 6. Cards 1, 2, 3 and 4 (Fig. 1) are defined as the Main Header Cards. They describe the particular well for output identification and give basic information. Cards 5 through 15 (Figs. 2 through 6) are defined as the Block Header Cards. As such, they define the log types and the interpretation parameters for the block of data immediately following. Cards 1 through 10 are required for every computer run. Cards 11 through 14 pertain only to nuclear logs. Card 11 is required if any nuclear log is supplied, and cards 12 through 14 are required only when gamma-ray, density or neutron log data, respectively, are supplied. Card 15 (Fig. 6) must be supplied when cross-plot calculations are required. Either two- or three-component

Jan 1, 1967

By B. B. Rath, Hsun Hu

Rates of migration of large-angle boundaries have been studied in zone-refined aluminum crystals, defonned 80 pct by rolling in the (110)[112] orientation at -78°C followed by a recovery anneal at 80°C. Artificially nucleated grains show a marked variation. by an order of magnitude, in their growth rates in different directions. The average activation energy for the migration of all boundaries was found to be about 16,000 cal per mole. The anisotropy of the boundary migration is rationalized on the basis of the boundary structure. It has been observed by Beck and HU,1 Kohara el al,2,3 and Czjzek and Haessner4 that recrystallized grains formed upon annealing Of deformed sing1e crystals of aluminum show anisotropic growth characteristics. Kohara et al. found that single crystals rolled in the (110)[112] orientation, when random nuclei were provided on one side of the crystal by rubbing with emery paper and annealing, developed a sharp recrys-tallization texture on the other side of the crystal upon further annealing. This sharp recrystallization texture consisted of four components, which were related to the deformation texture of the crystal, i.e. (110)[112], by rotations of ±40 deg around each of the two common [ 111] axes' They also noted that recrystallized grains were elongated in directions perpendicular to either of these two common [1111 axes. They attributed this anisotropic growth to the difference in the rate of self-diffusion or diffusion of impurity atoms along the tilt and the twist boundaries. A somewhat similar investigation was conducted by Czjzek and Haessner4 On strained single-crystal sheets Of alum- inum. These authors claimed that the matrix structure of the deformed crystal had a greater effect on the growth anisotropy of the recrystallized grains than did the boundary orientation itself. In the present investigation quantitative measurements of the rate of grain boundary migration in anisotropic growth have been made in zone-refined aluminum (99.9999+pct pure) crystals deformed 80 pct by rolling in the (110) 112] orientation. Crystals of this particular orientation were chosen because of the following desirable features: 1) the crystal does not change its orientation during rolling; 2) the rolling plane contains all the significant crystallographic directions; and 3) when annealed, following deformation, the crystal does not re-crystallize spontaneously but polygonizes to a stable and homogeneous structure. Hence, the initial orientation of the crystal and a constant strain energy in the matrix can be maintained during subsequent grain boundary migration studies. It is essential to keep the driving force constant for the study of boundary mobility.5 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE A cylindrical single crystal of 1 in. diam was grown by the Bridgman method in a high-purity graphite mold. The resistance ratio, R(4.2°K) /R(298°K) , of the grown crystal was approximately 2.0 x 10-4. A number of slices, 1/4 in. thick, were cut from the crystal along the (110) plane and were mechanically and electrolyti-cally polished to remove the strained surface layer. The crystals were then rolled along the [112] direction to 80 pct reduction in thickness at -78°C. To minimize surface friction, the crystals were rolled between two layers of 0.005-in. teflon sheet. Rolling was interrupted, prior to completion, to remove the surface layers and the edges by electropolishing. These and similar precautions in handling the rolled crystals

Jan 1, 1967

By X. Tang, N. Ripepi

The Langmuir model has been widely used for the coal-methane sorption process through an isothermal test. However, even though the temperature-dependent Langmuir model was recognized theoretically and experimentally, the quantitative relationships between the Langmuir constants a and b and temperature have not been clarified and confirmed by laboratory test data. This paper collects 158 methane-coal sorption data under different temperatures that apply the Langmuir model to the relationships between the Langmuir constants a and b and temperature. Even though the Langmuir model cannot be used to show the physical state of methane adsorption on coal, it is widely used because of its simplicity and the reasonable explanation of its parameters a and b. The results from these published isothermal tests indicate that (1) there is no consistent relationship between Langmuir constant a and temperature, (2) the Langmuir model is a temperature-dependent model whose temperature-dependent feature is mainly shown by the relationship between the Langmuir constant b and temperature, and (3) the relationship between the Langmuir constant b and temperature can be described by both exponential and linear relationships with dried coal. This paper provides a database for the temperature-dependent Langmuir model that can be used for the reservoir simulation of coalbed methane reservoirs and for the coal seam degasification modeling of underground coal mines, considering the heating effects induced by geothermal and heat injection through factors such as hot water, hot steam and ultrasonics.

Jan 1, 2016

By R. Grierson, L. J. Bonis

The high-temperature Strength oF TD nickel has been observed to be dependent upon the previons thermal and mechanical history of the material. Variations in both the level and the anisotropy of strength have been observed. 01 this paper- these variations are correlated with the storing of annealing resistant elastic strain energy in the matrix of the TD nickel. An x-vay line -broadening tecknique is used to measure the maLrTis elastie strain. THE inclusion of a finely dispersed second phase into a ductile matrix has long been recognized as an extremely effective method of strengthening the matrix both at high and at low homologous temperatures. It has been found, however, that the factors which determine the high-temperature strength are not the same as those which are important at low temperatures. Below 0.5 Tm the size and distribution of the second phase particles are of prime importance in determining the strength,')' while above this temperature the strength is mainly dependent upon the previous thermal and mechanical history of the alloy,3-7 This paper is primarily concerned with explaining the response of the high-temperature mechanical strength of one of these alloys (DuPont's TD nickel) to various thermo-mechanical treatments. It will be shown that this response is not associated with the occurrence of any form of dislocation substructure within the matrix of the alloy. It has been found, however, that a correlation does exist between the elastic strain level in the matrix and the previous thermomechanical history of the alloy and that the observed changes in elastic strain level parallel the measured changes in high-temperature strength. It therefore must be concluded that variations in high-temperature strength are a direct result of the variations in elastic strain level. MATERIAL TD nickel contains approximately 2 vol pct of Tho2 in an unalloyed nickel matrix. It is formed, as a powder, by a chemical technique and this powder is compacted to form ingots which are then extruded to give 21/2-in.-diam rod. Rod of smaller diameter is prepared from the as-extruded rod by swaging. In the studies reported in this paper, 1/2-in.-diam rod was used. This rod received an anneal of 1 hr at 1100°C prior to being used in any of these studies. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES Two methods were used to examine the structure of the nickel matrix of the TD nickel. These were: 1) transmission electron microscopy; 2) the analysis of the position and profile of X-ray diffraction lines obtained using the nickel matrix as the diffracting media. To prepare thin foils for electron-microscopical examination, slices of TD nickel approximately 0.050 in. thick were cut from the as-received 1/2-in.-diam rod. These were then chemically polished down to 0.045 in., rolled to 0.009 in., given a predetermined heat treatment, and thinned, using a modified Bollman technique, to provide the foils for observation. All observations were carried out at 100 kv, using a Hitachi HU-11 electron microscope. Specimens of the undeformed rod were prepared by grinding down the 0.050-in.-thick slices to approximately 0.015 in. and then thinning chemically and electrolytically to give the thin foils. The X-ray specimens were prepared by rolling 0.375-in.-thick rectangular blocks down to 0.075 in. The surfaces of the rolled material were ground flat, chemically polished to remove the layer disturbed by the grinding, and given a predetermined anneal in an inert atmosphere. They were then ground lightly to check their flatness and given a final chemical polish prior to being examined. The X-ray diffraction line profiles were measured using an automated Picker biplane diffractometer. A special specimen holder was built to allow a more accurate and reproducible positioning of the specimen. The line profiles were determined by carrying out intensity measurements at intervals of either 1/30 deg or 1/60 deg over a range of 3 deg on either side of the nickel peaks of interest. A piece of pure nickel which had been recrystallized to give a large grain size was used as a standard to give the X-ray line profile generated by a strain-free matrix. The analysis of the X-ray diffraction line profiles is a modification of that due initially to Warren and Aver-bach8and has been described elsewhere.3 This analysis gives a measurement of two parameters associated with the structure of the nickel matrix. These parameters are: 1) the size of the coherently diffracting domains within the nickel matrix; 2) the magnitude of the elastic strains in these domains. Both of these parameters are first determined in terms of a Fourier series. These series are obtained from other Fourier series which describe the measured profile of the X-ray diffraction lines. Thus, for both the coherently diffracting domain size and the elastic strain level, it is possible to plot Ft (the Fourier coefficient) against t (the term in the Fourier series), where t can be expressed in terms of a distance L and the Fourier coefficient Ft(S) (associated with elastic strain level) can be expressed in terms of the root mean square strain (e2)1/2. Thus a plot of (F 2)1/2 vs L can be obtained. Plots of this type are shown graphically in Figs. 6 and 8. Interpretation

Jan 1, 1968

By C. E. Sims, F. W. Boulger, H. A. Saller

Most of the data on equilibrium constant and the deoxidations potentialities of those elements, considered to be stronger deoxidizers for steel than is silicon, have been calculated from thermodynamic data. The reason for this is, primarily, the obvious difficulty of obtaining direct experimental evidence of equivalent accuracy. This is an excellent use of the principles of thermodynamics and has given valuable data not otherwise available. Such results, of course, can be no more accurate than the physical constants used in the calculations, and one can never be sure that the basic data are either complete or accurate. In fact, as in the case with silicon,1 there are not only discrepancies among the calculated theoretical values of the equilibrium constant for deoxidation of steel but also between the theoretical and experimental values. It is highly desirable, therefore, to obtain experimental values for checks on calculated results whenever possible. If they disagree, both cannot be right, but if there is good agreement, their value is enhanced. The present work was done in an effort to obtain experimental evidence in regard to some of the common alloying additions but more particularly the so-called "strong" deoxidizers for steel. The method used was to determine the minimum concentration of the deoxidizer that would effect a certain definite degree of deoxidation in steel. The criterion of deoxidation was the change from the large globular Type I sulphide to the eutectic Type II as described by Sims and Dahle.2 This change is sharp and definite, and inasmuch as it can be produced with equal facility by aluminum, zirconium, and titanium, it is considered a manifestation of a certain degree of deoxidation and not an alloying effect. Ostensibly such a procedure could give only a comparison of deoxidizing powers and no absolute values. Nevertheless, repeated observations have shown that, when increasing increments of aluminum are added to a steel, the residual aluminum content begins to increase simultaneously with the appearance of Type II inclusions. Thus it seems warranted to postulate that the Type II inclusions appear coincident with the virtual elimination of FeO as an active constituent of the steel. Experimental Procedure The data obtained were primarily from the microexamination of polished and unetched specimens and from chemical analysis. Experimental heats weighing 200 to 250 lb were made in a basic-lined high-frequency induction furnace. The base composition was nominally that of a medium-carbon casting steel to which the appropriate additions were made. Specimens were poured into sand-cast ingots 3 in. in diam as shown in Fig 1. Sand-cast ingots were used to prevent chilling and to allow sufficient time in freezing for normal inclusions to form of a size large enough to be studied readily. In the first few heats, the tapered wall ingot was used, but in the majority, the extra large riser was used to prevent piping in heavily deoxidized steels. Specimens for microexamination were taken from the location shown in Fig 1, and drillings for chemical analysis were taken from a similar location. The procedure was to melt the base composition and deoxidize with the usual manganese and silicon additions and then to pour an ingot. The furnace was then tilted back, and the first increment of strong deoxidizer or special alloy was added and allowed to disseminate through the melt, with enough power on to hold the temperature constant, for 45 sec. Then a second ingot was poured. After this, another increment was added, and after the same holding time another ingot was poured. In this way from 9 to 12 ingots were poured from each heat, each successive ingot having progressively larger total additions of alloy. Eighteen heats were made altogether, and the range of alloys used and additions made are outlined in Table 1. The three principal types of sulphide inclusions found are illustrated in Fig 2. The globular Type I sulphides are characteristic of silicon-killed steels, the eutectic Type II are characteristic of steels deoxidized with a small amount of aluminum, while the larger, angular Type III are usually found in steels with a residual aluminum content above about 0.02 pct. In all specimens studied, the transition from Type I to II either did not occur at all or was very abrupt and clear cut. There never was any doubt as to just which increment produced the change, although the individual additions were small, in the order of 0.01 pct. The change from Type II to Type III was considerably less sharp, and, in some cases, both types were found together. Inasmuch as the formation of Type III sulphides is apparently not a deoxidation phenomenon, they will not be discussed here.

Jan 1, 1950

By Donald Christofferson

This report documents the program conducted to demonstrate the application of a flywheel-powered propulsion system to underground mining shuttle cars. Such application can replace the present electrical trailing cable common to most shuttle cars and thereby eliminate those safety hazards, maintenance problems, and haulage route limitations inherent in the trailing cable. Described are the activities undertaken to specify and design a flywheel of optimum size, shape, and material; to identify the best concepts of input and output systems; and to achieve installation of the power package into a shuttle car. The resultant Flywheel-Powered Shuttle Car is an FMC Model 6L shuttle car, 6-ton capacity, 20-ton gross vehicle weight, powered by a flywheel system with 4.5-kilowatt-hour usable energy. The completed vehicle was delivered to the Bureau of Mines in Bruceton, Pennsylvania, for testing and evaluation.

Jan 1, 1986

By CYRIL W., William Campbell, Henry M. Howe

THIS paper gives the results of an investigation of the behavior of the argentiferous cobalt-nickel arsenides of Temiskaming, Ontario, in roasting, made in the metallurgical laboratories of the School of Mines, of Columbia University in the City of New York. The ore was kindly given by the owners of the La Rose and Trethewey properties at Cobalt, Ontario, and Mr. E. J. Hall, Tutor in Assaying in Columbia University, has helped us much. I. OBJECT OF THE INVESTIGATION. The object of the investigation was to learn:- 1. The temperature at which the arsenic is most rapidly expelled; 2. The thoroughness with which it is expelled by prolonged roasting at this temperature; 3. The effect of adding charcoal (a) near the end of the roast and (b) at the beginning of the roast. II. NATURE OF THE ORE. The important ores mined in the Temiskaming deposits are native silver-with small amounts of dyscrasite (Ag6 Sb), argentite (Ag2S), pyrargyrite (Ag3SbS3)-smaltite (CoAs2), chloanthite (NiAs2) and niccolite (NiAs). Mispickel (FeAsS) and cobaltite (CoAsS) also occur in smaller quantities. The average composition of the ore shipped from this district for the first six months of 1905 -was: silver, from 4.1 to 4.8 per cent.; cobalt, from 6.9 to 8.2 per cent ; nickel, from 3 to 4.7 per cent ; and arsenic, from 30.9 to 34.6 per cent. The ore which we treated consists chiefly of smaltite ; In our laboratory-work

Jan 1, 1907

By N. A. Barcza

DC plasma-arc technology using a hollow graphite electrode (cathode) has been successfully implemented in the primary metallurgical industry in South Africa up to the 30 MW scale. Mintek has applied its expertise base, established over the past fifteen years, to testing the treatment of metallurgical wastes such as carbon- and stainless-steel plant dusts, lead- and zinc-containing slags, and residues from the base-metal industry. Favourable results have been achieved, and disposable products were produced. The evaluation of numerous wastes indicates that recovery of zinc as metal gives the best economic return from these sources. Direct recovery via a splash condenser or electrolytic zinc extraction from fume are the two preferred alternatives under review. In both instances dehalogenation is an important issue, but can be achieved by suitable treatment processes. The Enviroplas technology provides a flexible, commercially viable approach to the treatment of a wide variety of wastes. Mintek, together with its associate Pyromet CC, are installing a plasma- arc pilot-plant facility with both an ISP lead-splash condenser of about 5 t/d condensed zinc capacity and a combustion chamber to burn zinc vapour to zinc oxide. This will demonstrate the suitability of the Enviroplas technology for treating specific metallurgical wastes, so that customized industrial plants can be engineered based on large-scale testwork.

Jan 1, 1994

By A. H. WHITE, PERRY BARKER

In a consideration of the various means whereby more economical and more efficient use may be made of the fuels in the United States, the possibility of obtaining for the production of illuminating gas other and cheaper fuels than the Pennsylvania coals demands attention. For the Government, as well as for private corporations and the householder, there can be no more economical and efficient way of using some coals than through the medium of illuminating gas. In the stove, gas reduces the labor cost of heat production and lessens the drudgery of the kitchen; burned in the Welsbach mantle, it is an excellent and cheap illuminant. In addition, the coke that remains after the gas has been recovered furnishes a smokeless fuel that has about the same heating value as anthracite. Hence any investigations that will indicate how local coals through proper treatment may be substituted for the higher priced and rapidly vanishing Pennsylvania gas coals will bring about lower prices for both gas and coke and will also aid to conserve for use in metallurgical processes the coking coals of Pennsylvania and of ot,her States. The annual drain on the gas-coal resources of this country and the importance of the gas and coke industries are indicated by the fact that 8,390,129 tons of coal were carbonized in retorts in the United States in 1909. The resulting salable products from by-product ovens were 15,791,220,000 cubic feet of coal gas, 6,254,644 tons of coke, and 60,126,000 gallons of tar. The total value of all by-products was about $28,508,637.

Jan 1, 1911

By T. E. Ockershauser

The Southwest Antioch Oil Field located in T2&3N - R2&3W, Garvin County, Okla., was discovered in February, 1946, by The Globe Oil & Refining Co. and The Vickers Petroleum Co. at their Melinda Gibson No. 1. Oil production was encountered at a depth of 6,525 ft in 14 ft of lower Pennsyl-vanian sandstone. The producing sand, locally called the ."Gibson" or "Third Deese," is a sand bar deposit strung along the west flank of the Pauls Valley uplift in a northwest-southeast direction. The oil reservoir is defined to the east by the edge of sand deposition along the uplift and to the west by the gradation of sand into shale. Within the Antioch Unit, the sand dips from 150 to 400 ft per mile southwesterly and has a pay thickness varying from 10 to 55 ft and averaging 28 ft. Several areas of Gibson production have been developed, including the Katie pool on the south, the Elmore Area of the Southwest Antioch Gibson Sand pool. the Southwest Antioch Gibson Sand pool proper, the Southwest Maysville pool and the New Hope pool on the north. Production extends over a belt 22 miles long by about two miles wide and is continuous except into the Katie and New Hope pools. It appears that drilling will soon prove these intervening areas productive. To March 1, 1950, approximately 18,000 acres have been developed with 450 Gibson wells. It is likely this count will ultimately reach 32.000 acres with 800 wells. RESERVOIR The natural production of oil from the Gibson reservoir is primarily due to solution gas expansion though gravity also plays a part. There is no indication of water drive or evidence that an initial gas cap existed. Gibson oil has a stock tank gravity of 43" API and was saturated at the original reservoir pressure of 2.925 psi. It contained 1,3440 cu ft of gas per bbl in solution and had a high shrinkage of 70 per cent. Connate water amounts to 15 per cent. Reservoir temperature is 130°F. Porosity averages 15.5 per cent and permeability ranges from less than one md to over 1.000. Based on meacurement of 400 core plugs from 15 wells, 78 per cent of the permeabilities fell within the 10 to 1,000 md bracket and averaged l67. Primary oil recovery is estimated at 140 bbl per acre-ft or 22 million bbl for the present 137-tract unit. Due to unitization

Jan 1, 1951

By T. E. Ockershauser

The Southwest Antioch Oil Field located in T2&3N - R2&3W, Garvin County, Okla., was discovered in February, 1946, by The Globe Oil & Refining Co. and The Vickers Petroleum Co. at their Melinda Gibson No. 1. Oil production was encountered at a depth of 6,525 ft in 14 ft of lower Pennsyl-vanian sandstone. The producing sand, locally called the ."Gibson" or "Third Deese," is a sand bar deposit strung along the west flank of the Pauls Valley uplift in a northwest-southeast direction. The oil reservoir is defined to the east by the edge of sand deposition along the uplift and to the west by the gradation of sand into shale. Within the Antioch Unit, the sand dips from 150 to 400 ft per mile southwesterly and has a pay thickness varying from 10 to 55 ft and averaging 28 ft. Several areas of Gibson production have been developed, including the Katie pool on the south, the Elmore Area of the Southwest Antioch Gibson Sand pool. the Southwest Antioch Gibson Sand pool proper, the Southwest Maysville pool and the New Hope pool on the north. Production extends over a belt 22 miles long by about two miles wide and is continuous except into the Katie and New Hope pools. It appears that drilling will soon prove these intervening areas productive. To March 1, 1950, approximately 18,000 acres have been developed with 450 Gibson wells. It is likely this count will ultimately reach 32.000 acres with 800 wells. RESERVOIR The natural production of oil from the Gibson reservoir is primarily due to solution gas expansion though gravity also plays a part. There is no indication of water drive or evidence that an initial gas cap existed. Gibson oil has a stock tank gravity of 43" API and was saturated at the original reservoir pressure of 2.925 psi. It contained 1,3440 cu ft of gas per bbl in solution and had a high shrinkage of 70 per cent. Connate water amounts to 15 per cent. Reservoir temperature is 130°F. Porosity averages 15.5 per cent and permeability ranges from less than one md to over 1.000. Based on meacurement of 400 core plugs from 15 wells, 78 per cent of the permeabilities fell within the 10 to 1,000 md bracket and averaged l67. Primary oil recovery is estimated at 140 bbl per acre-ft or 22 million bbl for the present 137-tract unit. Due to unitization

Jan 1, 1951

By Guanyong Shi, Zhihe Dou, Cong Wang, Ting'an Zhang, Hongyan Zhang

We prepared the CuCr alloy by thermit reduction-electromagnetic casting. But there are the defects such as stomata and oxide inclusions in CuCr alloy. In this paper, the existing state and distribution of inclusions and stomata in CuCr alloy are systematically analyzed. The alloy was characterized via SEM, EDS and metallographic microscope, in which the existing state and micro-structural defects of inclusions are analyzed. The results show that: there are three distinct areas: copper-rich areas, chromium-rich areas and the inclusion areas. Inclusions are mainly in the form of stomata and Al2O3 phase, mainly locating in the copper-rich phase and the interface area of chromium-rich phase and the copper-rich phase. Then, the composition of phases of the smelting slags and alloy were characterized via XRD. The results show that: the slag consists of Al2O3 and a little of Cr, the alloy consists of Cr, Cu and a little of Al2O3.

Jan 1, 2015

By O. Dojcar

Equations for calculating the parameters of controlled blasting (burden and spacing of boreholes and weight of the bottom charge) are derived and analysed on the basis of empirical values and made more precise through incorporation of the properties of the rock being blasted and explosive applied. For the success of controlled blasting the correct choice of the blasthole diameter/charge diameter ratio is critical. This relation is defined as the coefficient of radial decoupling of the charge; it is recommended that it is chosen to be between 3 and 3.5. Analysis of smooth blasting, cushion blasting and presplitting indicates that cushion blasting is a less destructive alternative to smooth blasting, but it has a slightly higher blasthole consumption and limited possibilities of use. There are definite economic advantages to controlled blasting, especially in rock masses of low and medium strength

Dec 1, 1996

By W. Ghyoot, J. Boonstra, H. Dijkman, C. Buisman, M. Picavet

Paques and Umicore have demonstrated the feasibility of biological treatment of the highly complex Hoboken wastewaters in a1 m3/h pilot plant at Umicore Precious Metals, Hoboken, Belgium. In the first step arsenic was precipitated from copper smelter effluent as As2S3using biogenic produced H2S. Other metals such as copper, lead and cadmium were also removed as MeS to concentrations well below the discharge levels. Subsequently, sulfate and nitrate were removed to low concentrations (<300 mg/l and < 5 mg/l respectively) in high rate engineered bioreactors. Sulfide produced in the sulfate reduction process was recycled to step 1 for metals precipitation. Selenite/selenate was partly removed in the sulfide precipitation step, whereas the excess was biologically reduced and removed as selenium to concentrations <0.2 mg/l.

Jan 1, 2003

By Donald L. Ball

The equilibrium of boron nitride, gaseous nitrogen, and solute boron was investigated in Fe, Fe-C, and Fe-Si rnelts by the Sieverts technique. The free ellergy of dissociation of boron nitride, involving -the implied standard states, was evaluated in the range 1400" to 1600°C as: ?Fo = 38,000 - 23.5T, cal ber mole The solute-solute interaction coefficients eBB, ecB , and eg were determined as 0.058, 0.22, and 0.078, respectively. BORON is an important ingredient in some types of steel and cast iron. It was employed at a particularly high level, 0.01 wt pet, in the as-cast malleable iron "CentraSteel".1 In this material, the boron concentration was critical in order to assure graphite, and avoid primary cementite, in the as-cast structure. One possible function of the boron in this alloy was the nucleation of graphite through the agency of boron nitride, which, conceivably, precipitated from the melt during cooling. A research program was instituted to assess the validity of this proposed mechanism. The first undertaking, reported here, was a determination of the thermodynamic possibility of boron nitride precipitation. Data available in the literature on the activity coefficient of solute boron in iron-base melts are inadequate for the present purpose. They will be reviewed briefly, however, so that comparison can be made, when

Jan 1, 1968

By Yang Guangqing, Shao Jiugang, Zhang Jianliang, Wan Dan, Fu Yuandi, Guo Hongwei

"Resource of metallurgical coke is becoming scarce, and although coke can be partially replaced by pulverized coal injection, there are many restrictions for further increase in coal ratio. Mixed charge of ore and lump coal from top to replace more coke was studied in this paper. Softening-melting property of the burden was affected by charge of lump coal. Softening-melting properties of mixed charge of ore and coke, mixed charge of ore and lump coal were tested respectively. Results show: the property of the burden mixed with coke is superior to the burden mixed with lump coal; lump coal would not deteriorate softening-melting property of the burden and some of them can even improve softening-melting property of the burden. Top charge of lump coal would not deteriorate softening-melting process, and this should be a new way to increase coal consumption to decrease coke rate.IntroductionThe blast furnace is still the predominant process for the reduction of iron ore and will probably remain so for the next decades. Metallurgical coke is becoming scarce and expensive, so the cost of hot metal can be decreased by reducing the consumption of metallurgical coke[l]. Coke can be partially replaced by pulverized coal injection, currently the highest rate of pulverized coal reached 266kg/tHM, most of blast furnace PCR is about 150kg/tHM, and it is very difficult to further increase of PCR. Nut coke is charged into blast furnace mixed with iron ore, not only for improving utilization of metallurgical coke, but also for lowering the coke rate. Presently the majority of blast furnaces in the world use nut coke although its amount is very different: from 10-20 to 70--100 kg/tHM and more[2-4].The effect ofnut coke in blast furnace is extensively researched, and the main conclusions recommend: to improve gas permeability of cohesive layer in blast furnace, to promote reduction of iron burden, protect metallurgical coke from the solution in the shaft due to higher reactivity of nut coke. There is no special requirement for the strength of nut coke[5-8]. Nut coke is also used for sintering fuel, which may lead to the shortage of the nut coke charging into blast furnace. So lump coal mixed with iron ore is considered to be charged into the blast furnace, not only to reduce the cost of grinding coal, but also to increase the use amount of coal."

Jan 1, 2013

By André de Albuquerque Vicente

O estudo detalhado das cinéticas de oxidação a altas temperaturas ao ar permitiu o cálculo da energia de ativação aparente do processo de oxidação de um aço inoxidável austenítico laminado do tipo 22.12. Utilizou-se o aço inoxidável austenítico microligado ao cério (253 MA®) que é um aço projetado para trabalhos a altas temperaturas. Observou-se cinéticas de oxidação parabólicas em todas as temperaturas estudadas: 800, 900, 1000 e 1100 ?C. Os Kps encontrados neste trabalho reforçam a tese de que ocorra a formação de películas protetoras de Cr2O3 e SiO2, o que reforça a hipótese que as mesmas tenham sido efetivamente formadas após os estágios iniciais de oxidação.

Oct 30, 2017