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By Ralph H. Cleland

GENERALLY speaking, the Industry lost ground in 1941 in its accident experience. Though the frequency of compensation accidents was but slightly higher than in the previous year and well below past experience, our fatality rate shot up to that obtaining in 1938, and the average cost per man employed was the highest for some time. The number of fatalities was 56 in 1941 as against 33 in 1940. The average cost of compensation per man employed was $34.25 in 1941 as against $28.43. There was but a slight increase in the number of men employed. Accident prevention efforts were maintained, as shown by our frequency, but our accidents were of a more serious nature. In a period of considerable labour turnover, with many new men entering the Industry, especially the base-metal division, and much mental distraction, we might well have expected a high rate of accidents. That this did not occur is a tribute to managers, supervisors, and workmen alike. We all regret the high fatality rate and one must consider why this occurred. So far as it is possible to determine, there is no apparent explanation. There were no disasters. The accidents occurred to the same class of work-men, both in respect to jobs and age groups, and from the same age-old causes that we all know so well. Luck is a big factor in the seriousness of an accident; the solution lies in preventing accidents, even first-aid cases. Generally speaking, if minor accidents do not occur, major accidents do not occur.

Jan 1, 1942

By C. H. Stockwell

"The Precambrian rocks of southeastern Manitoba contain a great variety of mineral deposits, including gold, chromium, copper, nickel, lithium, tin, beryllium, tungsten, and molybdenum. Although considerable interest has been shown from time to time in each of these types of deposit, production to date has been almost entirely in gold. This has had a value of about $26,000,000 and has been derived chiefly from the San Antonio mine, with lesser amounts from the Central Manitoba, Gunnar, Beresford Lake, Ogama-Rockland, Diana, and other properties.Most of the deposits lie within volcanic and sedimentary rocks or within basic intrusions cutting these rocks. These favourable rocks occur in several areas, which have been given local names and are separated from one another by large bodies of granite (Fig. 1).In general, the several areas are characterized by different types of mineralization. Thus, the Rice Lake-Beresford Lake area contains numerous gold deposits and has yielded almost all the gold production to date; the Maskwa River, Euclid Lake, and Oiseau River areas are, on the whole, characterized by deposits of chromium, copper, nickel, lithium, tin, and beryllium; and in the West Hawk Lake area there are deposits of gold, tungsten, molybdenum, and lithium.As might be expected in a district containing such a variety of mineral deposits, the structural conditions controlling their deposition also vary greatly. It is, accordingly, convenient to discuss the structural geology and mineral deposits of each of the more important areas separately."

Jan 1, 1954

By K. B. Han, S. Winkler, M. J. Benoit, M. J. Worswick

"Automotive heat exchangers are fabricated by forming multi-layered aluminum (Al) alloy brazing sheets into the desired geometry and subsequently passing the assembly through a furnace for brazing. As manufacturers seek to use thinner gauge and higher strength sheet to reduce vehicle weight, forming of the Al alloy sheets has become a challenge. Warm forming has previously proven to allay these forming concerns, but no consideration was given to the effect of increasing the forming temperature on brazing. Recently, it was shown that annealed sheet was more susceptible to the detrimental phenomenon of liquid film migration (LFM) during brazing if formed above 150°C, while work hardened sheets showed no increased susceptibility to LFM with increasing forming temperature, up to 250°C. In the current study, the brazing performance of simulated battery cooling plates was investigated. The plates were fabricated both from fully annealed and work hardened sheets. Brazing was assessed by microstructural evolution during a brazing cycle. The post-brazed microstructure varied with strain and forming temperature in plates made from annealed sheets, while no variation in microstructure with location or forming temperature was observed in plates formed from work hardened sheets.INTRODUCTION Since the 1970’s, one common method of fabricating automotive heat exchangers has been by forming multi-layered aluminum (Al) alloy sheets, and subsequently brazing the formed components together in a controlled atmosphere furnace. The Al alloy sheets used are comprised of at least two Al alloys roll bonded together, but can consist of additional layers, depending on the application; at minimum, the sheets are comprised of a core and clad layer. The core layer, often an AA3xxx alloy, remains solid throughout processing and provides strength to the assembly. The clad layer is always one of the AA4xxx series alloys which, due to their high silicon (Si) content, have a melting temperature range well below that of the core alloy. When the sheet is passed through the brazing furnace, the clad alloy melts to provide the brazed joint filler metal throughout the assembly, while the core alloy remains solid. In order to achieve cost and weight savings, heat exchanger fabricators have used Al alloy sheets with reduced thickness. However, deformation and brazing of these increasingly thin components remains a concern (Zhao & Woods, 2013). Furthermore, springback has been observed after forming sheets of higher initial strength (i.e. work hardened conditions), leading to flatness issues of formed components. Consequently, the ability to form high quality brazed joints is difficult in components formed from higher strength brazing sheets."

Jan 1, 2018

By Allan A. Este, Bruce Arthur

"Rio Algom's Stanleigh Mine and Mill Operation Was' officially started up in August 1983. In September 1982, Rio Algom contracted Estonix International Inc. from Lively, Ontario, to develop and implement two innovative programs: (1) Work Renovation Planning, and (2) Systems Performance Training. This paper deals with the development and implementation of these two concepts relative to the plants technology from start-up to present and the exceptional results achieved. This paper discusses how a small but motivated workforce resulted in the smooth transition from startup to full production. It also deals with how these concepts were applied elsewhere in the organization which permitted a successful transition and downsizing of the over-all operation.IntroductionRio Algom Limited produces uranium in Elliot Lake, Ontario. In the late 1970s Rio Algom entered a contract with Ontario Hydro to supply uranium from its Stanleigh property, which had been idle since 1960. The mine was subsequently upgraded, and a new modem mill was designed and built, commencing operation in 1983.From then until September 1990,Rio Algom had three producing mines and mills in the Elliot Lake area. Quirke mill, with a capacity of 6350 tonnes per day, operated continuously from 1968. The Panel mill with a 3000 tonnes per day capacity, operated since 1979. Stanleigh mill continues to operate under long-term contracts, although at a production rate about 25070 lower than its rated capacity of 5000 tonnes per day.Both the Quirke and Panel mills, although not entirely similar, were conventional uranium mills utilizing crushing, grinding, leaching and ion exchange. As such, and in keeping with the traditional management style, there was a rather large mill operating workforce, which utilized a line-of-progression job classification system."

Jan 1, 1993

By I-H. Jung, J. Kim, B. Konar

"The usage of FeNdB permanent magnet, containing Rare earth elements (REEs), is steeply increasing with its demand for wind-turbine and electrical vehicle. The improvement and recycling of the permanent magnet require good understanding of chemistry of all constituent elements. In order to understand the chemical interactions between REEs and Fe, all Fe-RE binary systems have been critically assessed and optimized based on reliable literature data. The Modified Quasichemical Model and Compound energy formalism is employed to model the liquid phase and the solid solutions present in the binary systems respectively. The enthalpy of the liquid and the intermetallic phases showed a systematic trend along the lanthanide series. This helped to mitigate the discrepancies in literature data and also to predict the binary interactions between some less well investigated Fe-RE binary systems. INTRODUCTIONRare Earth elements (REEs) are a group of seventeen elements (including Scandium, Yttrium and the lanthanide series) that exhibit same characteristic chemical and physical properties. These properties make them valuable to the electronic, appliance, green technology, weapon and medical device manufacturing industries. Compounds of REE with other metals (like Co, Fe, Ni etc.) have unique properties of luminescence, thermal and electrical conductivity, magnetism and ability to act as catalysts and polishing compounds (Gschneidner ,2011).They are not only indispensable for some electronic gadgets of today, like computers, music systems, mobile devices, televisions and MRI machines, but also holds a key to more greener technology of the future. They contribute to the development of more efficient and environment friendly version of everyday products such as cars and light bulbs. REE compounds revolutionized the magnet industry by making them smaller and more powerful with increased longevity, and high temperature workability, which are used in motors and generators that power electronics, telecommunications, electric automobiles and turbines(Humphries, 2011)."

Jan 1, 2012

By Alan E. Cameron

WE assemble again today in this comfortable, hospitable Inn to begin this, the 58th, Meeting of our Society. It is just a year ago when last we met but that year was, probably, the most portentious year in the whole history of mankind. In that year, the German 'Atlantic Wall' was broached, the Rhine was crossed, and Germany, as a Nation, has ceased to be. The agony of Europe is over; convalescence may be, probably will be, slow. But blood no longer flows in Europe. Time will heal the sores, cover the scars, regenerate the industries, rebuild the cities, and re-establish the people. True, the war of all wars is not yet over. True, a bloody conflict remains . But, the power of the United Nations now converges on one target. The rain of blood will be heavy. We can hope the storm will be short. The sun is on the horizon. The light of peace 1s in the sky. What of that Peace? Are we ready for it? Have we a 'sure foundation ' for our future world? Are the footings under that foundation broad and substantial? Can we look forward with confidence to a lasting peace and a fruitful life? The United Nations, even as this is being written, are in conference in San Francisco, placing the footings, rearing the foundations for a world edifice. There are bickerings; there are jealousies. The world is tired, and a tired family always squabbles. We can, we must, believe that the decisions they make, the edifices they rear, will be better than anything we each could effect separately. It will be a compromise, probably; it will carry things that will hurt us, just as it will carry things that will hurt others. We can, we must, believe that the good of the whole is a greater good than the good of the part. Each Nation within the United Nations must sacrifice something, each part of each Nation must sacrifice something, each individual within each part of each nation must contribute something, if the whole is to be wholesome. Sacrifice and contribution must be the order of the day if the New World we are about to build is to be worth while. What of Nova Scotia? The world has travelled far in the last year; how far has Nova Scotia gone? Canada has preparations for the Peace under way; what has Nova Scotia done? Is Nova Scotia preparing counter measures for the sacrifices it must make? Is each of us ready to contribute his share?

Jan 1, 1945

By Lewis Finch

Oil and .gas reservoirs exist under pressure within the pore spaces of rock structures or traps. Wells are drilled to produce these reservoirs. Under primary operation, the natural energy of expanding fluids in and adjacent to the reservoir forces or drives oil and gas to the wells. There are three basic sources of energy: dissolved gas, water, and gas cap. Typical recovery by primary methods is only 10 to 25 per cent of the oil in place for the dissolved gas drive but is generally higher for the others. Secondary recovery involves the injection of water or gas to supplement natural energy, thereby increasing recovery over that obtainable by primary operation alone. In many cases ultimate recovery with secondary methods is 1.2 to 2.0 times the expected primary recovery. The type programme adaptable in a field depends on its 'primary performance and on certain reservoir characteristics. In the United States, application of secondary recovery methods is becoming increasingly important. About 22 per cent of United States oil production now comes from fields in which injection projects are operating. In 1953, nearly 1.4 million barrels of oil daily came from such fields, more than double the amount in the early 40's. Ultimate primary recovery from known pools is estimated at roughly 73 billion barrels. Secondary recovery projects already in operation will increase this to almost 80 billion, an increase of almost 10 per cent. Unitized secondary recovery projects have been very successful. From unitized projects alone, industry reserves of oil in the United States have been increased by 3 1/2 billion barrels. In Canada, secondary recovery has not been so wide spread mainly because D-3 reef reservoirs which have held the major reserves are under water drive. However, appreciable amounts of water are being injected in the Redwater D-3, Leduc D-2 and Joarcum Viking reservoirs, and gas in the Golden Spike D-3. In both countries, possible achievements in increased recovery through secondary recovery methods now in use and by new ones which may be developed through research and field trial are a challenge to the scientist and the industry.

Jan 1, 1956

By José L. Carvalho

"Time-dependent swelling deformation of several shaley rock formations in Ontario is a wellknown phenomenon. In shales and mudstones with a higher salt concentration in the pore fluid than the ambient fluid, the outward gradient generates an osmotic pressure which acts as the driving force for swelling. The swelling phenomenon appears to be related to ion exchange between the rock porewater and the surrounding water.The swelling potential is expressed as the percent swelling strain that occurs per log cycle of time, in either the vertical (perpendicular to bedding) or horizontal (parallel to bedding) directions. In addition, the swelling potential is also noted to be stress dependent. In practice, therefore, the conditions required for swelling are (i) the accessibility to water, and (ii) an outward salt concentration gradient from pore fluid of the rock to the ambient fluid. The relief of in-situ rock stress during excavation serves an initiating mechanism (Lo and Micic, 2010).INTRODUCTIONTime-dependent swelling deformation of several shaley rock formations in Ontario is a well-known phenomenon. In shales and mudstones with a higher salt concentration in the pore fluid than the ambient fluid, the outward gradient generates an osmotic pressure which acts as the driving force for swelling. Swelling is also controlled by the inter-particle bonding; if the bond strength exceeds the osmotic pressure, swelling will not occur, and vice-versa. The bond strength can be reflected by the calcite content which forms cementation bond between rock particles."

Jan 1, 2015

By B. M. Monaghan

"The developments of the 1950s and 1960s have seen Canada become an international source of iron ore, trading in all geographical areas and hemispheres. Canada's production will significantly increase in the next decade. However, although the outlook is bright, iron ore producers cannot be complacent. Instead, we must weigh the factors that have brought about the development of the Canadian iron ore industry and examine the probable changes for the next decade that will affect its growth.Looking ahead in the 1970s, competition will be severe. Pressure on prices will continue as new sources of supply bid for long-term contracts and as steel producers continue to develop mines around the world. Rising costs will make these pressures more severe. We must balance the growth of the world's steel makers with the emergence of new supplies of iron ore. The iron ore industry is now part of a new era in which demand and supply are intermeshed, and the developments around the world are acting on the Canadian iron ore industry's future."

Jan 1, 1971

Vast quantities of cosmic material, ranging in size from fine dust to large meteorites and planetoids, have been colliding with and accumulating on the earth since its origin 4.5 billion years ago. There are less than twenty well preserved meteorite craters and Jess than thirty fossil craters or astroblemes on the present face of the earth. On the moon, there are approximately 200,000 craters on the visible face alone -the largest crater being 132 miles in diameter and attaining a depth of 16,000 feet. Making allowances for the different physical conditions on the moon and assuming that these lunar features are of impact origin, the indifference is that, since primeval time, large numbers of celestial objects have also encountered the earth, but that both the topographic expression of the impact and the objects themselves have been destroyed by weathering and erosion. It may be reasonable to suggest that additions of cos-mic bodies have materially altered the chemistry of the earth's crust from place to place and that the impact of large meteorites and asteroids has created zones of weak-ness in the crust that could be the center of magmatic intrusion and mineralization.

Jan 1, 1965

By K. Esmaieli

This paper addresses issues associated with ore pass degradation caused by material impact. A series of numerical experiments, using the particle flow code, were undertaken to investigate the influence of various finger raise configuration. This has allowed the identification of favorable configurations. The results of this analysis, when coupled with field observations, can contribute to the design of ore pass systems that can prolong the useful operating life of ore pass systems.

May 1, 2009

By Farzad Khodabakhshi, Adrian P. Gerlich

"In this article, cold spraying process was utilized to coat the surface of AZ31 magnesium alloy with a layer of AA7075 aluminum alloy. Thereafter, friction-stir processing (FSP) was employed to enhance the microstructure and consolidate the deposited layer. The grain structure and phase morphology were studied along with indentation hardness before and after cold spraying and friction stir processing. The magnesium substrate had an initial hardness of 74 HV which increased to 102 HV after FSP due to refinement of grains to <2 µm. The aluminum coating layer, provided improved surface hardness up to 160 HV, which further increased to 173 HV after FSP was applied.INTRODUCTION Cold spray is a material deposition process which can be used for surface modification, since it deposits material on a metallic substrate with little heating by way of high velocity ballistic impacts. Using cold spray technology, it is possible to deposit a wide range of coatings with various thicknesses by controlling the characteristics of the feeding powder and metal substrate, gas temperature, gas pressure, powder feeding rate, nozzle geometry, and gun traverse velocity. This process has been recently employed for surface modification in various aircraft and automobile structural applications. This has led to a broad range of research using this process for production and modification of different metallic and non-metallic systems. In the present study, cold spray process was used to deposit a uniform layer of aluminum-zinc alloy (AA7075) on the surface of AZ31 magnesium alloy. This coating was subsequently treated by way of friction-stir processing (FSP) as a new post-spraying modification technique to enhance the structural homogeneity and densification of the coated aluminum layer. This method utilizes a non-consumable rotating tool with a specially designed shoulder and pin that is plunged into the surface of metal to be modified and then moved along the direction of interest. The localized frictional heating between the rotating tool and workpiece leads to softening of the materials around the pin, and material extrusion through a complex flow of material from the advancing toward the retreating side the tool. To the author’s best knowledge, only a few reports discuss the modification of a cold sprayed deposit by FSP process. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the cold sprayed layer and substrate before and after FSP modification were examined using optical observations (OM) and indentation hardness testing. Furthermore, the AZ31 alloy substrate alone was treated with FSP as well, for the aim of comparison to the processed coating."

Jan 1, 2017

By J. M. Carr

The history, geological setting and local geology of the Magnum vein system, 100 miles west of Fort Nelson in northeastern British Columbia, are described. The system comprises a number of quartz-ankerite veins, mineralized with chalcopyrite and lesser pyrite, occurring in a steep northeastly zone of deformation and subsequent dike intrusion within otherwise little-deformed Precambrian sedimentary rocks. In April of 1970, Churchill Copper Corporation began producing copper concentrates in a 750-tpd mill fed from the Magnum mine.

Jan 1, 1971

By G. Harper

"AbstractThe Suetut. Copper deposit, 230 miles northwest of Prince George, B.C., was discovered in August of 1971. Subsequent exploration has included 56,417 feet of surface diamond drilling in 139 holes. The deposit occur in gently dipping volcanic rocks of the Upper Triassic Takla Group, which out crops as rugged mountains.The general Mesozoic sequence comprises some 20,000 feet of green and red basaltic to andesitic rocks. The Lower Formation is characterized by subaqueous basalt, andesite and augite porphyry flows with interbedded breccias. They were rapidly deposited in tectonic depressions of limited extent and steep gradients. Facies changes are abundant. The Middle Formation. consists of volcaniclastic rocks made up of fragments from the underlying formation. Two cycles are discernible , both with basal turbiditic, tuffaceous sandstone and shale units overlain by massive, volcanic conglomerates exhibiting graded and cross bedding. A broader, shallower-water basin is indicated. The top of the uppermost unit was subaerially deposited. The Upper Formation is a variable sequence of volcanic sedimentary rocks. Detritus was supplied from a wide source area and included multiple reworked fragments of the lower formations and material from other rock groups known in the region. Zeolite facies metamorphism is recognized throughout: the entire sequence. Epidote is particularly abundant in the Middle Formation, demonstrating the results of metasomatism.The mineralized zone is approximately concordant with the strata over 100-200 feet of the Middle Formation succession . It lies just below the zone of transition from subaqueous to subaerial deposition in the top unit. Hematite, chalcocite, pyrite, bornite, chalcopyrite and native copper are disseminated throughout all sizes of lithic fragments and matrix. Concentration into the specific zone is believed to be due to upward leaching of copper during lowgrade metamorphic and metasomatic reaction. Precipitation occurred in the zone of hydration characterized by prehnite-pumpellyite below the oxidized subaerial rocks."

Jan 1, 1977

By J. G. Lang

"This paper gives an outline of the principles used in E.M. wire rope testing, showing the practical application of the device and its value in industry and in mining operations.It presents: case histories involving deterioration, such as corrosion, peening and broken wires; anomalies indicating conditions peculiar to drum hoists and friction hoists; tests of locked coil ropes; low-frequency testing; and experiments and development."

Jan 1, 1969

By N. A. Jabit

The dissolution behaviour of ilmenite in acid solutions has been studied by many researchers to improve the leaching efficiency. Most studies which utilized natural ilmenite from different origins resulted in different reactivity due to the alteration caused by the weathering process. Previous researchers have suggested that the greater reactivity shown by some ilmenite samples towards sulphuric acid may be a result of the mineral being relatively unaltered. In the present study a rotating synthetic ilmenite disc of 2.2 cm diameter was subjected to leaching studies in hydrochloric acid. The dissolution rates of iron and titanium from synthetic ilmenite were determined in hydrochloric acid solutions (4 M to 9 M) over a temperature range of 50 to 80°C. Results show that the rate of dissolution of both iron and titanium increased with the increase in acid concentration. However, the rates decreased with time and obeyed a parabolic rate law indicating the blockage of the surface by an insoluble product. The rates of dissolution of both iron and titanium were higher in the presence of SnCl2 and remained unaffected with time indicating the reductive role of SnCl2 which inhibits the formation of surface blocking solids. Application to natural ilmenite is also discussed.

Jan 1, 2014

By J. T. McGrath, R C. A Thruston

The structural changes which take place in polycrystalline copper under the action of alternating cycles of torsion stress were studied, using the optical microscope and the X-ray dif-fraction camera, and an attempt was made to correlate them with changes in the shape of the cyclic stress-strain curve. It was found that the period of work-hardening was less than one per cent of the fatigue life, and that persistent surface marking, which are assumed to be incipient or actual microcracks, occur upon completion of work-hardening. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed considerable grain distortion at the completion of work-hardening in specimens cycled at a high strain amplitude. This distortion became progressively less as the strain amplitude de-creased. Mechanisms for the completion of work-hardening and the formation of microcracks are discussed.

Jan 1, 1962

By S. Parkash, A. J. Szladow

Vigorous agitation of suspensions of coking coals in water (or light mineral oils) will often result in catast rophic loss of caking properties. It is shown that this deterioration is not a consequence of oxidation of the coals (by dissolved oxygen), but that it can be qualitatively connected with internal "solid-state" reactions which appear to derive their activation energies from cavitation of the liquid.

Jan 1, 1971

By Robert J. Mitchell

A general approach to mine backfill design, including laboratory testing procedures, is outlined in this paper. Relationships between certain design parameters are developed and the effect of other factors is discussed. It is concluded that the inclusion of backfill design calculations at an early stage of mine design can often produce over-all design economies. Not only are the data needed for backfill plant and tailings disposal area design, but also the pillar recovery method and over-all mine stability are dependent on the attainable fill properties.

Jan 1, 1979

By J. W. Reynolds

Introduction The Sullivan mine, at Kimberley, B.C., is the principal source of ore for the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited. Current production amounts to about 2,500,000 tons of lead-zinc ore a year. With approximately 1,600,000 feet of percussion drilling and 700,000 feet of diamond drilling being carried on each year, any improvements in drilling practice are important. Testing of new equipment and drill bits is a major function of the Testing Department at the mine. Tungsten carbide bits have been the subject of many tests since 1947 and have been used in operations since 1948. This paper details with the methods of testing and gives comparative data on performance and costs for tungsten carbide bits as compared to steel bits. Operational use of tungsten carbide bits started in April, 1948, and the extent of application has increased considerably since that time. The scale of employment is illustrated in Table I, which also shows other statistics on the use of carbide bits. Up to the present time eighteen types of carbide bits or tipped steel, as made by six different manufacturers, have been tested. In general, one supplier&apos;s bits have been used in operations, but some large-scale operational tests have been carried out with other types. The types tried are shown in Table II. To date they have been, the subject of 33 tests, covering the destruction of 804 bits over an observed footage of 42,586 feet.

Jan 1, 1951