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By D. Vega, P. R. Brito-Parada

"Small diameter (10 mm) hydrocyclones have been applied successfully for the separation of particle suspensions in the micron size range. These hydrocyclones are attractive because they show a bypass fraction larger that the water recovery, resulting in a high particle recovery to the underflow as well as low water recovery. However, this is a disadvantage when the purpose of the hydrocyclone is classification because of the large amount of fine particles that are misplaced in the underflow. The aim of this study is to explore, experimentally and computationally, the influence of design parameters on the classification process. In this work, a full factorial experimental design was defined to carry out comprehensive experimental tests using glass beads (0-20 µm) as the particulate system. We show that the dimensions of spigot and vortex finder diameter can be effectively manipulated to change the separation performance of the system and the energy consumption. A CFD model was developed that is able to predict particle size distribution. The numerical results for the partition curves showed very good agreement with the experimental data. INTRODUCTION Small diameter hydrocyclones are a very attractive separation technology for fine particle suspensions. Since the hydrocyclone diameter is directly proportional to the cutsize that can be achieved, 10mm hydrocyclones have been shown to be very effective in collecting particles in the micron-size range. In addition, while in large hydrocyclones the bypass, i.e. the fraction of particles that report to the underflow without classification, is similar to the water recovery, in 10mm hydrocyclones the bypass fraction is considerably larger than the water recovery. Its high particle recovery and low water recovery makes small hydrocyclones ideal for ultrafine particle classification and dewatering applications in mineral processing. The separation of mineral suspensions achieved using small hydrocyclones has been the focus of various studies. Pasquier and Cilliers (2000) derived a general classification model from experimental data of fine silica concentration in 10mm hydrocyclones; the model was able to describe the fish-hook partition curve. The effect of operating conditions has also received some attention in the literature. Cilliers et al. (2004) showed that an increase in temperature positively effects the recovery of fine silica particles in small hydrocyclones, by increasing the bypass and decreasing the cutsize. Neese et al. (2015) showed that the cutsize in 10mm hydrocyclones can be further decreased by operating at higher pressure, which also trebled the throughput."

Jan 1, 2018

By C. L. Tang

Parts of the wastewater are reused directly and the rest moderately purified and reused, so the utilization rate of wastewater of the whole processing plant reaches 100 percent. At the same time, beneficiation indicators have been improved stably, and great economic and social benefits have been achieved.

Jan 1, 2014

By R. J. Batterham

The science and practice of mineral processing has been driven for many years by the same set of challenges that shape the mining industry ? demand and supply, grades and their decline with time, mineralogy and the need to handle more complex ores, disposal and minimising of wastes and the availability of water, power, skilled labour and the like together with increasing expectations from the community, concerns on sustainability and safety and, as well, climate change forcing a more targeted approach on energy. In this paper, the author builds on previous reviews to the IMPC and suggests that while step changes are long overdue, the unprecedented demand mitigates against drastic changes. That said, the ?Mine of the Future? is already requiring some different approaches.

Jan 1, 2014

By Hillary Williams, Ronghao Li, Christopher Marion, Kristian E. Waters, Devin Hundt

"Zircon is an important mineral for ceramic, foundry, casting, and refractory applications; and it is the worlds primary source for zirconium. Zircon can also contain large and valuable proportions of other valuable metals, such as rare earth elements and hafnium. The Nechalcho deposit (Northwest Territories, Canad), is a hard rock REE deposit, which looks to recover zircon for its Zr and REE content. In this deposit, zircon is finely disseminated and associated with predominately silicate gangue minerals. Most of the work to date has focused on the beneficiation of mineral sand deposit, which typically remove silicate gangue minerals through physical separation steps. Therefore, the separation of zircon from silicate gangue, such as quartz, by flotation, has received little attention. This work used zeta potential measurements and microflotation experiments to understand the interaction between zircon and six different collectors (sodium oleate, sodium dodecyl sulphate, dodecylamine, SM 15, K-octyl hydroxamate and Florrea 7510). The results were compared with those of quartz. This study indicated that selective separation of zircon from quartz without the use of selective depressants or activators is likely challenging. The findings suggested sodium oleate and SM 15 only offered selective flotation of zircon in highly acidic conditions. Separation by the flotation of quartz is possible using sodium dodecyl sulphate, dodecylamine and K-octylhydroxamate. However, selective separation is highly dependant on collector dosage, for dodecylamine, and the selective activation of quartz, for sodium dodecyl sulphate and K-octyl hydroximate. Florrea 7510 offered poor recoveries for both zircon and quartz.INTRODUCTIONZircon (ZrSiO2) is a nesosilicate mineral which has a wide variety of applications, due to its hardness, opaqueness and resistance to heat and corrosion. Its major end uses are in ceramic, foundry, casting, and refractory applications (Bedinger, 2017). Zircon is also the most abundant zirconium (Zr) bearing mineral in the earths crust and is the principal economic source of Zr (primarily used in alloys for heat and corrosion resistance) and zirconia (ZrO2) (primarily used in ceramics) (Bedinger, 2017; Milnes and Fitzpatrick, 1989). Zircon forms in silicate melts and can often contain large proportions of other valuable metals such as rare earth elements (REE), and hafnium (zircon is the primary source of hafnium) (Bedinger, 2017; Belousova et al., 2002; Orlova, 2007). A common chemical formula showing the range of substitution in zircon is (Zr,Hf,Th,U,REE,Ca,Fe,Nb,Ta)(Si,P)O4 (Orlova, 2007)."

Jan 1, 2018

By Wei Qu, Yongsheng Song, Xingyu Liu, Wenjuan Li, Shuang Liu, Guiying Zhou, Bowei Chen

The Pb,Sb,Zn multi-metal sulphide ore is processed in sequence of beneficiation of jamesonite, sphalerite . Due to relative large amount of collector (xanthate), activator (CuSO4) and regulator (lime) during different flotation stage, the flotation wastewater from sphalerite beneficiation stage can’t be directly recycled to the first lead flotation stage. In this paper, the flotation wastewater from sphalerite beneficiation stage was treated by Ozone and BAC technology, results showed that when the influent concentation of COD and copper ion were 850 mg/L, 10.48mg/L respectively, the Ozone and BAC technology could effectively treat such type of water. In the treated wastewater, the COD is 60mg/L, copper ion concentration is 0.023mg/L, pH is 7.0, which satisfy the need of Pb,Sb-Zn preferential floatation separation process. After recycle of the treated wastewater to Pb,Sb floatation circuit, qualified Pb,Sb concentrate and Zn concentrate were obtained.

Jan 1, 2014

Beneficiation and dephosphorization of refractory oolitic hematite ore are investigated in this paper. It is shown that single magnetic separation, gravity separation or flotation is unable to recover iron effectively from the ore due to the complex mineralogy. The joint separation by spiral chute-shaking table shows a prospect for the treatment of the ore. An iron concentrate with 58.67% iron grade and 51.93% recovery is obtained by the joint separation of spiral chute and shaking table under the fineness of ?0.074mm 90% and dispersant dosage of 2kg/t for a sample ore of 37.51% Fe and 0.88% P. However, P content in the concentrate is still up to 0.52%. Dephosphorization from the concentrate is hence carried out. The final iron concentrate assaying 59.26% Fe and 0.056% P is obtained when the concentrate obtained by joint separation is leached by sulfuric acid of 1% (mass fraction) with solid percentage 10% at room temperature for 10min.

Jan 1, 2014

By E. Pourjenaei, P. Ghobadi

High Pressure Grinding Roll (HPGR) is efficient equipment in comminution process. HPGR could be a good option for preparing ball mill feed at the first stage of grinding due to its high efficiency and low energy consumption. Closing with a screen, these mills are utilizing as one of the principle parts in mineral processing industries, especially for iron ores. Recently, HPGRs are working as primary mills at 4 developing lines in Gol-e-Gohar Iron Ore Processing Complex, Iran. Different mechanism of particle crushing in compare to the other tumbling mills makes the HPGR as certain equipment with its own particular controlling parameters. Hydraulic pressure, roller speed and level of material inside feeding hopper are the most important variables influencing grinding efficiency of the HPGR. To figure out how they impress the process and operation situation, different industrial tests were carried out and the best result (d80 about 8 mm for HPGR discharge) was achieved at 180-190 bar pressure (P), 300 rpm speed (S) and 50% of hopper level (L). It is worth noting that this finding has been observed through past pilot test too. We also used design expert method (DX7 software) to develop the best design and analysis the test results, as well. According to the mechanical restriction of HPGR and process limitation in the plant (based on the industrial results), we adjusted value of each parameter in a logical range. Therefore, 20 industrial tests were conducted, as DX7 recommended, and the various impacts of the parameters and their interaction were identified based on statistical analysis. As the authors expected, it was revealed that after presser, roller speed is a critical variable because of its significant role in residence time of the particles between the rollers. The function below has been determined to explain the relation between different parameters and the response.

Jan 1, 2018

By Z. K. Liu

Production of the amines collectors and cation surfactant gives out the liquid waste containing high COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and ammonium & nitrogen, which is difficult to be treated with conventional biological method to reach waste water discharge standard. In this paper an engineering practice of treatment on the liquid waste by the technology combined high effective microbe with A/O (Anaerobic& aerobic) process is presented. The quality of treated water comes up to class A national standard for discharging.

Jan 1, 2014

By K. Yoo

Cuprous oxide is one of the oldest antifouling agents and also acts as red pigment in these paints. In printed circuit board manufacturing industries, waste etchant contains a substantial amount of copper ion. In the present study, a process was suggested for recovering cuprous oxides from the waste etchant and optimum conditions were investigated to recover the cuprous oxides. The process consists of two steps: in first step, Cu powder is added into wastewater solution, and cupric ions re-duce into cuprous ions (Cu+Cu2+?2Cu+), where cuprous ions precipitate as cuprous chloride; In second step, cuprous oxide is synthesized by adding NaOH into cuprous chloride solution (2CuCl+2NaOH?Cu2O+NaCl+H2O). Optimum conditions were investigated to recover cuprous oxide in the processes. When copper powder was added into wastewater with copper ions, Cu concentration decreased from 15.6% to 2.6% and ORP decreased from 620 mV to -59.9 mV. This result shows that cupric ions reduced into cuprous ions. XRD data indicated that the precipitate was cuprous chloride powder. Using the cuprous chloride recovered and NaOH solution, cuprous oxide was synthesized. To investigate the optimum condition, various NaOH solutions were added into water with CuCl, and then pH, ORP, Cu concentration, Cu contents in precipitates were analysed. XRD data showed that main component of precipitates was cuprous oxide.

Jan 1, 2014

By A. Lane

Africa is ripe with opportunity for the mining industry. The continent has large, and relatively unexplored mineral deposits, and recent high economic growth rates have meaningfully improved the political, economic, and infrastructural environments. However, these opportunities are accompanied by significant risks, including resource nationalism, uncertain regulation, corruption, and continuing political instability (up to and including war). Forward-looking companies actively manage these risks by creating a sense of shared purpose with the countries and communities that own the resources, using tools such as stakeholder analysis, local narratives, scenario planning, and constituency engagement. They also measure socio-economic impact to insure the creation and demonstration of shared value.

Sep 1, 2012

By Robin B. Batterham

"Since the 1970?s we have seen a marked corporate response in terms of the environment. In part this has come from regulation but it has largely come from stakeholders and the community. Rising expectations have in general been met. We now see a similar trend towards sustainability. At the same time, the importance of mining to the share market has decreased drastically and with that decrease has come the requirement for the mining sector to show returns similar in manner to other sectors. While rationalisation can achieve some progress towards these goals, the long-term requirement is for innovation, as it always has been. This paper looks to the logical goal of innovation within a sustainable mining framework and targets the removal of the desired metal values with minimal environmental footprint. It is suggested that broad ranging alliances will be necessary, particularly amongst the R&D suppliers, to achieve this goal. Industry will need to take an active role given the recent global restructuring.THE MARCH TO SUSTAINABILITYSince the 1970?s there has been an increasing corporate response on environmental matters. We have moved from matters environmental being issues relevant only to minority groups through a series of attitudinal changes by management. Whilst there have always been examples of excellent environmental performance, for many in the 70?s spending money on improving the environment beyond some minimal level was seen as a distraction from production or treated in a similar way to donations to the community. There is little of that attitude these days, as most mining companies have long since regarded the environment as a core business direction. Indeed, for some years one could note an escalation in matters of environmental reporting to the extent that the environmental performance of companies is now very public. In some cases, NGOs have even been invited to help certify and audit the reporting standards. Similarly with health & safety.There is now a rising expectation on the part of the community that social matters will also be given the same level of support as health, safety and the environment. This time around it would appear that the mining industry is at the leading edge of sustainability. The Global Mining Initiative (Global Mining, 2002) and the contributions to the Rio World Summit on Sustainable Development (Rio +10, 2002) suggest that sustainability is being taken very seriously by the mining industry. For sustainability it is convenient to use the Brundtland (1987) definition. This definition has widespread acceptance with governments, industry, environmental groups, financial institutions and individuals as a direction against which our activities and plans can be measured."

Jan 1, 2003

By Brian Hart, Stamen Dimov

"In refractory ores, a substantial part of the gold content may be present as a sub-microscopic component within the mineral matrix of the various carriers. This type of gold may be present as finely disseminated colloidal size gold particles (<0.5µm) or as a solid solution within the sulphide mineral matrix. Such ores are not amenable to gold recovery by direct cyanidation. In order to liberate the sub-microscopic gold, the ore has to be oxidized before being subjected to gold cyanidation and extraction. Autoclave pressure oxidation (AC POX) of the sulphide ore and subsequent cyanidation is a common technology used to liberate the gold in such refractory ores. The additional presence of active carbonaceous matter in such ores (double refractory ores) represents another major obstacle for efficient gold recovery during the process of pressure oxidation and cyanidation. This carbonaceous matter (c-matter) can adversely affect the gold recovery due to its ability to adsorb, or pre-grob gold from the cyanide solution. Advanced micro-beam analytical techniques such as Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (D-SIMS) and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) have become powerful tools for characterization of different forms and carriers of gold for the needs of the mineral processing industry. Major advantages of these techniques are related to their ability to analyze individual mineral particles and provide quantitative analysis with detection limits in the low ppm/ppb concentration range. This paper describes various micro-beam techniques and procedures implemented at Surface Science Western (SSW) for quantification and characterization of the sub-microscopic gold and the preg-robbed surface gold as part of full gold deportment studies in feeds and process stream products."

Jan 1, 2014

By T. N. Aleksandrova, A. V. Afanasova

"The research is aimed at solving the problem of enrichment of sulphide ores, counting for more than 40% of the reserves in Russia. The aim of the research is to develop and scientifically substantiate the scheme for processing this type of ores in order to extract fine-dispersed noble metal particles (FNMP). In this work samples of sulfide carbonaceous ore and flotation concentrates were analyzed using complex precision methods of analysis: electron microscopy, spectral analysis with induction plasma, complex thermogravimetric analyzes, etc. Data on the composition of the organic constituent of the samples were obtained with the usage of complex thermogravimetric analysis. The presence of various types of kerogen and bitumen has been established. Experimental studies on the coarsening of FNMP from the initial ore and flotation concentrates using electromagnetic radiation have shown the effectiveness of this coalescence method. The data on the elemental composition of the samples and the amount of FNMP were obtained. Thus, studies on the extraction of FNMP from carbon sulphide ore have shown the possibility of effective usage of combination of electromagnetic action and classical enrichment methods to extract fine particles of noble metals. INTRODUCTION Due to the depletion of free-milling raw materials the involvement of new types of deposits is the strategy of developing mining industry of Russia. The black shale raw materials show interest as a non-traditional source of precious metals since its genetic and positional gold-carbon connection. Muruntau, Sukhoi Log, Bakyrchik, Natalkinsky, Nezhdaninskoye, Olimpiadinsky, Homsen and others are the examples of well-known deposits of the black shale formation [1]. In fact the main gold-dispersed regions of Russia are composed of black-shale strata. Review of literature [2-5] shows that in recent years in almost all deposits of the black shale formation metals of the platinum group (PGM) were detected that significantly increases their practical importance."

Jan 1, 2018

By P. K. Fedotov

Annually at least 5% percent of world power consumption is involved in the process of ore dressing while ore processing technology. Such rate of energy consumption demonstrates the importance of a given process study in the human life-sustaining activity. Examining of interparticle destruction being under external stress pressure in ore responses this problem solution at the greatest degree. The technology of destruction in the roll press is of great interest. The use of the given equipment allows to save a significant amount of energy by means of the built-in ore destruction mechanism. Examination of stress-strain fields which determine the level of interparticle destruction between the rolls in the ore layer enables to specify both level of ore destruction and power consumption. The mathematical computer modeling for the deformable environment use based on the finite-element method (FEM) allows to carry out the given research. We use FEM solution for elastic contact problem for the most complete study of power consumption employed in ore and interparticle destruction. This problem solution allows also to examine energy consumption expenses spent for ore crushing in the roll press. Also we have identified the mechanism of ore in a layer of the particles under pressure roller press. It is established that high level of performance and reduction of energy consumption in interparticle destruction of ore in the layer due to the appearance of the gradient of normal stresses in contact of particles of mineral raw materials. The algorithm has been developed determining crushing product particle size distribution of fractured particles in the layer, using the Bond’s theory of crushing. The use of our FEM model reduces the time of equipment selection for new plant and at the design stage to reduce the risks of errors in the choice of roller presses.

Jan 1, 2018

By M. Saba

In cyanide leaching procedure, achieving an acceptable efficiency for silver and gold is very time-consuming, thus, enough studies have not been performed for optimization and modeling of this process. The kinetics of cyanide leaching includes two steps: first step comprises a sharp slope while the other has a slight increasing trend. In the present study, in order to reduce the time and cost, the cyanide leaching process of a sulfide silver/gold ore was optimized in the first period. The applied parameters and their ranges are: temperature 20-40 (°C); time 1-8 (hrs); cyanide concentration 1-2 (mole cyanide / mole Cu); the percentage of solid to liquid 1-2 (%) and pH 10-12. For design of experiments fractional factorial 2(5-1) was used. Also four center points were applied to increase the accuracy of the model. In addition, by analysis of variance (ANOVA) the most effective parameters were identified and the optimized condition was determined. A regression model was proposed to describe the effects of independent variables and their interacting role on silver recovery. Results showed that the model was linear for silver and nonlinear for gold. In the gold recovery process, the two important parameters are time and pH with the former being more effective. Due to the existence of cyanide ions in the medium, temperature and cyanide concentration have less influence in the gold recovery process. Solid to liquid ratio, in addition, comprises a slight negative impact on the procedure. This emphasizes the different kinetics of silver/ gold cyanide leaching. Finally, using the optimum condition the amount of silver and gold obtained were 61% and 67% in 8 hours, respectively. While in general conditions, the results were 37% and 54% in 24 hours, respectively. Keywords: cyanide leaching, refractory gold/silver ore, modeling, optimization

Sep 1, 2012

By H. Gallardo, J. Yianatos

Flotation is a separation process in which mineral recovery depends on the particle surface properties. The selective collection of particles by air bubbles requires hydrophobic mineral surfaces. Hydrophobicity can be selectively induced on a valuable mineral surface by means of reagents. For this purpose, it is required that mineral grains in the ore become physically liberated or exposed in the particle surface after grinding. The grinding process generates three types of particles according their exposed surface in the floatable mineral: locked particles (0-10%), associated particles (10-90%) and liberated particles (90-100%). Locked particles have low floatability, and they typically show low recovery (<20%), while liberated particles have a high floatability and can be easily recovered (98-100%) at different particle sizes (10-150 µm). The main challenge in the flotation process is the recovery of associated particles. These particles typically have recoveries of 20-80%, but strongly depend on the particle size, particle surface liberation and collector dosage. Recent studies on particle floatability by size-liberation have significantly contributed to improving the characterization of flotation processes. In this work, a study of flotation recovery of associated particles of 10-90% liberation is presented for particle sizes (10-150 µm) and collector dosages (5-40 g/ton). In this work historical data on galena recovery based on particle cross-section composition of galena was used, assuming they represent an acceptable estimate of particle surface composition, as shown by some previous researchers. The results showed that galena recovery can be well represented by a model consisting of the interaction of a linear function and a Gamma distribution function to account for the liberation and the particle size effects. Consequently, an alternative approach for modelling the recovery of associated mineral (10-90% liberation), with a reduced number of parameters, was developed and validated.

Jan 1, 2018

By S. Banisi, E. Arghavani, M. Pourkani, M. J. Rajabi, Gh. A. Mohamadian, H. Bidshahri, Gh. A. Parsapour

The Sarcheshmeh copper complex flotation circuit of plant No.1 consists of two identical north and south sections where each includes four rougher (each bank consists of 14 cells), two cleaners (each bank consists of 8 cells), two recleaners (each bank consists of 2 cells), and two scavenger banks (each bank consists of 10 cells). The reduction of feed grade along with a change in the mineralogical composition is the main reason of current lower concentrate grade (24%) compared with the design concentrate grade (32%). Because of a lower feed grade, the amount of rougher concentrate has decreased which in turn has significantly reduced the feed rate to the cleaner, recleaner, and scavenger banks. This has increased the mean residence time of the material in the cleaner section resulting in a lower final concentrate grade. A laboratory study showed that the final concentrate grade can be increased by 2-4% if one cleaner stage is added to the flotation circuit. In this research, based on the laboratory results, one cleaning stage was added to the current flotation circuit. In order to make this modification instrumentally possible in the plant, the final concentrate was gravity transported to the Mo-Cu thickeners. This released 2 pumps and associated tanks which made addition of one cleaning stage practicable. Finally, a part of the cleaner and scavenger cells were used as the third cleaning stage. This decreased the residence time in the cleaner and scavenger banks. After implementation of one cleaning stage in the south section of the plant, the performance of the circuit compared with the identical north section. It was found that at the same recovery, the concentrate grade of the south section increased by 2.5%. The promising results led to the implementation of adding one cleaning stage in all sections of the flotation circuit.

Jan 1, 2018

By Valery V. Kostjuk, Victor. N. Bredikhin, Alexander I. Shevelev, Evgeny A. Kazban

"The investigations to improve the process data have been done in order to stabilize the functioning of drying units. The scheme of turnings preparation with centrifuging and subsequent thermal degreasing (tandem) is proposed. To improve the efficiency of the process the scheme of reclamation of the centrifuge fugate is developed with production of oil and service circulating water. Empirical dependences of the turnings temperature influence on the lubricant-coolants content in centrifuging are gained. When the turnings temperature is increased to 80 C the residual content of LC is decreased by 1.5%. The investigations aimed to improve the preparation of non-ferrous turnings have allowed to decrease the melting loss by 15-20%; to stabilize the process of thermal drying of turnings; to decrease sharply (by 60- 70%) the volume of LC combustion products; to reclaim the centrifuge fugate and produce oil and servicecirculating water.Non-ferrous turning and primarily aluminum and copper alloys turning is a stable source of secondary raw materials for metallurgical works.Direct by lubricant-coolants (LC) of various types: synthetic, semi synthetic, oily and emulsions.On the base of investigations concerning various methods of the non-ferrous turning processing the favorable one has been selected taking in to consideration the economy, ecology and quality of the finished product (alloy). Two-stage process is developed. The main idea of the process is the elimination of the lubricant-coolants (LC) to the limit specified in advance. The applied method is centrifuging with subsequent final elimination of LC by thermal method.Constant value of LC content at the inlet of the thermal unit excludes practically the oxidation of metal and as a consequence increases the output by 10 –15 % in metallurgical processing."

Jan 1, 2003

By Shuji Owada, Mayumi Ito, Idemitsu Kosan Co. Ltd., Takehiko Nishimu, Sadayuki Shinozaki, Takashi Ando, Tomoe Ota

"fElectrical disintegration (ED) by high voltage electrical pulse is a relatively new technique which was demonstrated by Tomsk and Mekhanobr in the 1960’s and has been investigated in detail by Andres in the 1990’s. In the ED, the electrodes should contact to the targeted material and the energy of high voltage pulse is charged directly to the material. It has been reported that the ED is quite efficient to improve liberation of composite materials, because electrical current passes often through the conductive part and/or along the phase boundaries. Theoretically, the energy required in the ED should be lower than in the other mechanical breakage methods, because breakage occurs basically by tensile strength in the ED while in the other mechanical methods it does mainly by compressive strength which is generally ten times or higher than tensile strength.Coal, involving many kinds of mineral matters, is considered to be one of the targets for the ED to apply to. In Japan, national “Hyper-Coal Project” is now running, in which ultra-clean coal (less than 200ppm of ash, 0.5ppm of Na and K, and 2ppm of Ca) is planned to produce by combining advanced coal preparation and liquefaction technologies for the purpose of direct injection of coal combustion gas to turbine. The ED is one of the major techniques to be developed in this project, since mineral matters must be liberated before introducing to the following advanced separation processes. Liberation is important also for the utilization of middling coals generated from usual coal preparation plants. The application of the ED to the middling coals is considered effective for upgrading these coals with higher liberation degree and less energy input."

Jan 1, 2003

By M. Kalicinski, M. Lyssyy

"Access to information is a key component for making improvements to any process. This is particularly true for all aspects of the iron mining and steelmaking process. The ability to make rapid control decisions can significantly influence process outcomes, including ensuring product specification, mining quality, transportation limits, upgrade factors, waste bypass and direct shipping, among many others. While traditional laboratory methods provide feedback for such processes, having access to analysis results in real-time can lead to positive reactive and predictive control decisions to be made rapidly, leading to significant improvements throughout the process. Scantech has been designing, manufacturing and supplying technological products to the minerals industry since 2002 to enable the availability of such real-time information to a mine or plant, with the benefits being enjoyed by a wide range of operators. This paper provides a summary of the available technologies used in the iron ore and steel industries, as well as providing case studies of their use in African and Australian iron ore and European steel, as well as a description of the potential benefits of a range of analysis equipment.INTRODUCTION Access to information is critical for any process, and is a fundamental component for making process control decisions. In order to yield effective processing outcomes, it is important for that information to be readily available, preferably as quickly as possible, and to be as accurate as possible. While speed and accuracy are often traded off against each other, there are numerous technologies available in a processing environment that allow for both rapid flow of information and a high level of accuracy. The use of on-belt analysis equipment has a long trusted history of use in a number of mining and processing environments and industries, providing information such as elemental composition and grade of conveyed materials, moisture content, waste proportion and energy information. Australian company Scantech has been a provider of such equipment since 1981, and has become an industry leader in both the supply and development of on-belt analysers across a range of industries."

Jan 1, 2018