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By R. W. Bee

This project, sponsored by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, Division of Environment, addresses two major subjects: refuse removal and subsidence monitoring. The refuse removal task consisted of developing a methodology for selecting the most economical combinations of coal mine breaker refuse and rock banks, disposal sites and material moving systems (trucks, trains, belt conveyers and pipelines). To prepare plans for moving refuse in the Lackawanna Valley of Northeastern Pennsylvania, refuse banks were inventoried, underground disposal sites identified and unit cost data prepared for the various material moving systems. The subsidence monitoring task consisted of defining the phenomenon of coal mine induced surface subsidence, establishing operational requirements, cataloging sensors and techniques to detect and measure subsidence and testing of the most promising techniques (photoelastic patch, tiltmeter, strain gage, microseismic and precise surveying). A preliminary system for a 700 acre area in Scranton utilizing 267 grid sensors, seven microseismic sensors and precise surveying techniques was designed with initial and annual operating costs determined. Two minor tasks supported both main subjects: zoning in the Northern Anthracite Field of Pennsylvania and Technology Transfer of subsidence vulnerability prediction techniques.

Jan 1, 1972

By Guilherme Silva Costa

A utilização de uma matéria prima renovável que possa substituir os asfaltos utilizados para pavimentação, provenientes do petróleo torna-se algo que pode ser viável ambientalmente. A produção renovável de bioprodutos através do craqueamento térmico de óleos vegetais gera um rejeito conhecido como produto líquido orgânico (PLO). O objetivo deste trabalho é obter uma metodologia de produção de ligantes asfálticos a partir do produto de fundo proveniente da etapa de destilação do PLO oriundo da reação de craqueamento do óleo de palma em uma unidade piloto de produção. Foram caracterizadas quatro amostras (produto de fundo sem tratamento térmico, produto de fundo com tratamento térmico a 375°C durante 15, 30 e 45 minutos) para obtenção da metodologia na qual os resultados seriam os mais aproximados dos valores específicos dos ligantes asfálticos derivados de petróleo. As análises dos dados possibilitaram observar a amostra com tratamento térmico a 375°C durante 45 minutos consumiu muito material, porém obtive resultados aproximados aos especificados pelo CAP 150-200.

Aug 16, 2017

By K. A. Semlak, F. N. Rhines

NFILTRATION is a term used to designate that i- process by which the pores of a metal powder are filled with a relatively low-melting liquid metal through the action of capillary forces. This is accomplished in practice either by heating the porous body in contact with the solid infiltrant metal above the melting point of the latter, or by preheating the porous body separately and then dipping it into the liquid metal. The liquid, as it sweeps through the porous body, replaces the gases progressively, thus yielding a relatively dense product in a short time.' Liquid-phase sintering, which is related to infiltration, is a process by which a mixture of two or more metal powders is sintered at a temperature between the liquidus and solidus of the ultimate alloy.' According to Cannon" liquid-phase sintering can be divided into three stages which he calls liquid flow, accommodation, and solid sintering. The largest density increase occurs during the first stage, where the lower melting component melts and, driven by capillary forces, flows among the particles of the higher melting component, where, after dissolution of the bonds between the solid particles, it moves them into close packing. This happens so quickly that little has yet been learned of its mechanism. A study of the rate of capillary rise of a liquid metal in a higher melting metal-powder compact may be expected, therefore, to contribute not only to a firmer understanding of the process of infiltration as such but also to a more extensive knowledge of what occurs during the initial stage of liquid-phase sintering. Theoretical Basis In order to derive a mathematical expression of the rate of infiltration, it has been assumed that a powder compact consists of a great many parallel capillary tubes and that the rate of rise of a liquid in an average capillary channel represents the rise in the entire compact. For a straight capillary, assuming that Poiseuille's law obtains for the non-stationary state and that wetting is very rapid, Ligenza and Bernstein' have derived the following differential eauation of motion where h is the height of rise of the column of liquid at time t, R, is the radius and 1 the length of the capillary, t) and 7, the viscosities of liquid and air, respectively, p and p, the density of the liquid and air, respectively, y the liquid-gas surface tension, 0 the liquid-solid contact angle, and g the acceleration due to gravity. The term on the left of Equation [I] represents the rate of change of momentum of the contents of the capillary tube. On the right the terms represent, respectively, the forces due to a) surface tension, b) viscous resistance, c) gravity, and d) end-drag effect. Equation [I] is not amenable to explicit solution, but for a tube of sufficiently small radius, the rate of rise may be slow enough so that the rate of change of momentum and end-drag terms may be neglected. The validity of this simplification was established by Ligenza and Bernstein' by graphical differentiation of observed data obtained from organic liquids rising in glass tubes. The solution of this simplified case is:

Jan 1, 1959

By Wallace R. Horn

"MR. CHAIRMAN AND GENTLEMEN :I begin this talk by making a couple of comments which are of the nature of disclaimers.Firstly, and as the Chairman has otherwise indicated, I was neither ""born into"" nor have I spent more than a few years of my professional life in the mining industry. I mention this because many might, and perhaps rightly, consider that an added qualification in presenting a report of what the industry has accomplished. Indeed, I am not here to blindly defend all of its actions and inactions in respect to environmental control over the years. Nor am I here to seek absolution of the industry's past transgressions - if indeed that is the word. Mistakes might be a better one. I concluded some time ago that the effects of those mistakes are too difficult to assess against the sea of errors of our total society. I should mention too that I am not an environmental engineer or specialist - only a portion of my interest is involved with this field. Perhaps this permits a perspective which allows a more accurate and objective view.One further comment here. My job today, as I understand it, is to generally report upon the nature and extent of the response of the metals mining industry to control of the environment. In the case of an industry operating at more than a hundred locations and for various reasons at various stages of progress, it is not an easy job. On the other hand, I wanted to avoid the use of generalities because, especially within the context of environmental or ecological opinion and of the practice of condemnation of industrial segments, I think we've had about enough of generalities until we know far more than we do.Finally, I am quite aware that a statement of future plans to achieve environmental control does not impress or satisfy as many people as it may have done some years ago. Public opinion demands to know what is currently underway, today."

Jan 1, 1972

C. R. CORNING, Chairman. ADOLPHE E. BORIE, First- Vice-Chairman. THOMAS T. READ, Secretary, Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y. Vice-Chairmen. JOHN H. ALLEN, GEORGE M. COLVOCORESSES, RICHARD M. ATWATER, JR., -ROBERT PEELE, GEORGE D. BARRON, CHARLES P. PERIN, A. CHESTER BEATTY, JOSEPH A. VAN MATER, J. PARKE CHANNING, ARTHUR L. WALKER. D. C. Bard, Howard Eckfeldt, Milton H. McLean, W. de L. Benedict, R. C.Gemmell, ' Philip N. Moore, John C. Branner, F. Louis Grammer, T. H. O'Brien, Palmer Carter, Ernest A. Hersam, James J. Ormsbee, Allan J. Clark, Edwin C. Holden, Edward W. Parker, F. Crabtree, William L. Honnold, John B. Porter, George G. Crawford, Reginald E.. Hore, R. M. Raymond, O. C. Davidson, C. Colcock Jones; Robert B. Richard's, E. V. D'Invilliers, Eugene P. Kennedy, LeRoy Salsich, James S. Douglas, Chester F. Lee, Henry L. Smyth, Walter Douglas, Richard S. McCaffery, F. W. Traphagen, Howard N. Eavenson, James F. McClelland, Elton W. Walker. Meetings of this committee were held at the Institute headquarters on April 18, May, 3 and 15, and June 19.. At the meeting of June 19, the Secretary reported that letters of invitation to apply for membership in the Institute had been sent to all the alumni of the School of Mines of Columbia University and also to all State Mine Inspectors and their deputies. He also reported the securing of lists of the alumni of the Harvard Engineering Schools, and of the Mining Schools at Houghton, Mich. ; Butte, Mont. ; State College, Pa. ; Seattle, Wash. ; Fayetteville, Ark.; Laramie, Wyo.; Montreal, Canada, and Wor-cester and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institutes. Arrangements were made to invite all these to join the Institute. It was suggested that a. member' of the Institute resident in Australia be appointed to this Committee, also one from Japan. Attention of the members of the Committee was drawn to the fact that letters requesting, others to join the Institute will be written in the offices of the Institute if desired. The applications for membership received recently have been as follows March, 30; April, 02; May, 70; June, 54. The next meeting will be held July 17. THOMAS T. READ, Secretary.

Jan 7, 1913

The Raymond Memorial Volume, which the Members of the In-stitute have been so anxiously awaiting since the beloved man's death, is nearly ready for publication. It will contain about 45,000 words and some illustrations and a frontispiece portrait. This book promises to fill every expectation of the contributors to the volume and the host of admirers of the genius who so long guided the destiny of the Institute. It will contain one of Doctor Raymond's best stories, entitled "James and Jim;" his famous article on "Job on Mining;" and one of his poems entitled "The Grand Canyon." A biography of Doctor Raymond has been written by his daughter, who is the wife of a member of the Institute. The memorial addresses delivered by Dr. Henry F. Drinker and T. A. Rickard at the annual meeting in New York in 1919 will be included. There will also be very interesting reminiscences by H. M. Howe, A. S. Dwight, C. W. Goodale, R. W. Hunt, Lyman Abbott, J. F. hemp, T. A. Rickard. The volume has been edited by T. A. Rickard, which promises all that can be wished for the volume from a literary standpoint. The edition will he limited so that it is very desirable that orders for this volume be sent in to the Institute as promptly as possible. The price will be $5.00.

Jan 12, 1919

By Mikael Ramström, Mark Board, Clayr Alexander, Wes Johnson

"The Coeur d’Alene mining district in northern Idaho was first discovered more than 130 years ago and has been the most prolific silver producer in the United States. The Lucky Friday Mine of Hecla Mining Co. (Fig. 1) is the oldest (76 years) and deepest mine in the district, producing approximately 725 t/day (800 stpd) from narrow, vertical lead-zinc-silver veins. Cut-and-fill stoping is currently employed at depths to about 2.3 km (7,500 ft) below ground surface, making it one of the three deepest mines in the western hemisphere. The #4 Shaft, a winze collared at approximately 1.8 km (5,900 ft) below surface and extending to a depth of nearly 2.9 km (9,600 ft), was recently completed to exploit the high-grade 30 Vein, whose resource has been identified to at least 3 km (9,700 ft) in depth.As with other deep mines worldwide, a number of challenging engineering issues occur, including: high in situ rock stress, squeezing ground, seismicity, high in situ rock temperature that requires refrigeration, diesel equipment that generates diesel particulate matter (DPM) requiring high ventilation airflow rates and long travel times for worker transport to mining areas.This article describes the methods that Hecla Mining Co. has employed during the past 50 years to combat these issues, with emphasis on the current efforts to implement continuous, mechanical mining with automated or teleremote operation and to introduce electric and battery-powered equipment to minimize refrigeration and ventilation requirements for the removal of DPMs.Geology and in situ stressThe host rock mass is an extremely thick sedimentary sequence (the Belt Series) that has been tilted vertically by mountain building. The rock mass in the current section of the mine consists of weak, heavily foliated argillites and stronger, bedded silty-argillites termed siltite. The vertical veins (80° to 85° dip) are parallel to the foliation with an approximate width of around 3 m (10 ft). There are two regional, vertical faults that parallel the vein; one forming the hangingwall of the orebody and one approximately 90 m (300 ft) in the footwall. Additionally, there are several thin, rough northdipping faults that occur in the footwall of the vein which terminate on the major vertical faults.Both the argillite and vein package rock have moderate strength, with uniaxial compressive strength averaging about 100 MPa (14,700 psi with a range from about 70 to 125 MPa), and are moderately abrasive, with CERCHAR abrasivity index of 2 to 3. The major in situ stress is horizontal and oriented in a northwest direction with magnitude about 1.5 times the vertical stress. Consequently, the Lucky Friday stress magnitude at depth is analogous to significantly deeper South African gold operations."

Jan 12, 2017

By Thomas P. Dolley

Building stone, cassiterite, kaolin, gold, lime, and peat were the only commodities mined, The country's main economy was in agriculture, primarily in coffee exports. Tribal violence occurred again, between the Hutu and Tutsi tribes, causing an estimated 50,000 deaths, mainly in rural and mining areas. The inflation and a large deficit continued. The country continued to import cement, fertilizers, oil, and petroleum products. Burundi possessed numerous small gold deposits. The northwest and north-east were the country's two most important gold-bearing regions. A large kaolin deposit was found at Ngozi, and its mining was specified in the fifth 5-year development plan for 1988-1992. In the area of Rugombo, limestone was being explored with the intention of opening a cement plant.

Jan 1, 1990

By Kaiwen Liu

Activated carbon is widely used in the removal of organic and/or inorganic contaminants from waste water due to its high surface area, porous structure, and specific surface reactivity. However, in practical applications, it is difficult to recover the activated carbon completely by screening or classification. In this project,we prepared a magnetic form of activated carbon (magnetic activated carbon or M-AC) by precipitation of iron oxides on the surface of activated carbon. The M-AC can be easily separated from effluents by applying an external magnetic field, thus it can be recycled and regenerated for reuse. M-AC was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), specific surface area measurement, and scanning electron microscope (SEM).XRD results show that the major phase of coated iron oxides on activated carbon is magnetite (Fe3O4). The specific surface area of activated carbon was found to be reduced after the impregnation of magnetite particles on the surface. The SEM micrograph shows the aggregation of the iron oxides on the surface of activated carbon. M-ACwas found effective in removing DETA (diethylenetriamine) species and metal ions from solutions. Cu (II) with initial concentrations from 5 ppm to25 ppm in solution is removed by more than 99% with the addition of 0.1 wt.%ofM-AC. For the removal of 25 ppm DETA species from solution, an addition of 0.5 wt.% of M-AC is required due to the larger size of the DETA molecule. Moreover, M-AC showed a good loadingproperty for nickel and gold ions from solutions. M-ACshows a better adsorption capacityover activated carbon and its potential applications in carbon-in-pulp for gold leaching and waste water treatment. Keywords: magnetic activated carbon (M-AC),diethylenetriamine (DETA),metal ion,adsorption

Sep 1, 2012

By Johne Jesus Mol Peixoto

A complexidade do formato do molde de beam blank aumenta a importância de se compreender o comportamento do fluxo no interior do mesmo. Neste estudo verificou-se a influência da profundidade de imersão e da velocidade de lingotamento sobre as características de fluxo em um molde de beam blank alimentado por duas válvulas tubulares. Os resultados das simulações matemáticas foram coerentes com os resultados do modelamento físico. A velocidade de espalhamento do jato na região do flange é maior que na alma e este fator pode acarretar na solidificação irregular da pele ao longo da seção transversal. A profundidade de penetração do jato variou entre 66cm e 77cm. A intensidade média de flutuação do menisco foi de 0,22mm, sendo a flutuação máxima encontrada de 0,85mm. Com base nos resultados obtidos, os parâmetros de operação sugeridos são: profundidade de imersão igual a 75mm e velocidade de lingotamento máxima de 1m/min.

Aug 17, 2017

By Fernando Lopes Latorre

A cadeia produtiva do carvão vegetal que envolve as etapas de silvicultura, colheita e carbonização, tem passado por diversas mudanças nas últimas décadas. As produtividades volumétricas das florestas de eucalipto no Brasil aumentaram cerca de 4 vezes nos últimos 50 anos. A colheita florestal, nesse mesmo período, partiu de formas extremamente primitivas para máquinas de alta produtividade. Os processos de carbonização também evoluíram, mas sempre no sentido de aumento de produtividade dos fornos, com perda na qualidade do carvão vegetal produzido e sem aproveitamento integral da energia contida na madeira. Nesse contexto, esta etapa do processo chega a seus limites tecnológicos, ambientais e econômicos, ameaçando a sua sustentabilidade. Buscando resolver esse impasse, a Vallourec estudou o processo Lambiotte como base tecnológica para desenvolver seu ambicioso projeto de carbonização contínua com cogeração de energia em substituição ao processo artesanal de fornos retangulares de batelada. Esta tecnologia após vários anos de desenvolvimento demonstrou sua plena capacidade para atender a todos os aspectos demandados atualmente.

Oct 30, 2017

By Nissandro Domingues

Foi avaliada a possibilidade de aumentar a produtividade do aço IF processado via recozimento contínuo. Amostras laminadas a frio desse aço foram submetidas a ciclos térmicos de recozimento em escala laboratorial, empregando-se menores temperaturas de encharque e maiores velocidades de processamento que as praticadas industrialmente. Foram, então, medidas as propriedades mecânicas em tração e caracterizada a microestrutura do aço. A partir dos resultados mais promissores, bobinas foram processadas industrialmente nas mesmas condições simuladas em escala laboratorial. Em amostras dessas bobinas, foi avaliada, além das propriedades mecânicas e da microestrutura, a conformabilidade de blanks visando à garantia de atendimento dos requisitos de aplicação no cliente. Com os resultados obtidos, verificou-se que é possível produzir o aço IF satisfatoriamente, preenchendo todos os requisitos de aplicação, com um incremento de 10% na velocidade de processamento e uma diminuição de até 30°C, na temperatura de encharque. Esses resultados representam considerável ganho em produtividade no processamento do aço IF.

Aug 17, 2017

By Bruno Rodrigues Henriques

Este trabalho apresenta a tecnologia de produção de aços com ultra baixos teores de hidrogênio (2 ppm máx) que foi desenvolvida na ArcelorMittal Tubarão. Esta tecnologia foi implementada em duas etapas: a primeira etapa consistiu no controle das principais fontes de incorporação de hidrogênio no aço líquido e a segunda etapa contemplou a adoção de práticas especiais de aciaria, visando-se obter o mais baixo teor de hidrogênio possível no aço líquido, no fim do tratamento no RH. As principais fontes de incorporação de hidrogênio foram identificadas e quantificadas. Foram desenvolvidos modelos matemáticos para prever os teores de hidrogênio no início e no fim do tratamento no RH. As práticas especiais de aciaria e o restrito controle de qualidade em cada fase do processo proporcionaram um teor médio de hidrogênio de apenas 1,09 ppm no fim do tratamento no RH. A incorporação de hidrogênio, durante o processo de lingotamento, foi minimizada.

Jul 30, 2018

As an older member of The AusIMM, I received my 30 year æPearl AwardÆ in June and had my 50th birthday two weeks ago, I am honoured to be here today. I thank those responsible for their confidence in me and in my ability to hopefully hold captive a broad group of individuals who are here as equals, sharing an interest, no a passion in blasting technology and associated works à over the two days you will hear some excellent operational and technical presentations I am sure. But today I will digress; I want to talk about the importance of leadership and how it indeed can be the catalyst for success, improvement and change. There has been much written about leadership, its principals, the charismatic leaders, the doÆs and donÆts and so on à and I for one am not about to give you the Holy Grail; there are many experts with greater wisdom than I on this subject matter. What I do want to do is explore the application of this passion to examples within the world stage and some examples drawn from my experience in mining.

Jan 1, 2007

By Lawrie DC

Finely ground beryl was decomposed by mixing with ground limestone and soda ash andheating at 900¦C for,4-6, hours.The sintered material was then crushed and leached by boiling under reflux with 5N sulphuric acid for up to 4 hours. The liquor containing Be, ; Al, . Fe and, other elements as sulphates, was separated from the residue which consisted mainly of silica and gypsum, either' by filtration or by decantation washing.The clarified leach liquor.was first treated to remove Fed}: , by contacting with a primary amine-kerosene solution in2 counter-current stages. The iron free liquor wa,s then passed to a 4-stage counter-current extraction unit where it was con-tacted with 0.5M di-(2 ethyl hexyl), phosphoric acid (EHPA) in kerosene. The'operating conditions were such that at least 99 p'br cent of the Be and only 7' per' cent of the Al- was, extracted The ,B6`= and. Al were ;stripped from the organic phase by sod-ium hydroxide solution of suitable concentration to form soluble "beryllate" and "aluminate" respectively. Most of the Be was subsequently precipTitated a's Bo(OH)2 by-hoating the alkaline solution to 90C, the Al remaining in solution. After filtra-tion and washing, the Bo(OH)2 could be ignited directly to BeO at about 1000 C or used as a feed to further purification stages aimed at producing "nuclear grade" BeO.A small coaAter-current extraction unit was operated con-tinuously using liquor derived from the sintering and leaching stages. Data obtained in batch laboratory tests were confirmed. A product obtained by ignition of the washed "beryllate" precip-itate contained more than'99 per cent BeO.

Jan 1, 1963

By Fernanda Santos da Luz

Compósitos reforçados com fibras naturais lignocelulósicas apresentam elevada dispersão em suas propriedades devido as suas heterogeneidades, as quais dependem de uma série de fatores tais como, idade da planta, local de retirada da planta e as condições da plantação. Assim, a estimativa das propriedades elásticas por testes padrões (destrutivos) podem não reproduzir os resultados reais do compósito. No presente trabalho, as propriedades elásticas foram avaliadas por meio da técnica de excitação por impulso, a qual é um teste não-destrutivo. Foram analisadas a homogeneidade dos módulos elásticos ao longo de todo o compósito e a influência das diferentes frações volumétricas de fibra de coco usada como reforço no compósito. Além disso, para verificar a sensibilidade do método dinâmico, amostras foram testadas por testes mecânicos destrutivos. Com base nos resultados foi observado que as propriedades obtidas pelo teste dinâmico apresentaram pequenas variações diferentemente dos resultados obtidos no teste destrutivo que apresentaram elevada dispersão justificada pela natureza heterogênea das fibras lignocelulósicas.

Jan 16, 2018

By Natália Cristina Candian Lobato

A indústria siderúrgica gera cerca de 600 quilogramas de resíduos por tonelada de aço bruto produzido. Estes resíduos, conforme estabelecido pela legislação ambiental vigente, devem ter uma destinação final adequada de forma a não acarretar poluição do meio ambiente. Além disso, a preocupação com a sustentabilidade e a escassez de recursos minerais não renováveis tem feito com que as usinas siderúrgicas invistam cada vez mais no desenvolvimento de meios de produção mais econômicos e menos poluidores e na busca de métodos adequados para a reciclagem ou a reutilização dos resíduos gerados, de forma a minimizar a quantidade de resíduos estocados ou destinados a aterros industriais. Neste contexto, destaca-se a escória e a lama de aciaria LD. Assim, este trabalho, avalia as possíveis tecnologias aplicáveis ao gerenciamento ambiental destes resíduos, apontando as tendências e as alternativas tecnológicas para seus tratamentos, de modo a contribuir para o aumento da sustentabilidade deste setor industrial.

Jul 30, 2018

By S. H. Castro

The El Teniente molybdenite plant (Chile), with a nominal capacity of 3,200 tpd of bulk Cu-Mo concentrate, produced approximately 3,385 metric tonnes of Mo during 1998 by using the phosphate Nokes process (LR-744 reagent). This is the only Chilean moly plant which traditionally has depressed copper and iron sulfides with LR 744 reagent, which is a hydrolysis product of P2S5 and NaOH. El Teniente's ore Mo grade is 0.02%Mo and is concentrated to 0.45%-0.50% Mo in bulk Cu-Mo flotation. Subsequently, molybdenite is floated by selective flotation to depress Cu and Fe sulfides, such as chalcopyrite, bornite, digenite and pyrite, to produce typically a 49%-50%Mo molybdenite concentrate. An optimisation program during the last two years was undertaken to improve molybdenite recoveries. Current molybdenite plant technology at El Teniente and use of phosphate Nokes in the process process is reported. Use of phosphate Nokes reagent has increased average Mo recovery from 70.5% in 1977 to a mean 74.7% for the first 4 months of 1999. The global Mo recovery, including bulk flotation, incresed from 42.3% in 1997 to 46.8% in 1998, with a projection of 55.5% for 1999. Mo production per year has increased from 3,181 tons in 1997 to 3,385 tons in 1998 and a projected 4,000 tons for 1999.

Jan 1, 1999

By LJ Aspinall, Paulo Sérgio Soares Santiago

Monitorar adequadamente a qualidade da água em sistemas de resfriamento é fundamental para assegurar um bom condicionamento de seus indicadores chave de desempenho: a corrosão, a incrustação, a formação de depósitos e a atividade microbiológica, de forma que as unidades operacionais possam atingir suas metas com relação aos seus respectivos índices chaves de performance do processo industrial. Enquanto a confiabilidade deste monitoramento em antever problemas assume, então, elevada importância, os métodos utilizados até o presente na indústria não têm efetivamente fornecido resultados realísticos pela ausência de troca térmica nos dispositivos usados. A Knew Value desenvolveu e patenteou uma nova tecnologia, o Sentinel, que permite aplicar métodos inovadores de monitoramento on-line, permitindo realizar simulações em condições críticas de velocidade de escoamento e temperatura de película e atingindo excelência em monitoramento de indicadores chaves de desempenho do tratamento químico aplicado em sistemas de resfriamento. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar esta tecnologia e casos históricos de desempenho.

Aug 1, 2019

By E. P. Klier, Jane Jellison

The course of the transformations on cooling in a series of Cu-A1 alloys has been followed by means of thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and optical metallogrAphy. Specimen size was found to have a pronounced effect on the time of completion of the pearlite transformation due to modification in the unmber of nuclei. The ordeving transformation zvas observed for all cooling rates for all alloys studied, and is considered insuppvessible. At intermediate cooling' rates, a transitional struchire for 011 alloy compositions and based ox the bainite reaction was observed. The alloys of aluminum and copper possess a eu-tectoidal region at from about 9.4 to 16 pct Al. Above the critical temperature, the disordered bcc phase, 0, is stable. At subcritical temperatures, the 0 phase decomposes under equilibrium conditions into the stable phases, a and y,. At the eutectoid composition, these phases develop a lamellar pearlite structure, in appearance much like that found in steels. During rapid quenching from supercritical temperatures, the diffusion processes required for the formation of the equilibrium phases are suppressed, and the 0 transforms to an acicular martensitic phase, designated B or y' depending on the aluminum content, or to a mixture of the two. Early investigators of this system concentrated on determining the equilibrium phase diagram, ''' the structure of the equilibrium phases,3 and later the isothermal decomposition of the 0 phase at subcritical temperatures, or the decomposition of the martensite on tempering. Other work which treated the nonequilibrium transformations concentrated largely on the martensite transformations and the structure of the b and y' phases.15"17 Since the pearlite and martensite transformations in this system resemble those in steels, the one being formed by nucleation and growth of adjacent lamellae of the equilibrium phases, and the other by a diffusionless, shear-type transformation, the present study has been undertaken to investigate the structures formed on continuous cooling, with the objective of constructing cooling transformation diagrams analogous to those derived for alloy steel systems. In particular it was desired to determine whether parallels between the A1-Cu and iron-iron carbide systems on continuous cooling extended to encompass the intermediate phase, namely the bainite structures, which form by a combined martensitic-diffusion mechanism,'' but which are supersaturated with respect to the equilibrium phase upon which their crystal structure is based. To this end the transformations in representative alloys of the Cu-A1 B eutectoid system have been followed, using the methods of thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and optical microscopy. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Materials. The materials tested were those used by Klier and Grmko 5 in their study of the isothermal decomposition of these alloys. The alloys were melted in graphite crucibles and chill-cast into 5 by 2 by 1/4 in. ingots. The ingots were then hot-rolled to sheets 1/8, 1/16, and 1/32 in. thick. The compositions are given in Table I. Specimen Preparation. Specimens for thermal analysis were in the form of small squares approximately 1/4 in. on a side. For the 11.9 and 13.5 Al-Cu alloys, the sheet thickness was 1/16 in. and for the 10.5 A1-Cu alloy the 1/32-in. sheet was used. One lead of a chromel-alumel thermocouple was spot-welded to either face of the square with the specimen itself thus forming the hot junction of the thermocouple. Specimens for X-ray analysis were prepared as filings from martensitic sheet stock and were sealed in glass ampoules under 1/2 atm of argon. Metallographic examination of the powder specimens was carried out on a portion of the heat-treated filings mounted in lucite. All specimens were examined metallographic ally after etching

Jan 1, 1965