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By Abdo F. Bayazeed

A survey of the underground injection of steel processing waste pickle liquor (WPL) was made by Bureau of Mines engineers. Hydrochloric and sulfuric acids WPL are being injected into deep wells completed in the Cambrian age Mt. Simon Sandstone Formation in Illinois and Indiana. The Mt. Simon Formation ranges up to 1,800 feet in thickness. The average depth of WPL injection wells is 4,000 feet, and injection is mostly by gravity flow at rates as high as 4,000 barrels per day. The details of the design and operating history of a WPL well located near Gary, Ind., are discussed. Laboratory tests showed that the Mt. Simon Sandstone is sensitive to fresh water. The adsorption of iron and neutralization of acids by sandstone cores from deep wells and an outcrop were determined.

Jan 1, 1973

By Parviz F. Rad

The Bureau of Mines conducted rock-cutting experiments under constant normal force and constant penetration in an effort to correlate laboratory data with those obtained in the field. Both independent and interacting groove spacing regions were studied, and optimum and critical cutter spacings were determined. For the laboratory work, the effects of specific energy, muck weight, groove depth, cutting coefficient, and size distribution of the muck for both independent and interacting grooves were studied. For field operations, forward thrust, torque, advance rate, and muck size distribution were the parameters studied. Satisfactory correlation is obtained between laboratory cutting results and field performance data.

Jan 1, 1974

By Wesley A. Grosh

The Vest nickel prospect, in Floyd County, Va., was discovered about 25 years ago. Limited exploration of the deposit had indicated some appreciable nickel mineralization in the sulfide ore. The property was examined on March 9, 1943, by an engineer of the Bureau of Mines in company with C. W. Vest, owner of the property. A limited exploration program was recommended. Two holes totaling 320 feet were diamond-drilled in January 1944. Drilling indicated the sulfides are sparsely disseminated. The only nickel values of interest were at the old prospect shaft.

Jan 1, 1949

By P. J. Colbassani

Samples of mine atmospheres collected by Federal coal-mine inspectors during their inspections and investigations of coal mines, in accordance with provisions of the Federal Coal Mine Safety Act (66 Stat. 692; 30 U. S. C., sees. 451-483) are analyzed routinely by chemical methods at Bureau of Mines laboratories. When samples collected in open workings of nongassy coal mines at points not less than 12 inches from the roof, face, or rib contain 0.25 percent or more methane, the act requires the operator, during operation of such mine, to comply with the provisions of sec. 209, Title II, of the act, which pertain to gassy mines. The methane con-tents of such samples are determined by a physical method based on infrared absorption spectrometry to provide an independent check on analytical results obtained by chemical methods. This information circular describes the equipment and procedures used by the Bureau for determining low concentrations of methane in coal mine atmospheres by infrared absorption spectrometry. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are indebted to Dr. R. A. Friedel, Chief of Spectrometric Section, Branch of Coal-to-Oil Research, Bureau of Mines, for suggesting the analytical method and for furnishing valuable advice and assistance, and to J. A. Queiser of his staff for making exploratory measurements by this method; to Dr. M. G. Zabetakis of the Division of Explosives Technology for his assistance during the conduct of preliminary experimentation; and to L. B. Berger, Chief, Branch of Health Research, under whose guidance the equipment was procured and the work conducted.

Jan 1, 1958

By Ivor Hawkes

This report describes how longitudinal and bending stress waves in' percussive drill rods generate noise. It is shown that in practical drills the largest noise source is the bending waves, which are mainly generated because of imperfections in the piston, chuck, and drill rod alignment. Equations are presented which enable the noise spectra generated by the bending and longitudinal waves to be precisely predicted. Means for reducing the amplitude of the bending waves are discussed.

Jan 1, 1977

By D. L. Sawyer

Aqueous C12-02 leaching procedures developed by the Bureau of Mines to produce zinc chloride from zinc sulfide bulk concentrates were effective in extracting 99 pct of the zinc and 97 pet of the silver contained in samples of massive seafloor sulfides from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge. Zinc sulfide (sphalerite and wurtzite) mineralization comprised 55 and 88 pct of two specimens provided by the U.S. Geological Survey for this study. Minor occurrences of galena, chalcopyrite, and other minerals in the sulfides permitted the recovery of pregnant liquors that were low in metal values other than zinc, which were successfully purified by a two-step cementation procedure using zinc dust.

Jan 1, 1983

By A. R. Taylor

Low-temperature heat capacities of cesium chloride (7° - 300° K) and cesium iodide (13° - 300°K) were measured with an adiabatic calorimeter. The heat-capacity measurements were analyzed graphically to determine smooth values of heat capacity, entropy, enthalpy function, and free-energy function at 10° K intervals and at 273.15° and 298.15° K.

Jan 1, 1963

By D. W. Richardson

This Bureau of Mines publication provides the enthalpy of formation of malachite [Cua(COs)(OH)2] as determined by hydrochloric acid solution calorimetry. At 298.15 K the enthalpy of formation from the component oxides is -15.l0±0.30 kcal/mole and from the elements, -251.9±0.5 kcal/mole.

Jan 1, 1974

By Arthur Matzick

The oil shale from the Mahogany zone of the Green River formation in northwestern Colorado has the greatest potential in the United States for early utilization. A large reserve of adequately rich shale is available to support a sizable industry, and crushing of tremendous tonnages will be required if conventional processing methods are used. This report presents Bureau of Mines data on crushing experiments, physical properties, and related information for Colorado oil shale. Among the properties important to crushing are slab-forming tendency, resilience, slippery character of the richer grades, and heterogeneous nature of an average charge of Colorado oil shale.

Jan 1, 1960

By W. J. Long

The gradual depletion of high-grade mineral deposits and the necessity for development of lower-grade deposits together with the increased demand for nonmetallic minerals has increased the importance of the ore-dressing field during recent years. There is strong need for development of new ore-concentration methods and-machines to keep pace with the constant changing of marketing specifications and requirements resulting owing to the many new uses made of mineral products by the metallurgical industry.

Jan 1, 1948

By John C. Machisak

Statistical data on injuries in the metal and nonmetal industry of the United States first became available to the Bureau of Mines by collecting reports from the operators for the calendar year 1911. Since then reports have been collected annually. The present bulletin, covering the calendar year 1954, is the 31st publication (1933-34 was published as Bulletin 398) containing statistical data on injuries at metal and nonmetal mines and related plants, and it 1s the first such bulletin to be published since 1942. The last publication was Bulletin 461, Metal and Nonmetal-Mine Accidents in the United States, 1942. The unpublished statistics for 1943-53 may be found in the Appendix of this bulletin. The Bureau of Mines is authorized to collect data on injuries and related employment at metal and nonmetal mines, but there is no Federal law that compels operators to submit such information. Therefore, all materials submitted are voluntary responses to the Bureau's requests for information. The figures presented herein may not be complete for the entire industry, nevertheless, every effort has been made to make them so, and the data given are believed to be representative of the hazards to which metal and nonmetal workers are exposed. Moreover, the figures are comparable as between States-which is significant in view of the lack of uniformity among the States as regards classes of plants covered by State laws, classes of injuries covered by State reports, and other factors that tend to make it impracticable or impossible to compare the injury experience of one State with that of another or comprehend the relative importance of the various causes of injuries in the industry as a whole.

Jan 1, 1957

By J. B. Janus

This report, the 25th in a series, lists analytical data of coal samples collected by the Bureau of Mines in connection with the purchase of several million tons of coal for various Government agencies during fiscal year 1975. Tipple samples were collected by Bureau of Mines engineers at tipples as coal was being loaded into railroad cars or trucks. Ultimate analyses are given for these coalbeds only. The delivered coal was sampled at destination in accordance with instructions furnished by the Bureau of Mines, and all samples were analyzed in the Bureau laboratory at Pittsburgh.

Jan 1, 1976

By G. Stecklein

This report summarizes the results of research into the areas of the fragmentation and entrainment of Airborne Respirable Dust (ARD). The objectives of this program were four-fold: first, to review the present state of knowledge regarding ARD; second, to expand this state of knowledge through the identification of hypothetical microscopic mechanisms by which the coal is fragmented and the dust becomes entrained; third, to specify the informational requirements to verify or nullify these hypotheses; and fourth, to relate experimental techniques that will produce that required information. Additionally, insights are provided regarding potential methods of extraction and/or treatment which may reduce the concentration of ARD.

Jan 1, 1982

By N. S. Dalal, X. Shi

"The oxidation of NADPH by vanadate(V) in the presence of glutathione reductase showed typical enzymatic kinetics. The oxidation was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, a glutathione reductase inhibitor. Superoxide dismutase had no significant effect on the oxidation, indicating non-involvment of the superoxide radical. The vanadate(V) reduction was found to be a one-electron transfer process. These results suggest a new pathway for vanadate(V) metabolism and a new function of glutathione reductase. Compounds of vanadium(V), such as NaV03 , exert potent toxic effects on a wide variety of biological systems (1-3). Despite intense current activity, however, the biochemical mechanism of vanadate(V) toxicity is still not well understood (1- 14). It is believed that one of the important pathways involves the oxidation (by vanadate(V)) of NAD(P)H (15, 16), but, to our knowledge, there has been no report of the identification of any vanadate(V) reductase. With a view to finding if there exists any vanadate(V) reductase, we have investigated the oxidation of NADPH by vanadate(V) in the presence of glutathione reductase. Glutathione reductase (GSSG-R)2 was selected because our previous studies have shown (17) that GSSG-R can act as a reductase for chromate(VI), which is isoelectronic with vanadate(V). We find that GSSG-R does indeed function as a NADPH-dependent vanadate(V) reductase, thus pointing to a new pathway for the metabolism of vanadate(V), as well as to this property for GSSG-R. MATERIALS AND METHODSSodium metavanadate (NaV03 ), henceforth vanadate, was purchased from Aldrich and its solution was always freshly prepared. The GSSG·R used was from bovine intestinal mucosa and was purchased from Sigma. The oxidation of NADPH was followed photometrically as the decrease in absorbance at 340 nm. The spin trap, 5,5-dimethyl- pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO), was purchased from Aldrich and used without further purification, since very weak or no spin adduct signal was obtained from the purchased sample when used alone.ESR spectra were obtained at X-band (9.7 GHz) using a Bruker ER200 ESR spectrometer. The magnetic field was calibrated with a self-tracking NMR gaussmeter (Bruker, Model ER035A) and the microwave frequency was measured with a digital frequency counter (Hewlett-Packard, Model 5340A). An ASPECT 2000 computer was used for data storage and analysis. The concentrations given in the figure legends are the final concentrations. All experiments were carried out in the phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.2) and at room temperature."

Jan 1, 1990

By M. O. Renwick, Paul Zinner

"INTRODUCTION In September 1943, the Bureau of Mines conducted a limited program of churn drilling on the Winskell property in the Shullsburg area of Lafayette County, Wis. The work was undertaken as part of a general investigation by the Bureau of the zinc-producing area of southwestern Wisconsin at a time when special effort war being made to increase the production of metals necessary for the war program.Drilling described supplemented a previous drilling program conducted by the Vinegar Hill Zinc Co. The results of both programs encouraged subsequent investigation by the Cuba Mining Co. and eventual development of the Andrews mine.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIn its program of investigation of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. It is the policy of the Bureau to publish the facts developed by such project as soon as praticable after its conclusion. The Mining Branch, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, performs the investigative work, and prepares the final report."

Aug 1, 1947

By Frank A. Peters

This Bureau of Mines report is the second of a series of process evaluations planned to determine the relative processing costs of producing metallurgical-grade alumina from low-grade aluminous materials. Included in these evaluations are recommendations for additional research and development to improve the processes and to lower their costs. The design for each process is based on published work. The processes considered in this report are designed to extract alumina as aluminum chloride from calcined clay with 20 percent hydrochloric acid and to remove the silica residue by filtration. Iron is removed by one of the following processes: Isopropyl ether extraction, in which iron chloride is extracted before decomposing the aluminum chloride; gas precipitation, in which the aluminum chloride is precipitated with hydrogen chloride while leaving the iron chloride in solution; gas precipitation-isopropyl ether extraction, in which the aluminum chloride from precipitation is extracted with isopropyl ether, if necessary; caustic purification, in which a crude alumina is produced and then purified by a modified Bayer operation; or sinter purification, in which a crude alumina is produced and then purified by a lime-soda sinter operation. For plants producing 1,000 tons of alumina a day the estimated operating costs per ton of alumina are: [Isopropyl ether extraction process $ 65.09 Gas precipitation process 89.04 Gas precipitation-isopropyl ether extraction process 119.65 Caustic purification process 73.79 Sinter purification process 80.47] The estimated fixed capital costs per annual ton for these plants on a Marshall and Stevens chemical equipment basis of 240.0 are: [Isopropyl ether extraction process $229.03 Gas precipitation process 287.16 Gas precipitation-isopropyl ether extraction process 356.59 Caustic purification process 266.48 Sinter purification process 279.13]

Jan 1, 1962

By O. M. Bishop

The Douglas fluorite property is in the Empire district of eastern Pope County, Ill., which lies near the west boundary of the productive Southern Illinois fluorspar field in Hardin and Pope Countios. Production from mines on the Douglas property accounts for about one-half of the 72,000 tons of fluorspar with which the Empire district is credited. This output was from the Sycamore, Pierce, Slapout, and Empire veins, which are normal fissure veins of little displacement along which there has been local wall-rock replacement by fluorite.

Jan 1, 1949

By T. Kessler

As part of a respirable mine-dust research program at the U.S. Bureau of Mines, spark-source mass spectrometry has been used for the semiquantitative determination of trace elements (200 ppm weight or less) in raw coals. In addition, several minor and major elements have been determined using this technique. Sixty-four elements ranging in concentration from 0.01 to 41,000 ppm weight were determined in one anthracite, two mvb, four lvb, and six hvab raw coal samples. The samples represented 10 coal seams located in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, Utah, and Colorado.

Jan 1, 1973

By R D. Fleming

A single-cylinder research engine was operated on pure hydrocarbons and simple (two-component) mixtures of pure hydrocarbons to study the effect of fuel composition on exhaust emissions from a spark-ignition engine. Used as fuels were three pure hydrocarbons that represented the primary hydrocarbon types present in commercial motor fuels: A paraffin (2,2,4-trimethylpentane), an olefin (2,4,4-trimethylpentene-2), and an aromatic (meta-xylene). The engine was operated at the same equivalence ratio for all of the fuels used in the experiment. Exhaust gas samples were collected and quantitatively analyzed for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen oxides, aldehydes, and hydrocarbons. Exhaust hydrocarbons were separated and quantitatively measured with a chromatographic system employing a flame-ionization detector. Unknown hydrocarbons and oxygenated materials in the exhaust were identified with a Time-of-Flight mass spectrometer coupled to a chromatographic system. The results of the exhaust gas analyses showed that ethylbenzene, l-methyl-3-ethylbenzene, and l-methyl-3-vinylbenzene were more abundant in the exhausts from either 2,2,4-trimethylpentane--m-xylene or 2,4,4-trimethylpentene-2--m-xylene fuel mixtures than in exhaust produced from m-xylene. Also, the pure 2,4,4-trimethylpentene-2 fuel produced smaller amounts of C2 to C7 olefins in the exhaust than that produced by the pure 2,2,4-trimethylpentane fuel. The exhaust from pure m-xylene fuel contained aromatic hydrocarbons of higher molecular weight than the parent fuel. The amount of total hydrocarbon (moles of exhaust hydrocarbon per mole of fuel used) in the exhaust from the three pure fuels decreased in the following order: 2,2,4-trimethylpentane > 2,4,4-trimethylpentene-2 > m-xylene. The hydrocarbon mole-fractions of unreacted fuel in the exhausts produced from each of the pure fuels were 0.20 for 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, 0.13 for 2,4,4-trimethylpentene-2, and 0.66 for m-xylene.

Jan 1, 1970

By R. E. Morgan, J. F. Barkley

"INTRODUCTION In city smoke-abatement work it is customary to require approval of the sizing of fuel-burning equipment. This is to insure that, with reasonable attention, the equipment can be operated essentially smokelessly, having such features as ample furnace volume and air supply. To answer the many inquiries that come to the Bureau of Mines as to what dimensions are acceptable and standard, the requirements of a number of smoke-abatement ordinances have been tabulated.CONCLUSIONSStudy of these tabulations shows that even after many years of fuel-burning practice and experience there is no common standard. Variations in the requirements for the same type of equipment under the same conditions of operation are great. This causes considerable difference in installation costs. Over-all costs being affected, the competitive positions of different types of fuel-burning equipment are also affected. It is apparent that there is a lack of information as to proper dimensions that is commonly accepted as authoritative.DISCUSSIONTable 1 gives the minimum furnace-setting heights required by various cities for mechanical underfeed stokers installed under H.R.T. boilers. Figure 1 shows a typical installation. The dimension given for each case is the distance from the dead plate of the stoker to bottom of boiler shell, unless otherwise noted. As shown in the table, different cities use different size-classification systems; it is not possible to make complete, exact, direct comparisons. Table la gives a comparison for various cities, showing the approximate percentage difference in H.R.T. furnace-setting heights required from those recommended by the Stoker Manufacturers' Association arbitrarily chosen to serve as a basis of comparison. The percentages are approxi¬mate because they were calculated as if all heights as given were measured from the dead plate of the stoker. In two cases a lower height is permitted, in a number of cases the height may be the same, and in a number of cases the height must be greater. The percentage increase goes to 100 in one case. Lack of uniformity is quite evident."

Mar 1, 1950