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By Shiju Zhang, Yongnian Dai, Songli Liu, Wenhui Ma

The BaZrO3 and CaO-doped BaZrO3 ceramics were fabricated at 1750 °C for melting the Ti2Ni alloys, respectively. Employing XRD, OM and SEM, the influence of CaO on the composition of BaZrO3 and the interaction between the BaZrO3 ceramic and titanium alloy was investigated. The results showed that the CaO doped BaZrO3 was consisted of CaO and Ba 1−xCaxZrO3. The grain on the surface of BaZrO3 ceramic was loose after melting, and the thermodynamic analysis indicated that the dissolution-erosion was responsible for the interaction mechanism. An amount of BaZrO 3 refractory was attached to the Ti2Ni alloy bottom after the alloy was cooled. However, no refractory was found on the bottom of Ti2Ni alloy, which was cooled down on the CaO doped BaZrO3 ceramic. CaO additive can effectively reduce the interaction between the BaZrO3 refractory and the titanium melt, indicating that it was a very promising refractory for preparing the titanium alloy.

Mar 1, 2018

By Shuo Wang, Yu Wang, Bing Xie, Rui Tang, Hong-Yi Li, Kun Wen

"During present converter vanadium extraction process, phosphorus could not be removed from hot metal due to absence of CaO in slag though it is an efficient way for vanadium extraction. In order to improve the phosphorus remove and produce CaO-containing vanadium slag, which could be directly used in subsequent roasting process, during the converter vanadium extraction process, lime dissolution in FeOx-Si02-V203-Ti02 slag was investigated by using a rotating cylinder technique and the slag-lime interface was characterized by SEM/EDS. Results showed that changes in the slag chemistry and phase compositions during the lime dissolution process were similar to that in CaO-Si02-FeOx based slag during the BOF process. The V and Ti in the slag were expected to diffuse into the lattice of2CaO·Si02 solid solution, which formed a rather thinner layer in thickness at the slag-lime interface than that in BOF process, leading to improvement of lime dissolution in the slag.IntroductionVanadium is important material that widely applied in industries. The traditional technique to extract vanadium was to leach vanadium after sodium salt roasting. However, the sodium salt roasting process has several problems including lower yielding rate[!] and environmental pollution[2]. Therefore, the more environment-friendly technique of calcium roasting[3-4] was proposed. In order to increase roasting efficiency of vanadium slag, it is essential to study the dissolution/reaction mechanism between lime and vanadium slag. Many investigations about the dissolution reaction of lime in molten slag have been carried out from the standpoints of rapid slagging to De-Pin steelmaking process[5-6]. However, their studies were focused on BOF slag and the reaction mechanism between solid lime and slag containing vanadium has not been reported yet. In present work, the dissolution process was studied with rotating cylinder technique and the reaction interfaces were observed and analyzed by SEM/EDS to elucidate the dissolution mechanism of lime in vanadium slag. This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China No. 51090382."

Jan 1, 2013

By Masao Suzuki

Over 5 million cars are scrapped yearly in Japan. After dismantling. scrapped automobiles, they are put into a shredder for differential recovery of ferrous and nonferrous metals. The residue, which is called shredder dust, runs over 1.2 million tons per year. This paper reports a entire sequence of scrapping. cars. in Japan with the following sections: (1) production and scrapped car management, (2) material composition, (3) dismantling, (4) shredder plant, (5) differential recovery of metals including specific gravity separation and newly developed color separation.

Jan 1, 1995

By Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório, Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa, Viviane Tavares Moraes

"The development of mobile phone technology has increased the replacement of outdated equipments for more modern models, transforming disposal of such devices into a serious environmental problem. Recycling appears as an attractive alternative to minimize the environmental impact of disposing such large quantities. Recycling can be accomplished by treating the printed circuit boards of used mobile phones by using the same techniques used in ore treatments with hammer mill; magnetic separation, electrostatic separation and grain size range. Before performing the recycling process a PCB characterization was performed to identify the fraction with the higher metals concentration/content. This study demonstrated that the electrostatic separation was not the best metals concentration of PCB aiming the recycling, while the non-magnetic residue had presented a more significant metal concentration. Furthermore, after the magnetic separation was possible to separate the following metals: iron and nickel.IntroductionPortable electronic devices have gained increasing acceptance over the last decades. Mobile phones sales in Brazil, for instance, have reached 104 million in 2007, and 128 million in 2008. It is estimated that, around the world, 100 million mobiles are thrown away every year, either because of loss of functionality or because newer models are launched in the market [1,2, 3]. Printed circuit boards in mobile phones are made of many materials, with approximately 83% in weight being metals and fiber-glass, and the balance being plastics pl. Several metals can be recovered from the electronics waste, such as copper, tin, iron, lead, nickel, titanium, aluminium as well as some precious metals such as gold, silver and palladium [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Concurrent with the increasing world demand for copper, there average metal content in ores has been decreasing. Economically interesting copper mines used to have 4% metal content, whereas presently, such content is around 1%, i.e., for every 1 ton of ore extracted, only 10 kg are copper [9, 10]. Approximately 33% of printed circuit boards (PCBs) composition is copper, that is, for every 1 ton of PCBs waste, 330 kg are copper [1]. Research in recycling PCB waste focuses on mechanical, electrometallurgy, pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes [3, 8]. Collecting and recycling obsoletes electro-electronic equipments is very important these days, in order to, not just preserve the non renewable natural resources but also to keep the environment and the population safe from the pollution caused by the toxic materials and heavy metals present in this kind of waste."

Jan 1, 2011

By Feng Chen, Lirong Chen, Yufeng Guo, Wenjie Weng, Tao Jiang

"In this paper, the carbonthermal reduction behavior and the influencing factors of Panzhihua ilmenite under the condition of carbon-burdened were systematically investigated. The results show that the ilmenite forms into titanium nitride during the reduction process at 1200 °C under the condition of carbon-burdened. Carbon-burdened is beneficial to the reduction of iron oxide, but less favorable for the growth of iron grain.IntroductionThe titanium ferrous resources are very rich in Panzhihua-xichang area, accounting for about 38.85% of the world's proved reserves [1]. However, TiO2 grade of this kind of ilmenite is low and calcium magnesium content is high, it generally requires preconcentration to titanium-rich material—titanium slag or synthetic rutile.Chlorination process is an advanced method for production of titanium dioxide, which should takes high quality titanium-rich material with low content of calcium and magnesium as raw materials (the content of MgO and CaO are less than 1.0%). Ilmenite in Panxi area, however, contains high calcium and magnesium; it is not suitable as a raw material for chloride process. Methods of producing titanium-rich materials which have been applied in industry are electric smelting, various acid leaching and reduction rust [2-5]. There still exist some problems such as CaO and MgO removed not thoroughly, low resource utilization, high energy consumption and environmental pollution."

Jan 1, 2012

By V. I. Lakshmanan

The demand for elements such as nickel, cobalt, titanium and gold in various applications has increased significantly. Innovation to recover these elements now plays a major role in metallurgical processes as established technologies have challenges in treating the types of ores that are available while meeting the increasingly stricter environmental regulations. Alternative chloride based processes have been developed that can be used to recover the value elements from the available feed stocks with potentially lower environmental impact. Chloride-based hydrometallurgical processes have several advantages, including higher leachability of complex ores/tailings and relative stability of chloro-complexes of the metals. Process Research ORTECH Inc. (PRO) has developed mixed-chloride process flowsheets, where innovative solvent extraction process steps are used for the separation of nickel, cobalt, titanium and gold from their respective chloride solutions. This paper will discuss the potential aqueous chloro-chemistry of these metals and separation reaction mechanisms involved in the solvent extraction process.

By C. G. Bastos Andrade, F. R. Valenzuela Diaz, S. M. Toffoli

The climate change observed in the last decades, the increase of global warming, the melting of the polar ice caps, and the sea level rise have in common the non-sustainable development as causative agent. Different nations have mobilized joint efforts with the objectives of minimizing the impact of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, investing in the research and the development of new technologies in recycling, in biomaterials, environmentally friendly processes, and new fuel alternatives. This paper evaluates the efficiency of a Brazilian bentonite modified by acid attack, in the purification step of a waste oil to be used for biofuel production, that is, diesel from waste cooking oil (WCO). The following characterization test swere performed: XRD, CEC, XRF, SEM/EDS, specific surface area (BET), stereomicrography, kinematic viscosity, and spectrophotometry at 440 nm. The modified bentonite exhibited good purification capacity for WCO when compared to a commercial product.

Mar 1, 2018

By Daowu Yang, Zhuo Ren, Hui Liu

"In this paper, the photochemical catalysis degradation effect of photocatalyst obtained by charcoal-supported nano TiO2 (nano TiO2 / charcoal) on the formaldehyde in the air was studied. The influences of the nano-TiO2 loading and the photoreactor structure on the efficiency of photochemical catalysis degradation of formaldehyde was reviewed.The nano - TiO2 / bamboo charcoal adsorption of formaldehyde, as well as the influences of a certain amount of formaldehyde after adsorption on its photochemical catalysis effect were discussed. The sol preparation process of Ce-doped nano-TiO2 was described. Experimental results indicated that: the surface of bamboo Charcoal still has a strong formaldehyde adsorption capacity after Supported by Nano TiO2.After adsorbing formaldehyde, the photochemical catalysis degradation efficiency of formaldehyde of the catalyst at a steady state is basically the same with new prepared catalysts’. When the thickness of the catalyst layer of the multi-ladder-type structure photoreactor is 2mm, the interval is 20mm, the absorption efficiency of formaldehyde of Nano- TiO2 / bamboo charcoal is the best . Nano-TiO2 undoped Ce responded with no degradation of formaldehyde after 2 hours, while the degradation rate of formaldehyde of the Ce-doped nano- TiO2 reached 15% 2 hours late, and the formaldehyde decontamination of the equipment reached 94%.IntroductionEmerging out of home decoration in the distribution of formaldehyde, benzene, ammonia and other indoor pollutants have been proved to be very harmful to the human body. Photocatalysis can eliminate air pollutants, in particular, can effectively degrade the air volatile organic compounds, it is a new method of air purification developed in recent years. the biggest advantage of photochemical catalysis degradation is green, this method can be available at normal temperature and pressure to degrade formaldehyde and other organic matter into carbon dioxide and water without secondary pollution.Nano-TiO2 have become the most studied photocatalyst due to its stable, non-toxic harmless, superior photochemical catalysis properties [1]. Initially nano-TiO2 powder was used as a photocatalyst, but it’s difficult to recover and easy to wear and tear [2,3]. Later, the TiO2 was used in the form of film loaded on some carriers, such as glass beads [4]. As the photochemical catalysis reaction occurred on the catalyst surface, only the organic matter adsorbed on the catalyst surface can be degraded, so the catalyst was requested that must have a strong adsorption. Combined the adsorption properties of bamboo charcoal and the photochemical catalysis activity of nano-TiO2 together. Made the photocatalyst by loading the nano-TiO2 on bamboo charcoal to degrade organic matter in the air. Nano-TiO2 semiconductor photocatalyst has a strong catalytic oxidation due to the photo generated hole of the surface [5,6],and has a potential application. Some studies have shown that nano-TiO2 photocatalysis activity can be increased by doping certain metal ions [7,8].The aim of our work in this study was to use bamboo charcoal load Ce-doped nano-TiO2 photochemical catalysis oxidation to degrade formaldehyde,and design a multi-ladder structure photoreactor, also prove the availability of the device from the theoretical and experimental."

Jan 1, 2011

By Jim A. King

The total pressure oxidation of copper concentrates is a potentially viable option for treating copper concentrates that are either low grade or contain significant impurities. Both concentrate types are heavily penalized in smelter contracts. The total pressure oxidation process involves autoclaving the copper concentrate at temperatures of 200-220 C under oxygen pressure. The autoclave discharge can be separated into a solid (oxidation residue) and a liquid (oxidation solution) product. The oxidation solution can be treated for copper recovery by solvent extraction - electrowinning or by direct electrowinning. The direct electrowinning recovery of copper requires prior removal of selenium and tellurium by cementation on finely divided scrap copper. The oxidation residue is washed thoroughly to remove acid and dissolved copper prior to precious metals recovery by conventional cyanidation in the presence of lime. The results of a benchscale investigation involving a number of copper concentrates are reported. Copper recoveries in autoclave oxidation and gold recoveries by cyanidation of the oxidation residue exceeded 99%. The results of benchscale experiments to demonstrate copper recovery are described. Various flowsheet options are presented.

Jan 1, 1993

By Y. K. Rao

Relatively pure crystalline lead sulfate (PbSO4) can be produced by chemical vapor transport from an impure source such as the lead-acid battery paste or the roast-ore-leach-residue from a hy¬drometallurgical process-route. In a closed-reactor, transport of matter is induced by a tempera¬ture-gradient and the steady-state transfer rate can be calculated using the data on the standard free energies of formation for the species present and the pertinent binary diffusion coefficients. The present work focusses on chemical vapor transport in a tubular reactor (1.4-cm inner diameter x 10-cm long) with the source- and deposition-ends held at 850°C (T,) and 750°C (Td), respectively; PbC12(g) is the 'solvent' or 'transport agent' and NiSO4(s) placed in the source-zone -serves to maintain a sufficiently high S0,-potential such that the stability of the lead sulfate species is ensured. For the purposes of analysis, the gas-phase in the reactor is assumed to consist of eight species: H2O, PbC12, SO3, SO2. O2 HO, C12, and PbC14. The reaction between C12(g) and PbSO4(s) in the high-temperature source-zone produces PbCl2, SO2, and 02; four more reaction-equilibria in the same zone yield other species. In the low-temperature deposition-zone, reaction equilibrium involving PbC12, H2O, and SO, leads to the nucleation and growth of PbSO4 crystals; three other reaction-equilibria occur in this zone. By employing the virtual equilibrium state for the end-zones and coupling it to the Stefan-Maxwell diffusion equations for each of the gas species, the respective partial pressures for these, in the source- and deposition-zones, are computed at steady-state. From these data, the molar fluxes of PbCl2. PbCl4, and so forth, are determined. Allowing for the transport-enhancing effects of thermal convection, the net transport rate of lead (or PbSO4) is duly calculated for specified initial conditions. The predicted rates show very good agreement with measured rate data reported in the literature [ V. Plies, T. Kohlmann and R. Gruehn: Z. anorg. allg. Chem, 568, 62 (1989)

Jan 1, 1995

By Robert E. Moore

Renewed interest in olivine refractories has led to efforts to characterize them employing modern techniques of experimentation and data analysis. Initial studies have focused on determination of physical and thermophysical properties. Special equipment for the determination of thermal shock resistance and creep behavior have been constructed. Optimal compositions for maximizing various properties are being identified using appropriate statistical techniques. The overall goal is to develop response surfaces for each of a selected group of engineering design and use properties. Development of ?olivine Refractories? in the United States The term "olivine refractories" is used here because it does appear that domestic deposits of this rock will be the focus of renewed interest and "olivinell is the preferred term in this country. There are extensive deposits of high quality olivines extending through parts of Georgia. North Carolina and in the state of Washington. The eastern olivines are much more localized and extensively altered compared to the western materials. The Washington olivines exist as massive rock deposits in the Twin Sisters mountain area northeast of Seattle and their inaccessi-bility has slowed efforts to develop them. The North Carolina olivines have been used in steel plant applications since the 1930's. Geologists use the term "olivine" to describe assemblages of ortho-silicates. 2RO.SiO2, wherein the RO may be MgO. FeO. MnO. etc. When the RO consists essentlally of MgO and FeO. the material is called dunite and. as such, is synonymous with "refractory olivine." Refractory olivines utilizing North Carolina materials were developed for brick products by Birch and Harvey in this country around the mid-1930's. (I) Their work was completely independent of that of V. M. Goldschmidt and co-workers who used massive dunites located in Denmark. (2) These deposits are currently being mined by A/S Olivine of Denmark for the manufacture of a rather complete line of brick shapes for use in steel-plant. glassplant. and cement kiln applications. Birch and Goldschmidt

Jan 1, 1982

By Sheng-ping He, Zhuo Chen, Qian Wang, Kun-peng Xu

During the continuous casting (CC) process of Ti-Stabilized Stainless Steel, the nozzle clogging or even the crusts composed of TiN, Al2O3, TixOy and the complex inclusions MgOAl2O3, Al2O3 is often occurred. The main objective of the present study is to research the reaction between refining slag or mold flux and Ti-Stabilized Stainless Steel by thermodynamic calculation. A suitable refining slag composition was sought to absorb Al2O3, Tix Oy inclusions, and the reactions between different mold flux and steel was calculated and compared. It was found that a suitable refining slag was difficult to adjust aluminum and titanium to meet requirement simultaneously. The target refined slag is composited of 3–8.7% SiO2, 56–59% CaO, 33–38% Al2O3 and 4% MgO with low melting point and high absorption capacity of inclusions for in the refining of the 321 stainless steel. SiO2, Fe2O3, Na2O and B2O3 of mold flux would react with titanium in the steel. The CaO–SiO2 based mold flux had a strong reactivity than CaO–SiO2–Al2O3 and CaO–Al2O3 based mold flux.

Mar 1, 2017

By M. Elbert Nigri

Radioactive wastewaters from nuclear source of electrical energy production need to be treated and disposed of properly. Sr, Ca, Mg and Ba are common elements in this effluent, which can cause incrustation in process equipments and being unsafe to human health (90Sr). Fixation of CO2 can be applied to remove the ions mentioned before and to provide a solution where CO2 is sequestered and the deleterious elements precipitated, becoming one of the possible steps to reuse the water into the process. Moreover, removal of several metals from distinct wastewater has been evaluated using bone char through adsorption. The chemical similarity between calcium and strontium makes the exchange of these two metals favorable in the hydroxyapatite structure contained in bone char. This paper evaluated the combined action of precipitation and adsorption process with injection of CO2 and bone char addition in simulated nuclear wastewater. Removal levels of 89.0% (Sr) and 83.3% (Ca) were obtained in the combined process. The presence of bone char as seed increased the precipitation kinetics, allowing a Sr removal of 85.2% in five minutes, higher than 75.3% obtained in absence of seeds. However, removal of 91.6% (Sr) and 89.8% (Ca) were obtained in absence of seeds at 24 h. Analysis of solids have evidenced that CO2 was consumed to precipitate the metals as carbonates, since the hydroxides are formed at higher pH’s.

By Gaballah I.

Elimination of arsenic, mercury and zinc from synthetic solutions containing H;\A.sD4. HgCI2 and ZnCI2 using modified barks was investigated. The pH range was varied from ?1 to 10. The initial concentrations of individual element were 10,100 and 1000 ppm. More than 99 % of mercury and 65 % of zinc cations were removed by the modified bark .. In this case, the modified bark reacts as a cation exchanger leading to the release of ' two protons for every HgII or ZnII fixed by this material. About 30 % of arsenic was eliminated from the solution. This 'low efficiency could be attributed to? the presence of arsenic ,as. anion. Decontamination of a treated industrial effluent containing 4 ppm of ion? metals was performed on a pilot plant scale by the modified bll(k. More than 70'% of these ion metals were eliminated.

Jan 1, 1995

By Yijia Dong, Mingjun Rao, Pengxu Cao, Jun Luo, Guanghui Li, Zhiwei Peng

Coal fly ash (CFA), as a by-product generated from coal fired power stations, is widely used for autoclaved concrete block production. It has been found that the generation of tobermorite is great benefit to the block strength during autoclaving. In this study, the tobermorite fibers synthesized from CFA and lime via the hydrothermal process are used as the revulsive to promote the mechanic strength of the concrete blocks. The results show that tobermorite fibers with 0.01–0.5 lm in diameter and 1–3 lm in length are obtained at 200 °C for 0.2 h. As the addition of prepared tobermorite fibers increases from 0 wt% to 2.0 wt%, the compression strength of concrete block increases from 24.6 to 40.5 MPa, and the compression strength of aerated concrete block produced under the optimized conditions can reach above 7.5 MPa.

Mar 1, 2018

By Jorge D. Vier, Raúl B. Rebak, Alicia E. Ares, Natalia S. Zadorozne

Recent worldwide demand has driven nickel and molybdenum prices to record high values. Alloys containing significant amounts of nickel and molybde- num, such as the austenitic and duplex grades, have experienced significant price increases and some spot shortages have resulted in some regions. With low or no nickel content and reasonable molybdenum content, super-ferritic stainless steels are now proving to be the most cost effective corrosion resistant materials. The electrochemical behavior APMT® (Fe–21Cr–5Al–3Mo–0.04C) and 4C54® (Fe–26.5Cr–0.8Mn–0.5Si) super-ferritic stainless steel in NaCl solutions has been studied using open circuit potential measurements, potentiodynamic polarization curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The aim is to compare the behavior of these materials with austenitic stainless steel alloy 316 (Fe–18Cr–10Ni– 2.5Mo). The results indicate that the APMT alloy presents a better performance than the AISI 316 stainless steel, while 4C54® does not, especially at anodic potentials. The good behavior of APMT® may be attributed to Al and Mo content in its composition.

Mar 1, 2017

By B. Madelin

Over the last ten years, Minemet Recherche and Metaleurop have used an approach in order to investigate and improve the operation of its Smelting furnace and its lead blast furnaces. This approach gives importance- to three complementary means of investigation : - Probing campains in the industrial furnace (temperature and gas analysis profiles), - Chemical and physical modeling (coke combustion, sinter reduction modes, flows patterns, ?.) , - Staged mass and heat balances or kinetic model. This allows to define the limits of operation of each blast furnace and to predict the influence of operating parameters on the furnace performances. For the zinc Imperial smelting furnace, the probing results show the existence- of both an Isothermal reserve zone at 1015ºc and a chemical equilibrium between ZnO and gas which makes possible the use of a practical model for heat and material balances. In particular, very good prediction on the influences of operating parameters can be made. On the contrary, for lead blast furnaces, the probing results show that the thermal and chemical equilibria are not reached. Consequently, classical models for staged heat and mass balances are not sufficient. The use of the other means allows then to characterize the specific influences of operating parameters on the thermal instabilities of these furnaces and their allowed limits.

Jan 1, 1990

By Marta Cabral, C. A. Nogueira, F. Margarido

"Physical processing of spent batteries which includes shredding and sieving operation is the first step for chemical treatment by hydrometallurgy. A laboratory study was carried out to evaluate physical processing efficiency, by analysing the resulting particle size, of alkaline and saline mignon-type Zn-MnO2 batteries. After shredding with a tip shredder, results obtained showed that alkaline batteries were more efficiently size reduced than saline batteries. Difference in particle size distribution was larger for granulometric fraction -20+11.2 mm and also higher for saline batteries. Average diameters (d50) for saline and alkaline batteries were respectively 9.1 and 6.2 mm. Chemical composition carried out on several granulometric fractions allowed to identify metals distribution through size categories. This analysis showed that zinc concentration with the grain size was almost constant, while manganese decreased when particle size increased. More than 95% of iron scarp from the battery cases had a particle size higher than 5.6 mm.IntroductionRecycling process of spent batteries includes physical unit operations which involves a fragmentation step in order to open the battery cases and to allow the access of chemical reactants to the electrode materials, on further chemical unit operations. Shredders are usually used for that purpose, using cutting mechanisms and allowing efficient fracture of residues in order to promote further processing of the contained materials. Batteries are complex products with a large variety of sizes and shapes which causes serious difficulties for predicting and carrying out its fragmentation.Domestic-type batteries are essentially of the Zn-Mn systems and with cylindrical shape, varying from the large size Mono (or D) type to the small size Micro (or AAA) type [1]. Recycling of batteries involves collection, sorting [2] and metallurgical processing [3, 4]. In some processes, the first step of metallurgical processing is dismantling and size reduction by shredding. Research work on spent batteries considering grinding/shredding and physical separation of fractions is scarce [5-7], but investigation in this domain is very necessary."

Jan 1, 2008

By Run-boWang, Fan-yi Meng, Jian-Liang Zhang, ZheWang

To elucidate the influence of high Al2O3 content on sinter softening and melting behavior, heating-up reduction test under load was carried out. In addition, microstructure study of sinter bed structure change at a different temperature was also made and the mechanism that the effect of Al2O3 content on sinter softening and melting property was discovered. SEM results showed that the increase of Al2O3 content favored the formation of Al2O3-rich slag phase, such as the eutectic (2CaO·SiO2-2CaO·Al2O3·SiO2-FeO) and gehlenite (2CaO·Al2O3·SiO2), resulting in the decrease of sinter Ts temperature. Further, high Al2O3 content improved the concentration of metallic iron and lowered the dripping temperature due to the decrease of slag liquidus temperature and viscosity. At a fixed basicity, it was indicated that there was a relationship between Al2O3 content and sinter softening-melting property. Based on the results, counter strategies to cope with the adverse effect of high Al2O3 content on the cohesive zone property were also proposed. It could provide guidance for the blast furnace operation of sinter with high Al2O3 content.

Jan 1, 2015

By Ruhi Bux, Akshay Verma, Mohini Saxena, P. Asokan

"Due to the colossal increment in the industrialization, the generation of wastes gathered as a result of different extraction, benefaction and generation processes is having an alarming problem for waste disposal. The best and most acceptable way is to use the waste in accordance to its potential for the generation of high value lucrative composite goods. The study in this paper elucidates the potential of several industrial wastes like fly ash, red mud and marble slurry dust for the production of different wood substitute products like doors, windows, roofing sheets and instant houses for the rehabilitation on the sites of catastrophes. Wastes were initially characterized for the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties and then used in different formulations with binder like Polymer along with natural fiber like Jute to intensify the physical as well as mechanical properties of the resultant composite. The study also reveals that these composites have better mechanical properties than the available ones like teak, medium density board, Rice husk board etc. Also, the fly ash and red mud composites have better mechanical properties than marble slurry based composites. The results fosters the implementation of natural fiber with the industrial waste in the generation of eco-friendly and non-hazardous composites.IntroductionOver the last few decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the generation of industrial wastes gathered as a result of various extractions, benefaction and generation processes. The condition worsens even, when it comes to high quantum generated wastes like Fly ash, Red mud and Marble slurry dust. The primordial motif behind the incorporation of industrial wastes as filler in the development of composites is primarily composed of two main objectives; Firstly waste management, the colossal waste dissemination in the environment has disturbed the ecological balance by polluting land, surface water, ground water, air, natural resources and even disturbing the public health [1]. Secondly, to act as a perfect substitute for the conventionally existing building materials, this will aid in dwelling places to many with the least incorporation of exhaustive natural resources as woods quid pro quo."

Jan 1, 2008