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POSITIONS VACANT (Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons.) Junior and assistant engineers at $100 to $125 per month; assistant foremen and underground shift bosses at $150 per month; wanted for a large copper company in the West. Good opportunity for advancement. No. 77. ENGINEERS AVAILABLE (Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons introduced by members.) Member, graduate engineer, aged 44, with over 22 years' experience in connection with the development of large coal and coke properties in different parts of the country, desires position as general manager or general superintendent of large bituminous coal producer, or will take an interest and the management of a smaller operation. No. 258.

Jan 4, 1916

By A. L. Holley

THE intention of this paper is not to discuss this important subject in all its bearings, but merely to point out why mechanical tests of steel, as ordinarily made, are not, alone, of any special value to engineers-certainly not to general mechanical engineers. The agents of the Barrow Hematite Steel Company, one of the largest and most successful Bessemer establishments in England, have recently distributed a report, made by Sir William Fairbairn,

Jan 1, 1874

ENGINEERS AVAILABLE (Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons introduced by members) Graduate mining and metallurgical engineer now open for engagement. Member, 38 years old, married, 19 years' experience in United States, Europe, South America, Africa, in exploration work, surveying, assaying, mining, milling, ore-dressing, construction and management. Four languages mastered. No. 355. Member, aged 35, technical graduate, desires position -as superintendent or assistant superintendent of spelter or zinc oxide furnaces, or both. Gas producer experience, zinc metallurgical and laboratory experience. Can handle men. No. 356. Member, also Assoc. Mem. Am. Soc. of C. E.; excellent technical education, and best of references covering twelve years in responsible charge of work; experienced in surveys, construction, prospecting, mine examination and development and irrigation work; speak Spanish fluently, and can write a good report. Good executive. Available during June. Age 34; married. No. 357.

Jan 6, 1917

Under the joint auspices of the Illuminating Engineering Society and the University of Pennsylvania there will be given about 20 lectures covering the general principles of illumination and the aspects of lighting practice. They will be held at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, from Sept. 21 to 28, 1916, inclusive. The subject of illumination of mines will be included in this series, which will be delivered by men selected on account of their qualifications to deal authoritatively with the several phases of the subject. In connection with the lectures there will be an exhibition of the latest developments in illuminating appliances, including lamps, accessories, photometers, together with novel applications of light. There will also be an inspection tour which will include visits to manufacturing establishments, laboratories, lighting companies and notable lighting installations. For further particulars apply to the Illuminating Engineering Society, 29 West 39th Street, New York City.

Jan 6, 1916

OFFICIAL Washington is gravely concerned over the adverse military situation caused by the all-out intervention of the Chinese Communists in Korea. What the policies of the United Nations and the United States will be in the new crisis is unknown. However, Stuart Symington, chairman of the NSRB, set the general pattern for mobilization in the near future when he said that this country would move from a "light gray to a dark gray mobilization." The implications of accelerated mobilization for the mining industry are particularly apparent with respect to the manpower situation. Revised policies recently initiated for the recall of reservists may be abrogated, in which case key personnel in the mining industry may face calls to active duty with insufficient consideration given to their indispensability to national defense in their present positions.

Jan 1, 1951

Meeting, of Jan. 22, 1915.-Dr. Albert R. Ledoux was unanimously nominated-by the Board as one of the representatives of this Institute upon the Engineering Foundation Board. The following Tellers to count the votes for officers and directors on Feb. 16, 1915, were appointed: David H. Browne; Arthur S. Dwight, and Bradley Stoughton; and the following Tellers to count the ballots, on the amendments to the Constitution: Arthur L. Walker, Max Roesler, and Burr A. Robinson. Karl Eilers was appointed a member of the Library Board of the United, Engineering Society, representing this Institute in place of C. R. Corning, ;resigned. The Pick and Hammer Club of the University of Oklahoma was established as an Affiliated Student Society. The sum of $150 was appropriated to the Columbia Local Section. The sum of $29.50 was appropriated to the Chicago Local Section.

Jan 3, 1915

In connection with the recent visit of the Special Mission of British Ministry of Munitions to the United States, the United Engineering Societies gave a dinner to the members of the. Mission on Tuesday evening, Nov. 13. This was the only public function on behalf of the visiting commissioners while they were in New York. During the remainder of their visit they were in daily conference with bankers, merchants' associations, labor federations, and other organizations. The result of these conferences will doubtless have an important influence on the manufacture of war supplies in the United States, since it will enable our business men and manufacturers to avoid a good many of the mistakes that unfortunately occurred in England at the beginning of the war. At present, fully 90 per cent. of the employees of British munition factories are omen, and the problem of employing women in the industries of the United States will doubtless soon be encountered with increasing frequency.

Jan 1, 1918

By Theodore H. Orem

In 1928 Elam,1 discussing the subject of twinning in metals, disclosed that she had observed this phenomenon in aluminum, a metal little susceptible to twinning. The twinning described was one in which the boundary between the twinned portions was not a geometric plane but appeared, in one section, more like a normal grain boundary. Under these circumstances twinning might remain unrecognized by an observer of microscopic sections. She therefore suggested that twinning in aluminum might be much more prevalent than expected. Whereas the parallel composition lines shown in sections of polysynthetic twins were characteristic of the phenomenon of twinning, Elam pointed out that from the absence of

Jan 1, 1963

By Graham MacFarlane

The largest area of high-grade cannel coals known in America is doubtless found in eastern Kentucky. Notwithstanding the popular belief to the contrary, there is no reason to doubt that these eastern Kentucky cannel-fields, following the general rule, will be uncertain and treacherous. But, taken in the aggregate, their extent is very great. The principal service to which cannel coal can be put is enriching illuminating-gas. The electric light has, to a certain extent, created a demand for better gas, and has increased the market for gas-enrichers. Before the discovery of rock-oil, coal-oil was distilled from cannel coal and cannel shale. This business was getting fairly started when the cheaper rock-oil, or petroleum, overcame it, and the great distilleries went into disuse and ruin. Now, again, the chief competitor with cannel coal is oil, namely, the cheap oil of Lima, Ohio. Under proper treatment the vile odor of this oil can be removed.

Jan 1, 1890

By F. R. Morral

In 1964, mining education in the United States will celebrate a 100th anniversary-that of the founding of our first school of mines at Columbia University. Prior to that, curricula leading to degrees in mining and metallurgical engineering were offered in 1853 by the Polytechnic College of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. But the New World's earliest achievements in mining and metallurgical education were those of the Spanish in what is now Mexico. American metallurgy probably goes back to Father Jose de Acosta, who in 1590 described the metallurgy of silver and mercury in the New World.' The Spanish priest and metallurgist Don Alvaro Alonso Barba Toscano (1569-1662), in his hook The Art of Metals, published in 1640, stated a need for a school of mining and metallurgical education in the New World. (The latest translation of this book was made by R. E. Douglas and E. P. Mathewson and published by J. Wiley & Sons, New York, in 1923.)

Jan 1, 1963

A FEW nights ago while working in the small hours of the morning on a clarion message intended for this page, we repaired to the kitchen for coffee, as is our wont when the solitude of the late hour and the stillness of the night seduce thoughts from the job at hand to reminiscences. The thought occurred, as we slowly dissolved the instant coffee in boiling water, that this modern world of canned, frozen, and dried foods deprives us of some of the subtler and therefore more delightful pleasures of life. We recall the aroma of boiling coffee which greeted us on getting up in the morning before the ease of instant coffee deprived us of the aroma from the old coffees. This line of thinking led us to place the blame on our wife for taking the easy way of making coffee and thereby depriving us of some of our enjoyment. From thinking about our spouse, it is only a short step to thinking about "the boss" or bosses in general.

Jan 9, 1951

The centenary of Julia Ward Howe, author of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic," is of particular interest to the members of the Institute because of the very active part that has been taken in the affairs of the Institute by her son, Dr. H. M. Howe. By an order of the Board of Education, the one hundredth anniversary of Mrs. Howe's birth, May 27, was observed in the public schools of New York City with the singing of the fatuous battle hymn. Boston, the city of her adoption, celebrated her centenary by a service in the Church of the Disciples, where Governor Coolidge made an address, and in which John Andrew Post took a prominent part. General Pershing sent a letter, which was read by the Rev. Abraham Mitrie Rihbany, in which he said: "It is a great privilege to bear witness to the widespread effect of ?The Battle Hymn of the Republic? on the morale of the fighting men. It is unique in its religious fervor and enthusiasm and whenever sung it can have but the same effect which it produced when it was first sung in the Civil War."

Jan 7, 1919

It was a brilliant idea that suggested the formation of Local Sections of the Institute. The results in increase of membership and attendance at, annual meetings of the Institute have been very gratifying. Many different plans have been followed by the various Local Sections to interest members in the local meetings. It has been found to be almost necessary that the meetings be preceded by luncheon or dinner at some club or hotel where a suitable assembly room is available for the after meeting. Each Local Section has to work out its own type of meeting to suit its conditions. Like all human affairs, a great deal depends on the leader. Special attention should be paid to the qualifications of the Chairman and Secretary as these two officers have to shoulder most of the responsibility for the success or failure of the Section. They should be chosen, not so much on account of prominence in the profession as for their push and popularity with the local membership. It has been developed that in most Local Sections the meetings should not be more frequent than once a month with a vacation during the summer months.

Jan 7, 1919

Committee. ROBERT H. RICHARDS, Chairman. ALBERT SAUVEURr Vice-Chairman. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. TIMOTHY W. SPRAGUE. HENRY A. WENTWORTH. The thirteenth meeting of the Boston Local Section was held at the Engineers' Club, 2 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, on Monday evening, Oct. 6, 1913. Fourteen members and three guests were present at the dinner, at which Chairman Robert H. Richards presided. After the dinner, the Chairman expressed his pleasure in welcoming the members at the first dinner following the vacation. He said that lie had attended a meeting of the Directors of the parent society in New York ; that they had asked what the Boston Section were doing, and expressed their hope that we would be able to make some of our papers formal and offer them for publication. The Chairman then said that lie realized the objection to this; that members were less willing to speak for publication than informally, but that lie hoped, nevertheless, that some of the speakers this year would see their way to write up a formal paper at some later date, along the general lines of their informal ,addresses.

Jan 11, 1913

Illustrated guidebooks treating in a popular descriptive way of the geology and other features of the Western United States have been issued by the U. S. Geological Survey. They will be of much interest to mem¬bers in connection with the Arizona Meeting of the Institute and espe¬cially the guidebook of the Santa Fe Route, with side trips to the Grand Canyon, containing as it does relief maps, topographical and geological maps, covering the entire route of the railroad, illustrations from photo¬graphs and other interesting descriptions of this great country. The method of treatment is adapted to the lay-reader, although it includes much valuable and interesting technical information concerning the geographical and other features. The books are well indexed. These volumes sell for 50 c. each and may be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. These guidebooks originally sold for $1 each, but the reprint edition has been reduced to 50 c. A list of the different guidebooks follows: Bulletin 611. Guidebook of the Western United States, Part A, The Northern Pacific Route, with a Side Trip to Yellowstone Park, by M. R. Campbell, and others. 1915. 212 pages, 27 route maps, 27 plates, 39 text figures.

Jan 6, 1916

The United States Employment Office of the Department of Labor, of which the division of engineering and education, under the direction of A. H. Krom, maintains an office at 29 La Salle Street, Chicago, Ill., is engaged in a classification of engineers in order to make their services more readily available in case of need. We have received a form used by this division, on which it requires only a very little time to indicate one's particular line of work, his experience and the salary that he desires. We have been asked to impress upon members of the Institute the distinct advantages that come through registration. Filling out the blank entitles an engineer to free employment service, provides him with direct contact with the Government, supplies him with information in regard to engineering affairs, and helps him to become successful in his profession. The Government wishes every technical man to register, so that it may know the strength and location of the engineering reserve. It is therefore the duty of every patriotic engineer, whether he needs a position or not, to register at once. Blanks can be obtained by addressing the office above noted.

Jan 10, 1918

By Bruce A. Kennedy

If it had not been for the persistent cold wind, the sun blazing out of a cloudless blue sky would have made it one of those warm, idyllic early spring days which attract the socalled "snowbirds" to Northern Mexico for a vacation at this time of year. At a drill site perched on top of a rather exposed mountain we were installing a number of borehole extensometers in diamond drill holes. A Threading Problem For the uninitiated in geotechnical instrumentation, a borehole extensometer is a series of anchors installed at various depths in a borehole, each anchor being independently connected by a tensioned wire to a measuring device set in the collar of the hole. Any movement of the rock at depth is detected by the anchors and transmitted by the wires to the measuring device. Flexible plastic tubing is used as a spacer between the anchors and the measuring wires are run up the inside of the tube. At this particular site we were installing an instrument string nearly 1000 ft in length. Threading wire only 0.041 in. in diam through 1000 ft of plastic pipe is almost as difficult as getting the proverbial camel through the eye of a needle.

Jan 1, 1971

Four generations ago, the Mount Morgan ore deposit sustained the hurly-burly of frantic development common to the finding of a rich discovery. In this case, it was gold discovered in gossan capping on one of the hills of the Dee Range. The bonanza ore, like the flush of youth, has been spent. Today, one recognizes in this operation the orderly manner of the senior citizen, keeping up with the times and husbanding resources. As mining towns go, Mt. Morgan has an enviable situation. The approach is from Rockhampton, Qld, a peaceful, affluent agricultural and cattle center near the sea. To reach the mine, one goes 22 miles, first across farming country, passing orange groves and occasional children on horseback. The ascent into the Dee Range is winding and rapid. In the winter, the hills are green and Bougainvillaea and flowering yellow bracken grow wild on the hillsides. Around a bend, the brown waste terraces of the mine come into view, rising above the surrounding country. The top of the mountain has been sawed off and a deep pit sunk into the core. A little further on, around a few more curves, the town of Mt. Morgan is seen nestling comfortably in the hollows, reaching up the slopes.

Jan 10, 1964

E. D. TILLYER,* Southbridge, Mass. (written discussion?).-It is quite generally known that there is very little that is standard about a mercurial thermometer at temperatures above 212° F. (100° C.) because so many precautions must be taken-precautions that are rarely realized in practice-such as depth of immersion, aging, elastic fatigue, separation of mercury column, and accidental deformation from very slight excess temperature. One cannot help wishing that Mr. Brown would dwell at greater length on the practical side of both radiation and optical pyrometey, both of which have great possibilities as commercial instruments. In the radiation pyrometer we have ideal conditions for a permanent instru-ment, no materials being exposed to excessive temperatures or subjected to contamination from the furnace fumes which may raise such havoc with an ordinary pyrometer. The development of a radiation pyrometer requires a thermocouple having a relatively high electromotive force but which need stand temperatures of only 200° F. or 300° F. instead of 1500 to 2000° F., which is required of even a base-metal couple. The galva-nometer, if located near the thermocouple, does not need to have a high resistance as at such low temperatures no changes can occur in the thermocouple that will affect its resistance and, consequently, the in-dicated temperature.

Jan 11, 1919

By J. W. Harshbarger, E. L. Montgomery

The region of metallic ore deposits in northern Chile, southern Peru, western Bolivia, and northwestern Argentina occurs in arid zones at altitudes as high as 6 km (19,700 ft). Because surface water supplies are meager, new mines require unexploited sources of water. Prolific ground water aquifers occur in salar basins in this region of the Andean Highlands. Exploration water wells have been constructed and aquifer characteristics have been tested in eight salar basins. Results indicate ground water quality is good. Aquifer transmissivity and storage computed from results of pumping tests indicate maximum capacities of more than 170 L/sec (2700 gpm) for individual production water wells. Results of investigations conducted by the authors demonstrate that ground water reservoirs in the Andean Highlands comprise a source of large quantities of water for the mineral industry.

Jan 1, 1986