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By Ernest A. Hodgson

WHEN excavations are made, at depth, in hard brittle rock structures, as in certain mines in India, in South Africa, and in Ontario, the pressure due to overburden, together perhaps with inherent geologic strain, tends to become concentrated in the walls of some of these openings and the rock bursts, often closing the adjacent drifts and scopes and presenting a serious menace to the miners. Where the rock is much fractured and faulted, the danger is greater, since the pressures tend to shift without warning from point to point, sometimes within a few hours. Attempts have been repeatedly made to find some physical property of the rock which will change with pressure, which can be measured for rock 'in place' in the mine, and which will give an indication of the state of strain, thus warning of an approach to bursting conditions. Some of the properties tested have been the speed of propagation of elastic waves in the suspect rock, variations in temperature due to pressure changes, rate of closure of openings or shifts along fault planes, strain gauge measures, and others. Each of these has proved unsatisfactory for the purpose. The most promising method so far proposed has been the study of the very faint, sub-audible snaps (microseismims) which are produced in rocks under pressure. Such a study has been in progress at Lake Shore Mines since May, 1942. Instruments designed to pick up, amplify, and record the microseismims were perfected and a programme of observing, using the microseismic method, has been carried through with persistent diligence and at considerable expense. In 1943, experience with the method in a pillar section on the west side of the Lake Shore mine gave much promise of predicting bursts. A very heavy burst on January 29th of that year occurred in the exact section of the mine covered by the instruments, and the records indicated a measure of prediction. In response to repeated requests for information, a number of reports were given out, among others a radio talk by the writer over CJKL (Kirkland Lake), which was reported in full in the Northern News . Also, a detailed account of the occurrence was given in an illustrated paper by the writer (l).

Jan 1, 1945

By S. D. Anitha Kumari, T. G. Sitharam

"The huge urbanisation of the world cities have invariably resulted in enormous requirements of development in transport and other facilities. As the surface space available for the construction of these infrastructural facilities is found to be inadequate, underground space is widely used recently for this purpose. However, to understand the behaviour of these underground structures through experiments under various loading conditions is not practically feasible. Hence numerical methods have widely been used to model these structures and predict their behaviour. The underground structures generally rest on soil or rock. Depending upon the properties of the material surrounding the tunnel, the deformation pattern and the stress contours vary. If the tunnels are placed on soft ground at a shallow depth, the presence of existing structures will add to the stresses and strains developed. In the case of densely populated cities, tunnelling operation may result in huge damages if the settlements are not within the desirable limits. This may in turn lead to the collapse of the tunnel along with adjoining structures. So the determination of stress levels associated with the yield of wall due to excavation is very important and necessary supports and reinforcement should be provided. Numerical simulations using discrete element method (DEM) and finite element method (FEM) have been done to understand the stress variation around single and twin tunnels. Studies are also done to quantify the improvement of stability on the introduction of lining around the tunnels in a weak cemented soil mass like sandstone.INTRODUCTIONMost of the life line facilities which include pipelines for electricity, water, communication, sewage, gas, roads, metro, utility tunnels etc in modern urban areas are underground structures. Infrastructure development is crucial for any city and sustainable development urges for underground constructions. Accordingly, there is already a great demand for tunnels to be constructed in difficult and crowded urban settings. This results in the fact that a large number of risk factors are associated with tunnels in these densely populated urban areas. These constraints pose threats to tunnel construction and also demands for minimal disturbance to the public and to the surrounding utilities. One of the most important factor to be considered while designing an underground structure is its stability with respect to the surrounding medium and adjoining existing structures. In this study, a comprehensive presentation of the numerical modeling of single and twin tunnels adopting two different methods is presented."

Jan 1, 2015

By Stephen B. Cheeseman

The quantity of data available and the rate at which we access such data are rapidly increasing. Electronic data capture systems, fleet management systems and a host of other technological advancements have created a constant stream of real-time, tactical data. However, are we taking advantage of this data? Are we converting data into useful information to aid in efficient decision-making? Mining operations are struggling with ?information overload?, finding it difficult to extract the benefits from vast stores of data. Without the necessary tools to facilitate a data filtering and information reporting process, most operations revert to old practises such as re-entering data into multiple spreadsheet reports. As a result, the ability to make effective use of data still eludes many mining operations. Some operations have taken audacious steps to rectify this situation. The De Beers Venetia mine in South Africa has implemented an integrated mining information technology solution that transforms their data into practical, usable information allowing staff and management to make decisions that improve efficiencies and reduce costs. In the absence of quantitative justification or ROI, De Beers took a risk in implementing change. Today, they are realising the benefits. This paper will unearth the information technology issues that surfaced during the Venetia implementation, then identify the benefits De Beers has obtained from deploying an integrated mining information technology solution at the Venetia mine.

May 1, 2002

By Michael L. Free

The hydrometallurgy curriculum for undergraduate students at the University of Utah has evolved to contain a variety of tools to help students understand and apply hydrometallurgy in a context that has industrial relevance. In order for students to perform as engineers in an industrial hydrometallurgy setting, they need to understand thermodynamic and kinetic fundamentals and be able to apply these fundamentals to extraction, concentration, and recovery applications. Students must also understand related environmental, economic, and assessment issues in hydrometallurgy and be able to work with others. In order to meet these needs, the hydrometallurgy curriculum includes a variety of relevant subject information, on-line resources, laboratory experiences, and team work opportunities to help prepare students for careers involving hydrometallurgy. The development and use of these resources will be discussed in this paper.

Jan 1, 2014

By H. R. Kempthorne

"The Property of Bevcon Mines Limited, including a recently acquired adjoining south group, occupies an area of 2,625 acres in northeast Louvicourt township, Abitibi county, Quebec. It is situated 17 miles east of Val d'Or at the junction of provincial highways 58 and 59.Gold was first discovered in the area in 1931 by the late S. B. Jowsey on the present property of Buffaddison Gold Mines adjoining to the west. However, it was not until the winter of 1944-45 that diamond drilling encountered encouraging results on the Bevcon claims. During the period 1946-1948 a shaft was sunk to 1,000 feet and considerable development undertaken from the 500-foot to the 1,000-foot levels. Between 1947 and 1950 approximately 24,000 tons of dump ore and 48,000 tons of ore by stoping were milled at Perron Gold Mines. The favourable results of these tests prompted the decision to construct a milling plant at Bevcon. The mill began operating in July 1952, and presently has a capacity of 800 tons per day. In 1953 the shaft was deepened to 1,600 feet and is currently (1955) being driven to 2,225 feet.Total production of gold to the end of 1954 has been 101,024 ounces from the milling of 697,427 tons of ore of an average grade of 0·163 ounces per ton.GeologyThe Bevcon orebodies occur in a granodiorite stock which has an east-west length of approximately 4 miles and a maximum width of 1 1/2 miles. The property covers the central portion of the stock and its contacts with the Keewatin volcanics. Approximately one-third of the northern contact and one-half of the southern contact are contained within the Bevcon claims. The granodiorite has been cut by acid (feldspar porphyry) and basic dykes trending east-west. A younger diabase dyke, 300 feet wide, strikes northeasterly across the property 1,000 feet east of the shaft.The main ore zone, striking east-west, lies between the more northerly porphyry dyke and the north granodiorite-greenstone contact. It has been extensively sheared, fractured, altered, and mineralized by gold-bearing solutions. It is approximately 2,000 feet Jong from the west boundary towards the diabase dyke. The shaft is centrally located and passes through the south contact of the ore zone at the 500-foot level. The zone increases in width and trends northerly with depth, due to the porphyry and greenstone contacts having average dips of 80 degrees and 70 degrees respectively to the north. Thus on the uppermost or 500-foot level the width is 150 to 200 feet, and at the present bottom level at 1,600 feet the width is 400 to 500 feet.Another gold-bearing zone has been indicated 200 to 400 feet south of the main ore zone by limited surface drilling."

Jan 1, 1949

By Ryan L. Veenstra

This paper presents a modelling study of a cemented paste backfill in an underground stope. The model was developed to help provide a better understanding of what is happening in the stope during the filling stage of the stope. In order to do this, the model incorporates the paste rise rate, stope geometry, and time-dependent input parameters. This paper looks at the effect of geometry in two parts. The first part compares a series of simple rectangular stope models. These models differ in size both in two and three dimensions. The second part compares the results of four 2D models together and then to the field instrumentation data. Part of this section introduces the geometry and instrumentation within the test stope.

Jun 1, 2012

By Ralph J. Holmes

"An accurate knowledge of the chemical, mineralogical and physical characteristics of ores and mineral products that are mined, processed and sold commercially is crucial to resource definition, effective resource utilisation, plant design, process control, metallurgical accounting and finally quality control to ensure that contract specifications are met and equitable payment is received for product sales. However, the responsibility for sampling is often entrusted to personnel who do not fully appreciate the significance and importance of collecting fully representative samples for analysis, and they seem satisfied as long as some material is collected and returned to the laboratory for analysis. Furthermore, sample stations incorporated into the design of new plants are often the first casualties when cost cutting exercises commence. There is really little point in accurately analysing samples if they are not representative in the first place, because the resultant analyses can be seriously biased and the effort taken to carefully analyse such samples is largely a waste of time and resources.Ultimately, a poor knowledge of the characteristics of ores and mineral products limits the ability of mining companies to optimise the life of ore resources and plant performance, and failure to meet final product specifications can have disastrous consequences, including price penalties and more seriously loss of sales contracts and significant revenue losses due to poor sampling practices at the point of sale. Consequently, it is critical that sampling is given the attention it deserves as the first important step in the quality measurement chain. The golden rule for correct sampling is that all parts of the ore, concentrate, slurry or other material being sampled must have an equal opportunity of being collected and becoming part of the final sample for analysis."

Jan 1, 2016

By E. Pallumbo, N. Szwedska, R. Asselin

"This paper highlights the results of collaboration between geology, mining and mineral processing teams during the restart of the North American Lithium Project, located near La Corne, Quebec, Canada. This collaboration was central in ensuring a cross discipline harmonization of design parameters and key inputs, all of which allowed for the development of an optimized life of mine plan suited to the particular needs of the operation.INTRODUCTION In July 2016, North American Lithium Inc. (NAL) began the process of restarting operations at the former Quebec Lithium Mine, located in the municipality of La Corne, Quebec, Canada. The North American Lithium Project (the Project) as it is known today, is the latest chapter in the history of this property. In order to provide a robust foundation for the project, multidisciplinary collaboration was instituted between the geology, mining and metallurgy teams. Despite the intrinsic link between these departments, in many instances their work is completed separate from one another; in silos. This collaboration highlighted specific drivers in the mining value chain that could be exploited to ensure that a saleable product could be produced effectively. This paper explores some of the concepts and strategies that were developed during the feasibility study that supported the project restart (excerpts from the study technical report have been used throughout this paper). PROJECT HISTORY In 1942, prospectors identified the presence of numerous spodumene-bearing pegmatite dykes on the Property. This led to additional interest and exploration drilling campaigns. In 1955, Quebec Lithium Corp. (QLC), who had acquired the property, began construction of an underground mine with mill facilities located on the surface. Operations began the following year at a production rate of 1,100 tonnes per day. A historical cross-section view of the underground mine is shown in Figure 1. In 1959, QLC began the construction of an on-site lithium refinery to produce lithium hydroxide. The refinery was finally operational by 1963. Mining and processing operations continued until 1966 when activities were halted due to a labour dispute. The property was sold and a few years later attempts to resume production were unsuccessful. Property ownership changed several times again until being acquired by Cambior in 1987. In the early 1990’s the existing mine and mill facilities were sold and the mine site rehabilitated"

Jan 1, 2019

By Geo. E. Cole

A GREAT deal of time and energy is now being devoted to the study of post-war reconstruction and rehabilitation, in spite of the fact that as yet we have not won the war in which we are presently engaged. If you feel that the study of post-war problems takes our thought away from the problem immediately before us, you may well query, "Well! What has all that to do with winning the war, our most urgent problem today?" The answer has been given by Principal James of McGill University, Chairman of the Cabinet Committee on Reconstruction: "Reconstruction is something which must be thought of in advance, partly for the purpose of recognizing exactly the influence of war-time activities, controls, and regulations on the post-war Canadian scene. Many people are acutely interested in this great problem. It is not that they are not interested in the war itself, or epochal events that are taking place from day to day. They have a vision of that future which they hope will be Canada's, and this vision inspires them to even greater efforts at the present time". The trend of events would indicate that changes, economic and industrial, after this war will be greatly out of line with those that followed previous wars in history, for the present struggle has involved every nation in the world. In the peace that will come, every engineer will have a task in bringing the most desirable order out of the most distressing chaos. We certainly are living in a changing world; we are witnessing geo-graphical and economic readjustments that no other generation in world's history has ever witnessed. And there is an opinion gaining strength in our Dominion, as in other lands, that after this war we shall live in a world in which our process of thinking and our very way of life will have to undergo drastic changes to cope with the new order of things. Sadly our world of today has had to revise the sublime vision that nation shall not lift up sword against nation, while salvage operations continue to beat ploughshares into tanks and the peaceful pruning-hook into a weapon for the deviltry of the commando.

Jan 1, 1943

By H. J. B. Couto, J. G. S. Puelles, M. L. Torem, R. H. Rojas, A. G. Merma

Understanding the limits of fine particle flotation is fundamental to achieving a significant and selective separation. Conventional flotation processes are not suitable to treat these particles because of their low collision efficiency. This problem can be overcome by decreasing the bubble size or by increasing the apparent particle size. However it is worth noting that the use of small bubbles or micro bubbles also involves some disadvantages such as their low momentum resulting in a slower process comparing with conventional flotation. Electroflotation is an attractive alternative for treating fine particles with small bubbles less than 100 µm, generated by the electrolysis of water. In this sense, this study assesses the effect of current density and pH on bubble size in a binary electroflotation cell. An increase in the bubble generation rate was reported with an increase in current density. In addition, at acid pH values, the size of oxygen bubbles increased and conversely decreased at basic pH values; this may be due to the electrostatic attraction between the oxygen bubbles and the anode resulting in a greater nucleation time. An opposite trend was observed with the hydrogen bubbles. These results are in agreement with their electrokinetic studies, which reported that at acid conditions the bubble surface may be positively charged for both the hydrogen and the oxygen bubbles. Finally the bubble size was slightly affected by the electrolyte concentration, resulting in smaller diameter bubbles at higher concentrations.

Jan 1, 2016

By D. M. Baird

Copper mineralization occurs at several places along the shore of Notre Dame bay, Newfoundland, and at one time formed the basis of a considerable mining industry. The sources of the mineralizing solutions and the structural settings of some of the deposits have not been clearly understood. This paper reports new investigations into the origin and structure of the deposits between Bett's cove and Stocking harbour, in a strip about ten miles long and two miles wide along the western shore of Notre Dame bay. The most complete previous descriptions of the area are those of Snelgrove (1929, 1931, 1938), Douglas, Williams and Rove (1940), and the writer (1947). The discovery of the Bett's Cove deposits took place about 1860, soon after the discovery of the well-known Tilt Cove deposits to the north. Several other small prospects were found between Bett's cove and Stocking harbour between 1880 and 1910. At Bett's cove, active mining began in 1875 and a small smelting plant was built near the mine in 1877. .Mining operations came to an abrupt halt in 1883 after a major cave-in. In 1900, and again in 1906, attempts were made to drain the old workings and reopen the mine but were abandoned long before completion. Total production amounted to about 130,000 tons of hand-picked copper ore which averaged about ten per cent copper, and 2,450 tons of pyrite (Snelgrove, 1938, pp. 52-55).

Jan 1, 1948

By Dale Coffin

Definition Of A Crisis Crisis \kri-ses:\ An unstable or crucial time or state of affairs whose outcome will make a decisive difference for better or worse (Webster's New Collegiate dictionary) An event or set of circumstances that could significantly affect a company?s ability to carry out its business, damage a company?s reputation and/or threatens the health, safety and well-being of employees, the community or the public at large You?re Having A Crisis When... . The emergency poses a significant threat to the public or employees . The emergency situation provokes government scrutiny . The company no longer has full control of the situation . The situation has created significant regional, national or international media interest . The corporation?s reputation may be damaged or there is a threat to the bottom line or share value

May 1, 2004

By Alan A. Barton

Introduction The Little Long Lac mine is situated in the Thunder Bay mining district, township of Errington, Ontario. The mine is located on the south side of the most westerly bay of Little Long Lac. The property consists of 36 claims, which comprise some 1,400 acres. This group of claims was staked in August, 1932, by Tony Oklend and Tom Johnson, and, after surface sampling, was optioned by the present controlling interests, who diamond-drilled it during the winter of 1932-33. In early spring, a small steam-driven plant was installed, and shaft sinking commenced on June 1st, 1933. During the summer, all supplies are transported to the mine from Hardrock station, at mileage 18 on the Canadian National Railway line from Longlac to Port Arthur. At Hardrock, which is seven miles from the mine, the railway skirts a bay of Little Long Lac, and supplies are loaded directly from railway cars to scows. Two scows are used, of 30-and 45-ton capacity, respectively. A 36-ft. pointer, powered by a 35 h.p. engine, is used as a tug. A good winter-road has been cut out from Geraldton to the mine, for winter transportation. Geraldton is about two miles north of the mine, and is also located on the Canadian National railway. A hard-surface road is now being constructed for summer as well as winter use. Geology The Little Long Lac gold area covers the northern limits of a large synclinal structure, the contact of the Keewatin flows and sediments, striking about twenty degrees north of west, with the dip of the sediments varying from eighty degrees north to seventy degrees south, the average being around eighty degrees south. The vein worked by Little Long Lac Gold Mines occurs in massive sedimentary rock of about the composition of arkosic or quartzitic greywacke, and consists of a shear-zone up to fifteen feet in width, striking N.75°E. and dipping steeply to the south, which has been filled by numerous narrow, parallel quartz veins and. veinlets. These are well mineralized. with arsenopyrite, pyrite, and some chalcopyrite and stibnite, and carry considerable quantities of visible gold. They show more than one age of quartz deposition, the quartz being fractured and re-cemented. The arkosic rocks separating the veins and veinlets are also slightly mineralized with pyrite. Work to date has indicated the probability that the vein-shear is controlled by local drag-folding.

Jan 1, 1935

By Charles Tkaczuk

In order to remain competitive the mining industry must keep up with changes in technology. Many innovative technologies from the mining perspective are commonplace in other industries. A ?Global? review of technologies will often reveal existing technologies that can be innovatively applied in the mining industry. Industries, which are rife with proven solutions include, medicine, biotechnology, security, manufacturing, telecommunications, etc. This paper addresses the communications aspect of mining where greater productivity, lower costs and the ability to quickly react to mining related events is obtained through an increase in remote monitoring and operating control. A review of the communications systems in place globally reveals technologies that, with minimal modification, can be immediately applied to the mining environment. We discuss the concept, advantages and implementation of existing communications technology from an industry that is not usually associated with the mining industry. This technology will form the basis of a solid platform on which can be built a state-of-the-art process monitoring, control, and communication system. This lays the groundwork for providing one solution to the underground mining industry?s most difficult problem, establishing a reliable, maintainable and cost-effective underground bi-directional wired/wireless data, video and analog communications system. We need look no further than our own doorsteps to find such a solution. The cable that you see coming from the simple green or brown box on the boulevard into your home contains hundreds of television broadcast channels, FM radio channels and data channels. And if you have a set-top box, you are in control of it all. The Cable Television Broadcast Distribution System suppliers of today are at the leading edge of converging all the different methods of communications onto a common carrier, coaxial cable or fibre optic cable. There is no fundamental difference between providing a reliable communications network to a city/neighbourhood/home/personal computer than there is to a mining operation/underground level/equipment or person. The principle is the same. Only the application is different. Realizing this, we can capitalize on the efforts of other industrial sectors, to solve our communications problem. Where else can you find a solution to a problem that is mature, having been developed with the input of thousands of engineers, and having hundreds of millions of dollars spent on research and development, manufacturing, distribution, global presence and engineering support?

May 1, 2003

PROFIL D'ENTREPRISE Léandre Gervais & Associé(e)s est une société d'experts-conseils en ingénierie de la structure, de la mécanique & de la tuyauterie, et de l'électricité et de l'instrumentation. Nous offrons des services hautement spécialisés à notre clientèle des secteurs industriels des mines et de la métallurgie, au Québec, au Canada ainsi que dans plusieurs autres pays du monde. Notre mission est d'assurer à nos clients un ensemble de services d'ingénierie de haute qualité contribuant à la mise en oeuvre et à la réalisation de leurs projets d'affaires. Léandre Gervais & Associé(e)s emploie 36 employés à temps pleins et opère à partir de Val-d'Or, province de Québec. SERVICES OFFERTS Nous avons réalisé de multiples mandats pour notre clientèle de différent pays du monde dans les domaines d'expertise les plus variés : ?Études de faisabilité ; ?Ingénierie conceptuelle ; ?Ingénierie de détail ; ?Gestion de projets ; ?Ré-ingénierie de la maintenance.

May 1, 2001

By Arne Renström

A fleet management system such as Minestar with CAES and Aquila could basically be defined as a tool for production control and distribution of drill and load maps, but should also be considered as continuous improvements and a never ending production study. The objective of production studies is to establish facts to be used for production improvements. In a mine operation there are many issues to improve and they spread from achieving productions plans, drilling precision, improved spotting while loading to equipment utilisation. This gives that there is not one single key value to present; we need to manage information presented on maps, as trends, graphs, tables and pre-calculated data for ?free-use? normally in spread-sheets to be able to turn data into useful information.

May 1, 2003

TSUG Presentation Overview What/Who we are? Objectives & Mandate How to become a member (who qualifies)? Meeting Agenda?s & Frequency Q & A SMART is an association of mining companies that meet regularly to coordinate the technology development needed by the mining industry. Since 1995, the member companies and institutions have directed research and influenced the manufacturers and suppliers to improve surface mining technology and services. SMART actively supports learning seminars, collaborative research projects, and user groups. Members of SMART include some of the major surface mining companies in North America and Australia. These companies have recognized the value that collaboration can bring to the needs of individual organizations as well as the global mining industry.

May 1, 2008

By H. Alzraiee

Traditional planning methods such as CPM and PERT have been useful tools to manage construction projects. However, the underlying model of these traditional methods often seems to fail to represent real projects as they tend to assume no interrelationship between project components. In reality, project components have complex dynamic feedback process that requires modeling of inherent uncertainty in the execution of these projects. Nevertheless, this dynamic nature and uncertainty have not been explicitly addressed by traditional planning methods. Project failure can be attributed to poor representation of the inner and outer aspects of operations that are responsible for project dynamics. Uncontrollable external forces are often cited but the real cause may be internal such as the feedback process among components of the project. An alternative perspective is offered in this paper through system dynamics (SD) that accounts for the feedback process and discrete event simulation (DES) for modeling the uncertainty. The proposed method utilizes SD method for modeling project dynamics and DES method coupled with CPM network for operational details and uncertainty, respectively. A case study that involves preparing engineering drawings in a design office is used to demonstrate the use of the developed method and to highlight its capabilities. Modeling the dynamic dimension is expected to enhance planning and scheduling of construction operations and to provide a better understanding of the impact of various internal and external factors on project schedule and productivity performance.

Aug 1, 2013

By J. W. Merks

"The accuracy of a measurement on minerals and ores can be assured by applying suitable and unbiased procedures but its precision is a function of the number of primary increments and their mass, the number of lots per consignment or samples per shift, and the number of measurements on analysis fine samples.Experimental data will be used to show how the variance components for sampling, sample preparation and analysis contribute to the total variance on which precision statements for the final measurement are based. This type of experiment should not only form part of quality control programs at mines and smelters, but also underly the criteria on which the design of manual sampling regimes and mechanical sampling systems for bulk solids and slurries should be based.Sampling systems and regimes can only be adjusted and optimized if the variance component for each step in a quality evaluation process is measured. Knowledge of precision characteristics lies at the core of effective loss prevention and control programs."

Jan 1, 1985

By CIM Mineral Resource, Mineral Reserve Committee

These Leading Practice Guidelines for Mineral Processing (LPGMP) were prepared by the Sub-Committee on Leading Practice Guidelines for Mineral Processing. The Sub-Committee reports to the Executive Committee of the Canadian Mineral Processors (CMP) which is a Technical Society of the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy, and Petroleum (CIM) and incorporates those members of the CIM who are concerned with the processing of mineral deposits. The LPGMP covers the involvement of mineral processing professionals, referred to as Practitioners in this document, in providing inputs to the estimation of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves and providing technical content for internal reports as well as public reports on mineral projects as required under National Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (NI 43-101). The LPGMP supplement the CIM Exploration Practice Guidelines (2018) and the CIM Estimation of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves Practice Guidelines (2019) which are referenced in Companion Policy 43-101CP to NI 43-101 and recognized internationally. The LPGMP consist of 3 sections: • Principles of Process Support in Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves Estimation; • Appendix A – Use of Supporting Studies in Process Evaluation and Assessment for NI 43-101 Documentation; • Appendix B – Glossary of Terms Relevant to the LPGMP. The LPGMP deal primarily with the description of leading practice as it applies to the mineral processing and extraction of base metals, precious metals, and other mineral products by the application of mineral processing technology. Other commodities may be considered with future updates of these guidelines. It is expected that this is a ‘living’ document and that these guidelines will develop in the future to address the requirements of the mining industry, investing public, and mining professionals involved. Clarifications and changes to these guidelines will be done under the guidance of the Executive Committee of the CMP.

Nov 25, 2022