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By R. W. Raymond

THE absence of a convenient glossary of terms connected with mining and metallurgy has long been felt by the general public. It is to meet this want, not to furnish a technical manual for experts, that the following glossary has been prepared. It originated in an attempt on my part to revise for publication the manuscript of a compilation prepared from the appendix of Yale's work on Mining Titles and one or two other sources, to serve as an appendix to a new work on mining law, about to be published by Mr. H. N. Copp, of Washington, D. C. This revision soon assumed, contrary to my original intention, the proportions of a reconstruction; and with the consent of Mr. Copp, and for the purpose of receiving from my fellow-members valuable aid, I presented my still incomplete work as a paper at the Lake Superior meeting of the Institute, inviting from any quarter suggestions of new terms or better definitions to be incorporated in the glossary before its final publication. This invitation was so widely and generously responded to, that I cannot undertake to make in this place individual acknowledgments to those members of the Institute, and professional colleagues outside of it, who have favored me with assistance and advice. The labor bestowed upon this paper since its presentation at the Lake Superior meeting has considerably exceeded that of its first preparation, as may be inferred from its great increase in length, as well as the numerous alterations which it has undergone. It could certainly be still further enlarged and improved; but I think a comparison of it with any of the glossaries of the same class now in print will show, at least, that it is an advance upon what has hitherto been accomplished. 1 shall be grateful, however, for further criticisms and suggestions; and I purpose at some future time to incorporate in a supplementary paper the results of such additional collections or corrections as I may obtain. To avoid too great prolixity, I adopted at the outset the following general principles: 1. To include the most important technical words and phrases used by American miners and metallurgists, or occurring in English books and periodicals.

Jan 1, 1881

A small group of members of the Institute headed by W. H. Shockley, has insistently demanded that the Institute submit to the members for letter ballot the question of our using in our publications and corre-spondence certain so-called "simplified spellings." The principal argu-ment in favor of this proposal is written by Mr. Shockley and will be submitted in full to the membership for ballot. It rests chiefly on the desirability of saving the time of school children in the learning of the spelling of the English language. A sample of correspondence had with one of the gentlemen on this subject is given herewith in order that members may see what the correspondence and publications of the Institute would look like if we adopted the proposals. This sample was chosen at random: "Onse I condemd the report ov a president of the Institute. He did not pruve his case even on paper-"a hot air profet," I sed. Time has pruved he was." "I rote yu about the muvement to better the spelling in the Institute Bulletin, etc., neglecting to say some things that I mite hav said and things hav happened since which no member ov a democratically governed society shoud stand without protest."

Jan 12, 1919

By W. R. Ingalls

In reviewing the history of the metallurgy of zinc, I shall pass hastily over what is only of antiquarian interest. That has been excellently treated by Dr. Bernhard Neumann in "Die Metalle" (1904) and has been described briefly in my "Production and Properties of Zinc" (1902), in my "Lead and Zinc in the United States " (1908), and in other metallurgical works of more or less the same date. In this present monograph, I have it in mind to confine myself mainly to technical practice, especially to that of the last 75 years, prior to which period advance was slow and of no great moment. The ancients made brass by the cementation process, i.e., embedding copper in a mixture of calamine and carbon and heating, whereby zinc oxide was reduced and zinc was vaporized and combined with the copper. Zinc was isolated by some of the alchemists, who named it and knew something of its properties, but made no use of it. Long before then, however, zinc was produced in India. Later it was produced in southern China. Possibly the Chinese obtained their knowledge from India. The Chinese in remote places still produce small quantities of zinc. I have seen photographs of their furnaces; or pots, for they hardly deserve the dignity of being called furnaces. I imagine that they are the same that were used centuries ago, for I cannot conceive of anything more primitive. Anyway, it is certain that the idea of a commercial production of zinc in Europe was imported from the Orient, where the metal was known in commerce as Speauter and Spiauter, whence speltrum and finally our term spelter. Tutanego and Tuteneague are other old names. Dr. Isaac Lawson went to China about 1730, expressly to discover the method of its production. What connection there was between Isaac Lawson and John Champion we do not know, but the latter obtained in 1739 a patent for a process of distillation downward and at some time between 1740 and 1743 erected a works at Bristol and actually began the manufacture of spelter. A production of 200 tons per annum is mentioned. In about the year 1766, Rishop Watson visited the Champion works and saw the process in operation, which previously had been

Jan 1, 1937

The presentation of the John Fritz Medal to Professor Henry M. Hone will take place in the auditorium of the Engineering Societies? Building, 29 West 39t,h Street, New York, at 8:30 o'clock on the evening, of May 10. It is hoped that many members of the Institute will be able to attend this ceremony, and the committee desires to make special mention of the fact that ladies are cordially invited to be present.

Jan 5, 1917

By L. D. Ricketts

' In recent years the metallurgical field of the copper industry has expanded greatly, the copper ores have become lean add diverse in charactcr, and we are obliged to treat such ores on a very large scale. On the commercial side, the operating and consulting staffs of the great mining companies have been enlarged and organized, and no great capital expenditure is decided upon until it has been investigated and recommended by a highly organized force of specialists as a committee. I believe that in the scientific field and in the most valuable proceedings of our -various societies the old idea of one-man point of view and one-man treatment of principle and detail together has been splendidly developed and should continue, but for the advancement of our art we should deliberately discuss subjects among ourselves in order to do away with the idiosyncrasies of the individual and to gain a composite view reprcscnting the best thoughts of many men. In the development of new ideas leading to the introduction of new methods, the societies could enlarge their present great field of usefulness if such discussion be had, and in my opinion further great good could be done if a number of men of different qualifications and experience would join in preparing a joint book, each dealing with his particular problem, but consulting the other men. In this way individualism would be preserved and various processes would be described, and if properly reviewed the paper would be palpably capable of analysis, and the student would have at his command the associated efforts of a group of qualified engineers. I have neither the time nor the qualifications to make an investigation and study in detail of hydro-metallurgical processes, but for some years I have foreseen the development of such processes, and I have a deep interest in the subject and have given some of its phases careful consideration from a long-distance viewpoint. I have assisted in directing many experiments and in reviewing the merits of many processes, and am glad to make some introductory remarks with the understanding that other gentlemen present will freely and candidly enter into the discussion and help to fill out the few bare bones that I can uncover.

Jan 1, 1916

By Eugene A. Stephenson

NUMBER of noteworthy events in the petroleum industry may be reported for 1941, of which the most spectacular was doubtless the rise in the daily rate of crude-oil production to a peak of approximately 4,300,000 barrels. This enormous daily rate did not ensue from the furor of flush pools but represented for the most part merely a slight additional daily delivery from many wells that had previously been operated on a more restricted basis, in line with good conservation practice and also from the adroit increase in the number of days per week by the Texas Railroad Commission. Another important fact was the increase in price throughout the Mid-Continent area from the static level of $1.02 for 36°, A.P.I., crude, to $1.17 per barrel. Efforts to elevate the price above this point have met with severe opposition from the O.P.A.. as has also a similar effort by the PennsyIvania Crude Oil Producers' Association, but the vastly increased costs for materials and labor may shortly give the industry the enhanced price which it has long deserved.

Jan 1, 1942

By Herbert Kilburn Scott

The information in this paper was collected by the author during a five years' residence in the State of Minas Geraes. Outside the State itself, very little is known of the gold-field. Such accounts as have been published are antiquated and contained in publications mostly out of print. The increased attention now attracted to the natural resources of Brazil, and the probability that American capital will be, in the near future, largely invested there, will make an up-to-date account specially useful at this time. I. Historical and General. Soon after the Jesuits founded what is to-day the city of S?o Paulo, gold was discovered in the streams of the neighborhood; and this incited the natives, known as paulistas, to look for it farther afield. After many expeditions into the interior, gold was found in quantity in placer-deposits in the vicinity of Ouro Preto, in 1699, by a prospecting party headed by Antonio Dias. The name of Ouro Preto (black gold) was given because of the superficial dark coating of the gold, and the inhabitants of the district were known as mineiros (miners). Later on, the placers of Cuiaba, in the State of Matto Grosso, were discovered in 1718, and those of the State of Goyaz in 1724. All this territory was at the time a private colony, but on account of its increasing importance it was taken over by the Crown, and in 1739 a royal governor was appointed, with his nominal capital in S?o Paulo, though for a number of years the real capital was Ouro Preto. In 1711 Ouro Preto was raised to the rank of a city, with the name of Villa Rica de Ouro Preto (" rich city of black gold"); and in 1720, by reason of administrative difficulties, Minas Geraes was constituted a separate colony from S?o Paulo, with Villa Rica as its capital. The site of this city

Jan 1, 1903

By W. WANJUKOW, H. O. Hofman

(New York Meeting, February, 1313.) I. INTRODUCTION. IN the metallurgical treatment of most metallic sulphides it is usually necessary to carry on a roasting-operation. In some cases the raw ore will have to be roasted.; in others the intermediary product, matte, produced in smelting the ore; again, both ore and matte may have to be subjected to oxidation at elevated temperatures. Most metallic sulphides, when given an oxidizing-roast, pass through the state of sulphate before they are converted into oxides. All metallic sulphates are completely decomposed by heat, with the exception of those of lead and bismuth, but the temperatures at which decompositions take place vary with the metals. Some metallic sulphates are converted directly into oxides, others first form basic salts. Alkali-earth sulphates show a behavior similar to that of metallic sulphates, while alkali sulphates do not part with their sulphur trioxide even at elevated roasting-temperatures. The older data on the decomposition of metallic sulphates by beat are only approximations. Thus Kerl 1 gives the order in which metallic sulphates are decomposed with increasing temperatures as (Ag2, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, CO, Mn, Pb) SO4. More recent statements give definite temperatures and modify the formerly accepted order of decomposition. But the temperatures given by various observers do not agree. The reasons for this are to be found mainly in the method and manner of carrying out experiments. Four methods have been used: 1. Heating in an evacuated tube; 2, heating in a tube closed at one end, without air-cur-

Sep 1, 1912

By William L. Fink, Kent R. Van Horn

Zinc is one of the effective elements introduced to enhance the strength of aluminum. This strengthening is principally attributable to the high solid solubility of zinc in aluminum and the pronounced variation of solubility with temperature. Consequently an accurate determination of the solid solubility curve is desirable. The solid solubility relations have been studied by numerous investigators. Shepherd1 first established the existence of a solid solution region at the aluminum end of the diagram (-v phase) by specific volume and microscopic determinations. Bauer and Voge12 published a constitutional diagram which showed the limits of solid solubility as determined by thermal and microscopic methods. Hanson and Gayler3 presented the aluminum-zinc diagram which is now most generally accepted (Fig. 1). Chill-cast samples were given thermal treatments designed to obtain equilibrium conditions, quenched, and microscopically examined. The solubility was placed between 15 to 20 per cent at 60" C., 20 to 22 per cent at 140" C. and 36 to 38 per cent at 270" C. Sander and Meissner decidedly modified the limits of the -y phase field of Hanson and Gayler's diagram by using similar methods on chill-cast specimens annealed for a shorter period of time. Tanabe,s utilizing dynamic hard-ness, electrical conductivity and dilatometric measurements of specimens at temperature, obtained values comparable to Hanson and Gayler's at room temperature, but appreciably lower at higher temperatures. Nishimura6 concluded from age-hardening results of aluminum-zinc alloy chill castings, which had been quenched from 400" to 500" C., that the solubility of zinc in aluminum at room temperature is less than 5 * Metallurgical Division, Aluminum Research Laboratories. 1 E. S. Shepherd: Aluminum-Zinc Alloys, Jnl, phys. Chem. (1905) 9, 504. 2 0. Bauer and 0. Vogel: Aluminum-Zinc Alloys, Int. Jn1. Melallog. (1916) 8, 101. 3 D. Hanson and M. V. L. Gayler: A Further Study of the Alloys of Aluminum and Zinc. Jnl. Inst. Met. (1922) 27, 267. 4 W. Sander and K. L. Meissner: ZII~ Kenntnis der Konstitution der Aluminium-Zinklegierungen. Ztsch. f. Metallkunde (1922) 14, 385. 4 T. Tanabe: Studies in the Aluminum-Zinc System, Jnl. Inst. Met. (1924) 32, 415 6 H. Nishimura: On the Age-Hardening of Aluminum-Rich Al-Zn Alloys. Mem. Kyoto Imp. Univ. (1924) 3, 133.

Jan 1, 1932

By Anthony F. Lucas

Certain geological indications at Glady's station, four miles south of Beaumont, on the Sabine and East Texas railway (a branch of the Southern Pacific) induced me to undertake a thorough test of that locality by means of a well. I had been making reconnoissances for nearly two years in that part of Texas, before deciding upon this supreme effort. Three previous attempts had been made in the same place: one in 1894 by Messrs. Sharp & Co.; one in 1896 by Mr. J. Looney; and one in 1898 by Messrs. Savage Bros. They had all failed to pass though the immense thickness (500 ft.) of quicksand which underlies the surface soil, clay, etc. At first, I employed the system of boring which I had previously used in the Louisiana salt-deposits.* But I soon found that this method was inadequate, without modification, to deal with the quicksand. Accordingly, I adopted the use of large and heavy castings, and pipes of 12, 10, 8, 6 and 4 in. diameter, successively telescoped one into the other. Boring was begun by Messrs. Hamill Bros., of Corsicana, contractors, about the middle of October, 1900; and on January 10,1901, after many difficulties, a layer of rock containing marine shells was reached, at the depth of 1160 ft. For 150 ft. immediately above, the drill had passed through layers of sandstone and concretions of limestone. At this time there was about 600 ft. of 4-in. pipe, weighing at least 6 tons, in the well; and this, together with the next (6-in.) casing above, was filled with water. When the rock was penetrated the well " blew out," lifting the whole of the 4in. pipe. Mr. Hamill was on the top of the 60-ft. derrick when

Jan 1, 1902

By R. J. Wysor

MoRe than two years ago, in making efficiency tests on our hot-blast stoves, I was surprised to discover a marked difference in temperature as indicated by a pyrometer inserted near a stove on blast, and the regular recording instrument situated near the bustle pipe. A special hole was then provided at the junction of the hot-blast main and the bustle pipe, and portable pyrometers with bare fire ends were used, both at this point and in the stove necks. I had occasion to make a number of such tests on various stoves on the same, furnace, the difference in temperature as shown by the two pyrometers varying chiefly with the temperature of the blast, and the distance of the stove from the furnace. However, this difference was always great, often averaging above 100" F., for the entire period of a stove on blast. Later, experiments were made with similar results on another group of stoves. The pyrometers used were properly standardized and checked against each other before and after each test. However, there was still a slight doubt as to the accuracy of the results obtained, as subsequently explained. But I have obtained corroboration of the magnitude of heat losses from blast-furnace hot-blast mains from two independent sources. I have learned from H. A. Brassert, Superintendent of Blast Furnaces, South Works, Illinois Steel Co., that he has recently done some experimental work similar to my own, and found temperature drops of the same order of magnitude. Also, C.,R. Lyle, of the Armstrong Cork Co., has made some interesting theoretical calculations, based on the thermal conductivity of fire brick, for the particular conditions of several of our tests; and his theoretical interpolations, all facts being considered, check our actual observations fairly well. I understand that Mr. Lyle expects to publish the results of his investigations. Method of Conducting the Tests The location of the pyrometer fire ends is shown in Fig. I, a plan of Bethlehem Steel Co.'s "G" blast furnace, hot-blast stoves, and main. Bare fire ends were used at both positions "A" and "B," being inserted

Jan 1, 1916

Organization Place Date 1919 American Railway Engineering Association Chicago, 111. Mar. 18-20 Society of Industrial Engineers New York, N. Y. Mar. 18-21 American Electrochemical Society New York, N. Y. Apr. 3-5 National Foreign Trade Council Chicago, Ill. Apr. 24-26 American Iron and Steel Institute New York, N. Y. May American Institute of Electrical Engineers Lake Placid, N. Y. June

Jan 3, 1919

By J. L. Jernegan

In this paper I propose to give a short and, I must confess, a rather incomplete description, as regards many details, of the process used in Chicago, Ill., for smelting the argentiferous ores of the far West, and shall confine myself in this description, principally, to the process used at the Chicago Silver Smelting and Refining Company's Works, known as the Balbach process, as all the other smelting works in that city follow the same method, with the exception of one, which has the Cordurié process for the desilverization of argentiferous lead. In all, there are five silver smelting and refining works in and near the city of Chicago. The Chicago Silver Smelting and Refining Company's Works are situated at the little station of South Lynne, about seven miles south from Chicago. The plant at these works consists of one horizontal steam-engine, principally used for running the ore pulverizer, four reverberatory smelting-furnaces, connected by horizontal flues with a common chimney 85 feet high, three lead-softening furnaces, one so-called zinc or mixing furnace, one separating furnace or liquation hearth, one lead-refining furnace, three zinc distillation retorts, one English cupellation furnace, supplied with blast by a No. 3 Sturtevant blower, which is run by a small steam-engine having a vertical tubular boiler, and an assay office, in which there are two windfurnaces of the ordinary construction, and also a small muffle furnace. The assay office is supplied with all the necessary apparatus and reagents for fire assaying. There are also a superintendent's office, various store-rooms for coke and charcoal, and for the preparation of fire-clay, etc. Recently a small slag hearth (Krummofen) with one tuyere, has been put up for the purpose of working over such slags as assay too high in silver and lead to be thrown away, of which there are large amounts. The principal ore worked while I was in the employ of the company was that of the well known Emma mine in Utah, and also small quantities of Colorado ore. The character of the Emma ore is well known to most members of the Institute. In consists principally of ferruginous mixtures of carbonate and oxide of lead, oxide

By J. L. Jernegan

IN this paper I propose to give a short and, I must confess, a rather incomplete description, as regards many details, of the process used in Chicago, Ill., for smelting the argentiferous ores of the far West, and shall confine myself in this description, principally, to the process used at the Chicago Silver Smelting and Refining Company's Works, known as the Balbach process, as all the other smelting works in that city follow the same method, with the exception of one, which has the Cordurié, process for the desilverization of argentiferous lead. In all, there are five silver smelting and refining works in and near the city of Chicago. The Chicago Silver Smelting and Refining Company's Works are situated at the little station of South Lynne, about seven miles south from Chicago. The plant at these works consists of one horizontal steam-engine, principally used for running the ore pulverizer, four reverberatory smelting-furnaces, connected by horizontal flues with a common chimney 85 feet high, three lead-softening furnaces, one so-called zinc or mixing furnace, one separating furnace or liquation hearth, one lead-refining furnace, three zinc distillation retorts, one English cupellation furnace, supplied with blast by a No. 3 Sturtevant blower, which is run by a small steam-engine having a vertical tubular boiler, and an assay office, in which there are two wind-furnaces of the ordinary construction, and also a small muffle furnace. The assay office is supplied with all the necessary apparatus and reagents for fire assaying. There are also a superintendent's office, various store-rooms for coke and charcoal, and for the preparation of fire-clay, etc. Recently a small slag hearth (Krummofen) with one tuyere, has been put up for the purpose of working over such slags as assay too high in silver and lead to be thrown away, of which there are large amounts. The principal ore worked while I was in the employ of the company was that of the well known Emma mine in Utah, and also small quantities of Colorado ore. The character of the Emma ore is well known to most members of the Institute. In consists principally of ferruginous mixtures of carbonate and oxide of lead, oxide

Jan 1, 1874

By W. R. Ingalls

WHEN I was a boy, political economy was taught in the old fashioned New England high school that I attended. I still possess my text-book, an abridgment of one of the old classics, and, I referred to it a few days ago. It began with the definition that "political economy is the science which investigates the' nature of wealth, and the laws which govern its production, exchange and distribution." That definition of 50 years ago strikes me still as being a good one. In college I sat under Francis A. Walker, the greatest of American economists. I still have his old text-book, which begins with substantially the same definition as Fawcett, but adds that "political economy has to do with no other subject, whatever, than wealth." As so developed economics was a dry study which captivated but few. It was characterized as the dismal science. It seemed to lead nowhither. . This was perhaps due to the inadequacy of the data available to economists. Consequently, their discussions and deduc-tions were founded largely on conjecture and assump-tions. Naturally this resulted in differences in the formulation of doctrines. There were controversies respecting the nature and influences of money, over the derivation of wages, over the principles of laissez faire (letting things take their own course) over the Malthusian doctrine, and so forth. Amid all this there was one great fundamental law universally recognized, namely the law of supply and demand, which ranks with the law of gravitation and the law of the conservation of energy among the great fundamen-tal laws of nature. The law of supply and demand is the one thing in economics upon which we may fix our eyes as upon the lode star. In the course of time we have fallen out of agreement with Walker's doctrine that political economy has to do with no other subject than wealth. Although it is indeed the science of the production and distribution of wealth we can see that many things pertain to that subject and that economics links hands closely with engineering, biology, and psychology. It is probably the recognition of this that caused the study and exposi-tion of economics to acquire such a strong sociological

Jan 6, 1923

By Walter Barnum

AS a member of the Institute and as the president of the National Coal Association, I come before you today in a dual role. As an Institute mem-ber I welcome the opportunity to make complimentary reference to the growing support which bituminous coal operators are giving to programs looking to the advancement of the engineering profession, and to suggest plans whereby these programs may be enlarged to mutual advantage. As a representative of the bitu-minous industry, it gives me special pleasure to express the appreciation of the industry for the services ren-dered to it by members of your profession. Needless to say, there is a close relationship between the engineer and the coal operator. With increasing frequency and in the interests of the industry, the engineer is becoming more of a factor in the business of producing coal. I need look no further for an out-standing example of this encouraging trend than to Samuel A. Taylor, who not only is a bituminous coal producer but also has risen to such eminence in the engineering profession as to have been chosen the head of this great body of technical men, the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. There are many coal operators whom I might mention as having achieved distinction in the engineering world, such as Howard. N. Eavenson, chairman of the .Coal and Coke Committee. And I would be guilty of a serious .oversight if I failed to make reference to Eckley B. Coxe, one of the founders of the Institute in 1871, a prominent anthracite operator and credited with several important inventions. While it is true that a. considerable number of execu-tives of coal-producing companies in this country came up through the engineering ranks. the proportion of mine executives in England, France, and Germany who are graduate engineers is much larger than it is in the United States. In France all members of the staff are engineers and such is the case in Germany up to the owner of the mine. In Germany the owner is not so frequently an engineer as is the rule in France.

Jan 3, 1927

By Robert :H. . Lesemann

I recently gave a talk at a seminar on mine development in the Eighties. I had to present CRU' s long-range market outlook for copper, lead, zinc, nickel, molybdenum and silver. In reviewing the recent history of each metal, and our projections, I tried to find some common pattern of behavior that could prove a guide in projecting future market behavior. When you sweep aside your input-output models and econometric equations, what you seem to be left with is this: "When a market goes through a prolonged period of price weakness, you can usually look forward to a period of considerable improvement. " "When a market goes through a prolonged period of price strength, you can always anticipate a prolonged period of price weakness." Stated another way, "The better things are, the worse they will get."

Jan 1, 1982

By C. K. Leith

THE resolution presented at the Annual Meeting of the A.I.M.E., calling on Congress to provide now for postwar accumulation of mineral stock piles under Government control, expresses, I think, the nearly unanimous view of the mining industry. As a result of the trying experiences of the first World War, Mr. Baruch, in his report of Dec. 24, 1919, to the President, urged that steps be taken at once to ensure adequate supplies of raw materials for future emergency. In the twenty years that followed, the same program was vigorously urged on Congress by many individuals and agencies, public and private, including the Secretaries of War and Navy, many members of Congress, the Bureau of Mines, the Planning Committee for Mineral Policy appointed by President Roosevelt, the A.I.M.E., the Mining and Metallurgical Society, and others.

Jan 1, 1943

By C. A. Heiland

THIS year's review of geophysical activities has a somewhat different complexion than usual. With the ending of the war, the time seems opportune to supplement the customary report on operations and discoveries in oil and mine exploration by a review out-lining the contributions of geophysicists to the. war effort. To give as much space as possible to the latter, presented as Part 2, some of the usual review features have been omitted from the statistical section, given as Part 1 immediately following.

Jan 1, 1946

By Sumner M. Anderson

Anderson: Will, I have known you for only the past 30 years of your extraordinary mining career, and have often wondered just how it got started. Wright: I suppose you might say it was largely a matter of heritage. My father, who in 1886 was one of the founders of the Michigan College of Mines, was Michigan State Geologist until his un- timely death in 1888.

Jan 8, 1968