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By C Gunther

The purpose of this book is to present the practical side of economic geology concisely and in convenient form; established facts and the applications of accepted views are emphasized; theoretical discussions and questions of genesis are avoided. Coal, iron, and placer deposits are omitted; they are subjects of specialized study that are fully and concisely treated in other works. The reader is assumed to possess a knowledge of mineralogy, petrography, and elementary geology. The arrangement adopted is based on Kemp's theory of magmatic waters, on Lindgren's conclusions on hydrothermal and secondary alterations, and on the theories of secondary enrichment enunciated by Emmons and Weed. No general classification of ore deposits is attempted, nor is any attempt made to fill by hypothesis the wide gaps, nor to explain the apparent contradictions that rank economic geology among the most inexact of sciences. The present knowledge of the subject is too incomplete to warrant such broad generalizations. The demand for good properties generally exceeds the supply. While mines of the first rank will undoubtedly be discovered from time to time, it is probably true that a great proportion of deposits having outcrops of commercial grade or of evident promise have been recognized and explored. A review of mining conditions over long periods shows that the rich discoveries belong to pioneer days, and that as time goes on the more important developments are the result of lower working costs, improved metallurgical processes, and an increasing knowledge of economic geology. As engineers in search of developed mines no longer expect to find properties having positive ore of greater net value than the price asked, so those in search of prospects should not expect to

Jan 1, 1932

Noranda Mines, of Quebec, signed a contract for construction of a $20 million copper refinery at Gaspe, P.Q. The plant is expected to have a 65500-ton daily capacity for both concentrator and smelter. Extensive drilling. around Gaspe has revealed more than 65 million tons of 1 to 2 pct copper in several deposits. Cerro de Pasco Corp. has called a special stockholders meeting for August 19 to obtain permission to engage in the oil and natural. gas business, in addition to its present production of zinc, lead, copper, silver and other metals. St. Joseph Lead Co. recently entered the oil development field. The United States, Canada and Great Britain have agreed to establish a permanent organization to work on unification of engineering standards. General accord has been reached on drafting standards and practices, screw threads, fittings for gas cylinders, and fits and tolerances. Permanent committees will study these fields. Reconstruction Finance Corn approved the largest sum in its history. for a mining enterprise when it loaned $94 million to San Manuel Copper. Corp., of Pinal County, Ariz. The loan will be used to increase production of copper and molybdenum, in what was described as-the biggest copper deposits in the country. Three large gold mining concerns operating in the Philippines told the Philippine Wage Board that they would be forced to close if they had to boost miners' wages 500 to $2 per day. The companies are Mindanao Mother Lodes, Benguet Consolidated, and Balatoc Mining Co.

Jan 1, 1952

AT the meeting of January 28 which was held too late to be reported in the February MINING AND METAL-LURGY, Messrs. Taylor, Barron, Bassett, DeGolyer, Hutchinson, Norris, Rand, Reynders, Smith, Sweetser and Callow were present. Aside from routine matters, relating to finances and membership,, the Board author-ized establishment of a payroll account and payment by check. It also approved plans for a regional meeting to be, held at Cleveland on April 19 and 20 under the auspices of the Ohio Section and the Iron and Steel Committee. Following a report from the Committee on increase of Membership, Messrs. Barron, Bassett, and Sweetser were appointed as a special committee to con-sider the feasibility of increasing the dues. Mr. Read was made secretary of this Committee. A pleasant feature of the meeting was the presence of past-presi-dent Olcott and the presentation by him to the Institute of an elaborate scrap book, covering the excursion through Mexico made by the Institute in 1901. The meeting was preceded by a dinner at which Scott Turner spoke of the problems of the Bureau of Mines and the large volume of service work for the govern-ment it was now called on to perform. M. L. Requa discussed the need of more exact data covering our national reserve of minerals. E. N. Cooper gave a vivid picture of conditions in Mexico. W. H. Bassett told of the problems before the Institute of Metals, and Zay Jeffries told of the plans for that Division now being formulated. Max W. Ball reinforced what Mr. Requa had said relative to the importance and value of conservation studies as relates to minerals.

Jan 3, 1927

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M. on all weep-days, except holidays, from September 1 to June 30, and from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. during July and August. The Library contains about 55,000 volumes, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive special attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining-maps, and to furnish general information as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape. The members of the Institute can be of service to the Library by forwarding copies of mining-reports, maps privately issued, and similar material, which will be classified, indexed, and made available to other members. Suggestions for additions to the Library, either by purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members while in the city will use the Library freely, and assurance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them.

Jan 3, 1914

Hermann A. Keller was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Mar. 23; 1860. He received a preliminary education at the gymnasium of Darmstadt, in Germany, and subsequently entered the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1881. After serving for a few months as an assistant instructor in mining and metallurgy at the University, he went to Leadville, Colo., where he became, at first, assayer and chemist, and in due time (1886) superintendent of the Arkansas Valley smelting works. In 1888, he was appointed metallurgist of the Globe works at Denver; in 1889, superintendent of the Philadelphia works at Pueblo; and in 1891, superintendent of the Parrot works at Butte, Mont., where he remained until 1896, in which year he was employed to reconstruct the smelting plant of the Mountain mines at Keswick, Cal. In 1897, he opened an office as consulting engineer in San Francisco; and from this time on enjoyed a wide practice both as metallurgical and as mining engineer. In the former capacity, Mr. Keller had already distinguished himself by the invention of the Keller mechanical roasting furnace employed at the Parrot works in Butte and the Germania works near Salt Lake. He was a frequent contributor to the technical journals, and he collaborated in the preparation of the chapter oil "Bessemerizing" in Dr. Peters's work, "Modern American Copper-Smelting." It is a curious coincidence that these two friends and collaborators died at almost the same time, Keller in Arizona and Peters in Massachusetts on the 16th and 17th of February respectively. The latter years of Mr. Keller's life were largely given to the examination and development of mines in all parts of the world-Alaska, Chile, Germany, etc. He finally established his professional headquarters in New York City. His death was caused by an underground locomotive accident at Clifton, Arizona, on Feb. 16, 1917.

Jan 5, 1917

By J. E. Campbell, H. E. Parkinson, Y. P. Chugh

Miner-bolters, which combine mining and bolting functions into a single machine, are being developed by the US Department of Energy to improve production and productivity in coal mining operations. The authors have been studying possible production gains from the use of the Joy automated miner-bolter (AMB) in mine development using the computer simulation model "UGMHS" developed by the Pennsylvania State University. In a recent paper (Chugh, Campbell, and Parkinson, 1979) the authors discussed justification for the development of miner- bolter machines, assumptions and analytical procedures used in computer simulation, cutting, and bolting cycle times for an AMB, and production potential of AMB in four and five entry mine development sections. The effects of available operating time, haulage capacity, bolt installation time, and flush and staggered entry layouts on production potential of AMB were also discussed. In all cases, the production potential of AMB was compared to a full face continuous miner and an independent dual-boom roof bolter operating in a similar mine layout. Present Study In this study, the production potential of the Joy AMB in three and six entry layouts is presented. A three entry mine layout represents development entries in a longwall panel. A six entry layout represents development of main and submain entries in longwall mine development. Flush and staggered entries were considered in both layouts. The assumptions and analytical procedures used in this study were similar to those in the earlier study and are not presented in this paper. Only the results of the studies are presented here.

Jan 1, 1984

The Institute makes liberal provision for inclusion of engineering students through individual Student Associate membership. Such members pay $2 per year, receive MINING AND METALLURGY, may purchase Technical Publications at reduced rates, have the privilege of attending all meetings and are furnished a distinctive badge in the form of a watch fob. Provision is also made for the affiliation of organized student societies in recognized schools of engineering chemistry, geology and related sciences. In order to qualify for affiliation it is not necessary that all members of the society become Student Associates since the individual members of the society are not listed as members of the Institute However, a large majority of the members of many of the societies are also Student Associate Members of the Institute. Among the things that the Institute does for the affiliated societies are the following: (a) A copy of each issue of MINING AND METALLURGY is furnished to the society; (b) Reports of the meetings and activities of the society are reported in MINING AND METALLURGY; (c) Assistance is given by the Institute in obtaining speakers for the meetings of the society; (d) The name of the society and of its officers is listed in the annual Directory and other publications of the Institute; and (e) Members of the society are given the use of the Engineering Societies Employment Service. Student organizations, desiring to be recognized as affiliated student societies of the Institute, should make application to the Secretary, giving particulars as to the nature of their organization, of their membership, and their officers. The accom¬panying list on page 24 gives the names of the affiliated student societies, their presi¬dents and their secretaries, as of April 17, 1931.

Jan 1, 1923

By P. A. Beck, W. D. Manly

In a recent note Sully and Head1 showed that the Cr-Fe sigma phase is isomorplious with the Cr-Co gamma phase, and that the lattice constants are also nearly identical. In a preliminary investigation of the ternary Cr-Co-Fe system at 800°C at this laboratory the above findings were confirmed, and it was found by microscopic techniques, using various etching reagents, that the two binary phases form an urinterrupted series of solid solutions with each other. These solid solutions occupy a straight narrow band which cuts across the 800°C isothermal section of the ternary system, connecting the two binary phases. A detailed investigation of the Cr-Co-Ni ternary system at 1200°C disclosed that here, too, the Cr-Co gamma phase extends deep into the ternary system in the form of a long narrow lip. The fact that this sigma type lattice is sustained even when well over half of the Co atoms in it are replaced by Ni atoms, with relatively little change in the Cr content, clearly indicates that Ni itself has a certain tendency to form the sigma phase with chromium. This tendency is hidden in the binary Cr-Ni alloys, where the sigma phase is not known to occur, but it becomes operative in the presence of a suficient amount of Co. The interpretation of these facts in terms of electron concentrations is rendered difficult by the uncertainty of our present knowledge of the valency electron structure of the transition elements in their alloys. However, Sully and Heal's results and the present work suggest that intermetallic phases with signla type lattice may occur more frequently in these little investigated alloys than heretofore suspected. In particular, it is expected that a similar phase may exist in the V-Co and perhaps in the V-Ni system, in analogy to the known sigma type phase in the V-Fe system, and that all these sigma type phases may form extensive solid solutions with one another.

Jan 1, 1950

Levi Holbrook was born in Westboro, Mass., March 7, 1836. He was a descendant of John Holbrook, who came from England in 1660 and settled in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Mr. Holbrook was prepared for college at Williston Seminary, East-hampton, Mass., and after one year spent in the West, he entered Yale. He was a, member of Phi Beta Kappa and of Linonia. During the six months following his graduation he was in Boston, under medical treatment for his cyes; then he took a horseback trip across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River and back, and resided in Danville, Va., for a time. From 1860 to 1863, as his eyes permitted, he was a student of modern languages and literature in Cambridge, Mass., part of the time being a resident graduate at Harvard University. Finally, however, he was obliged to abandon the idea of a literary life and from 1864 to 1867 he was engaged in financial business in Boston. The following year, he spent in New York, and then traveled for a year in Europe, Egypt and Asia Minor. In 1871, he returned to New York City. Mr. Holbrook was a member of the New England Historic Gcncalogical Society, the Society of Colonial Wars, and the Sons of the Revolution, was registrar general of the Order of the Founders and Patriots of America from 1915 to 1920, and had been governor of the New York society of that order. He was also a member of the American Fine Arts Society, the Order of the Cincinnati, the American Geographical Society (of which he was a councillor and secretary). and the Geographical Society of America. He joined the American Institute of Mining Engineers in 1878, and served as manager from 1895 to 1897. Mr. Holbrook died on July 26, 1922, from organic heart trouble, at his residence in Center Harbor, N. H. He was married Dec. 27, 1871, in Newark, N. Y., to Viola, daughter of John A, and Elizabeth (Failing)Vowers, who died on Sept. 10, less than six weeks after her husband. His two children, Clark Holbrook of Red Bank, N. J., and Mrs. Julian P. Smith, survive him

Jan 1, 1923

By John Mathews

CERTAIN physical and chemical properties of copper are so intimately related that a change in variation of the physical properties indicates a certain chemical change. The standard specifications of copper of the American Society for Testing Materials are based upon physical characteristics with one exception, namely, the copper contents. The physical standard includes electrical properties, defects in the "set or casting," variation in dimensions, weight, etc. Paragraph 4 of the specifications states, " Wire bars, cakes, slabs and billets shall be substantially free from ;shrink holes, cold sets, .pits, sloppy edges, concave tops, and similar defects in set or casting." Shrink holes and concave tops indicate both physical and metallurgical defects; cold sets, sloppy edges, etc., indicate physical defects only; small pit holes may be indicative of either or both physical and metallurgical defects, depending on conditions under which they originated. To the refiner, a copper casting, no matter how made, is known as a "shape," irrespective of whether it is wire bar, ingot, cake, slab, billet, etc. As practically all shapes are cast in an open mold, that is a mold without cope, the surface of the shape cools in contact with the atmosphere and has a coating of oxide. Certain phenomena of the surface indicate the adaptability of the metal for forging or rolling. The writer believes that it is much simpler to produce shapes that are metallurgically correct than those that are mechanically satisfactory. When copper is to be rolled into thin sheets or drawn into very fine wire, the slightest physical defect becomes evident. It is, therefore, of the utmost importance to, consider every characteristic of the shape and ascertain the physical and chemical relationship. Pitch and Set.-The appearance of the surface of the copper when cooled is considered as to its "pitch," or the general contour of the surface of the shape (which may vary from a concave to a convex); and the "set," or the detail appearance of the surface of the shape (the wave-like struc-

Jan 2, 1920

Levi Holbrook was born in Westboro, Mass., March 7, 1836. He was a descendant of John Holbrook, who came from England in 1660 and settled in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Mr. Holbrook was prepared for college at Williston Seminary, East-hampton, Mass., and after one year spent in the West, he entered Yale. He was a, member of Phi Beta Kappa and of Linonia. During the six months following his graduation he was in Boston, under medical treatment for his cyes; then he took a horseback trip across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River and back, and resided in Danville, Va., for a time. From 1860 to 1863, as his eyes permitted, he was a student of modern languages and literature in Cambridge, Mass., part of the time being a resident graduate at Harvard University. Finally, however, he was obliged to abandon the idea of a literary life and from 1864 to 1867 he was engaged in financial business in Boston. The following year, he spent in New York, and then traveled for a year in Europe, Egypt and Asia Minor. In 1871, he returned to New York City. Mr. Holbrook was a member of the New England Historic Gcncalogical Society, the Society of Colonial Wars, and the Sons of the Revolution, was registrar general of the Order of the Founders and Patriots of America from 1915 to 1920, and had been governor of the New York society of that order. He was also a member of the American Fine Arts Society, the Order of the Cincinnati, the American Geographical Society (of which he was a councillor and secretary). and the Geographical Society of America. He joined the American Institute of Mining Engineers in 1878, and served as manager from 1895 to 1897. Mr. Holbrook died on July 26, 1922, from organic heart trouble, at his residence in Center Harbor, N. H. He was married Dec. 27, 1871, in Newark, N. Y., to Viola, daughter of John A, and Elizabeth (Failing)Vowers, who died on Sept. 10, less than six weeks after her husband. His two children, Clark Holbrook of Red Bank, N. J., and Mrs. Julian P. Smith, survive him

Jan 1, 1923

Cooperation will be the keynote of the meeting of the Institute that will be held in New York on February 17 to 20. Arrangements are being made for two joint sessions with the Canadian Mining Institute, on the same day, which therefore will be known as Canadian Mining Institute Day. On the afternoon of Wednesday, February 19, there will be a joint session with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Besides, we will receive six or eight papers through the National Research Council, four of which will be presented at the National Research Council Session. In March, at the next meeting, of the Canadian Mining Institute, there will be an American Institute of Mining Engineers Day. The plan is to have the same subjects discussed at both meetings, but by different speakers. One speaker on each subject will represent the Canadian Mining Institute, and one speaker the American Institute of Mining Engineers. The Canadians and the Americans who will speak in Canada are expected to attend the discussion in New York. In addition the discussion at the New York meeting will be sent to Canada in printed form, so that the Canadian discussion will be a continuation of the former. At the joint session with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, there will -be presented six very important papers on the subject of Electric Welding, one by the Chairman of the Electric Welding Research Committee of the National Research Council, another by the Chairman of the Metallurgical Sub-committee of that same Committee, and a third by Comfort A. Adams, President of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and Chairman of the Welding Committee of the Emergency Fleet Corporation. We will receive six or eight papers through the National Research Council. These papers are results of recent investigations and represent the last word in their respective subjects. The excursion on Thursday, February 20, will be to Newark Bay to visit the Federal Shipyard where the first, electric-welded ship is being built. Philip W. Henry is chairman of the excursion committee of arrangements.

Jan 1, 1919

IN international affairs, the great event of June was the meeting of representative bankers at Paris -for consideration of the arrangement of a large loan to Germany. The conference dissolved in futility. Following this abortive conference, the delegates to the parley at the Hague assembled there on June 15. America is not represented at the Hague, any more than at Genoa. The British view the conference seriously and have Leslie Urquhart, the highest authority on Russia, attending in an official capacity. The Irish had their election and voted by strong majority in favor of the treaty with Great Britain, which was happy, but the general situation in Ireland is miserable. In China there were spectacular military and political events. Economically, Japan was in trouble. Conditions are becoming better in India, although no yet settled. Egypt has troubles still. Australia has a better chance for welfare, following the overthrow of its labor govern-ment early in April last. In Europe it is hard to discern any improvement except in Great Britain. Business in Great Britain has been slowly widening. The future of Great Britain, which is chiefly an in-dustrial country, depends on finding employment for its, 1,750,000 idle men. Personalities figured largely in June. Lenin's health was represented as having failed so that the govern-ment of Russia has had to be-turned over to a trium-virate. All of this has been denied. It is clear that some. mighty events are transpiring there. The assassination of Doctor Rathenau in Germany is probably also an occurrence of portent. The murder of Field Marshal Wilson, in London, tended to in-crease anger in England against the Irish. In the United. States the attention of Congress was concentrated on the soldier bonus, the tariff bill and the subsidy for shipping. All of these projects are economically bad and are of the same nature, viz., the allotment of a bounty to some classes of people, without consideration to the general national interest and welfare.

Jan 7, 1922

By H. E. Nold

THIS paper is an effort to explain in a simple manner the fundamental principles involved in examining a clay deposit for both quantity and quality and in operating a clay mine, either open-pit or underground, SO that the best quality of finished material can be made from the raw material available. The writer is aware that what is recommended in this paper is everyday practice in many refractories plants and in some other heavy-clay products plants, but observations made while visiting practically every clay mine in Ohio have convinced him that the practices herein discussed are not as widely used as their importance warrants. It is true that the problem of mining for quality is more acute in refractories plants than in most heavy-clay products plants, yet some of the latter are finding it profitable to pay more than ordinary attention to the selection and blending of their raw materials. It is hoped that this short paper may prove helpful to some who are now finding it difficult to produce a uniform product of as high quality as their clay deposit seems to warrant. The coordination of the work of the clay mine or pit with the manufacturing plant, to the end that the best product possible be made from the raw material available, presupposes a rather intimate knowledge of the clay deposit. The knowledge must include not only information of the amount of clay available but also rather detailed information about both vertical and horizontal variations in quality of the clay. This information should cover three things: quality, quantity, and location. Sampling Undeveloped Deposits In the case of an undeveloped deposit with a shallow overburden, pitting may be the cheapest way of testing. For thick deposits or deposits with rather heavy overburden, the diamond drill, using a double core barrel, offers the best means of testing. When using the diamond drill in clay testing, it is doubtful whether it pays to take less than 2-in. cores; it is difficult to get complete cores with smaller drills, and the quantity of material obtained with smaller cores is not sufficient for the necessary tests.

Jan 1, 1929

With the inauguration of Petroleum Technology this year, and approval by the Board to add an Assistant Secretary to the New York staff to serve the Petroleum and Coal Divisions, the Petroleum Division looks forward to greater opportunities and responsibilities. An improved medium of publication offers further incentive to engineers and investigators in the oil industry to make contributions. The authorization by the Board of Directors of a new Assistant Secretary is an appreciation of the splendid contributions made to the industry by the open forum of the Petroleum Division. It is also a recognition of the possibilities of greater service to the membership along the lines established ten to fifteen years ago by DeGolyer, Fohs, Ambrose and Lovejoy, to mention a few leaders. It isexpected that the new officer will spend a substantial part of his time in the field, visiting the student sections, the respective Divisions, helping in the arrangement of papers and Section meetings and intensifying interest in the Institute. The Petroleum Division will hold three meetings this year. The Fall Meetings will be held on Oct. 6 and 7 in San Antonio and on Oct. 20 and 21 in Los Angeles. The programs for these meetings will deal chiefly with engineering research and production engineering problems. Papers on production statistics and general economics of the industry are reserved for the Annual Meeting in New York. The annual production symposium and statistics are accepted as standard for the industry. With continuously deeper penetration into the earth in search for and exploitation of petroleum, it is necessary to have a better understanding of reservoir conditions and to place more phases of the operation under engineering control. Among the subjects relating to reservoir conditions tha thave been proposed for the fall meeting programs are phase equilibria at high pressures, interfacial tension between oil and water, the flow of oil and water through sands, the chemistry of films and underground temperatures. Investigations relating to control of operations include methods of continuously logging while drilling both visually and electrically, methods of studying drilling samples, properties of drilling fluids, improved cementing practices for isolating thin sands under high-temperature conditions and gas conservation, particularly production from high-pressure reservoirs. Additional suggestions of general themes or individual subjects will be welcomed, since it is desirable to build a backlog of material for Petroleum Technology. 9

Jan 1, 1938

By M. Albertson

At Cobalt, Ontario, Canada, a lake was drained to facilitate mining, by the Mining Corpn. of Canada, during the spring and early summer of 1915. Previous to pumping out the water, great quantities of sands and slimes from concentrating plants had been discharged into the lake and during and after the lake's drainage, its basin was a receptacle for tailing products. As the writer was at work along the shore line as the lake was being drained, he had a good opportunity to observe the changes that took place as the water was withdrawn. Some adjustments between the incoming sands and the mud in the lake had taken place before pumping was commenced. One of the most interesting results was the appearance of a small dome in a path the writer traversed twice a day for several months; he remembers distinctly the difficulty of crossing this. Cobalt Lake owed its existence to the gouging out of a rock basin by glaciation. The long axis of the basin closely follows the strike of a thrust fault of about 500 ft. (160 m.) vertical displacement. The lake was originally shaped somewhat as shown. The length was about 3000 ft. (914.4 m.), the width at the lower lobe was about 1000 ft., and the width at the narrows probably 400 to 500 ft. The original depth of water varied from 20 to 30 ft. (6.1 to 9.1 m.), near where the island later was formed, to 60 to 70 ft. (23.6 to 27.6 m.) in the widest part of the lower lobe. At the narrows, the depth was 30 to 40 ft. Above the bed rock was sand, with boulders near the bottom, and mud. During the building of the railroad in 1903, considerable filling was done along the right of way. With the commencement of mining operations, about 1905, waste rock and mill tailings were dumped into the lake. One of the mining companies operated a hydraulic giant to remove the glacial debris from several hundred acres of rock surface; much of the sand and clay from this operation was deposited in the lake. About 1,500,000 tons of mill tailings, composed of sands and slimes, were discharged into the lake's waters previous to 1915. Most of this material

Jan 1, 1921

By David Keys

THE object of this investigation was to determine with a vertical magnetic variometer the extent of the titaniferous ore deposit that occurs not far from Ivry in Terrebonne County, Quebec, about 70 miles north of Montreal. The Ivry mine, on lots 37 and 38 of range V, Beres-ford township, Quebec, is one of the largest and most accessible to transportation of the deposits of ilmenite in Quebec. The ore consists of an aggregate of ilmenite anhedra serving as host for numerous fine plaques of hematite. No magnetite is known from any occurrence near this lot, and in this way the deposit differs from many others that contain a large percentage of magnetite with the ilmenite. The deposit at Ivry thus has much lower magnetic susceptibility than those containing abun-dant magnetite, and a sensitive magnetometer was necessary for the work, although a body of magnetite with ilmenite about a mile from the Ivry mine was successfully prospected with a dip needle. The principal orebody is exposed in a quarry known as the Ivry mine, from which about 16,000 tons of ore have been shipped. Small exposures of ilmenite isolated by drift serve to show the presence at the surface of some of the bodies indicated by the magnetometer,- but most of the hill is covered with glacial till and second growth hardwood. At the lower levels the till gives place to fluvioglacial sands and gravels from which the forest has been cleared. The increasing thickness of the sand and gravel as the hill descends makes the tracing outward of the deposits from the rocky knob of anorthosite a difficult matter. Within the orebodies too, some masses of anorthosite persist, which may account for some local irregularities. Fig. 1 is a photomicrograph, taken by reflected light, of a typical specimen of the ore. The dark patches are hematite and the light parts are ilmenite. No trace of magnetite was found. Fig. 2 is a photo-micrograph of a thin section of the country rock showing the texture of the anorthosite. The mean of four analyses quoted by Robinson1 is: titanium, 19.26 per cent; iron 45:41 per cent.

Jan 1, 1936

By O. U. Bradley

The extent of losses, due to evaporation, sediment, and water, in crude oil stored in steel tanks, is a very interesting question, and particularly so at this time, when every reasonable measure should be employed to eliminate all possible losses of this important natural product. Available information on this subject is incomplete; e.g., during the development of the Cushing Field, considerable surplus oil was stored in steel tanks, but from time to time, owing to changes in weather, some losses by evaporation and short storage room on the leases, these tanks were topped out, thus rendering inaccurate any system designed to determine the average rate of evaporation or other losses of the oil over a given period. Furthermore, the losses, as shown by the records at the time, as a result of hasty gages, failed to take into account the temperature and gravity of the oil. Losses may be classified roughly as occurring from evaporation, presence of sediment and water, and leakage. The coefficient of expansion and contraction of crude oil, in relation to temperature conditions, is of material importance; also, the rate of evaporation is dependent upon the gravity of the oil, as the escape of the lighter hydrocarbons in fresh Cushing oil, of from 40 to 42 gravity, on a warm day is considerable, and from available records of temporary storage, it is safe to assume that a loss of 1 to 11/2 per cent. in volume will easily occur in light crude oil of Cushing grade over a period of 6 months, including the summer season. The presence of sediment, water, and other impurities, in the oil will also cause more or less deterioration in quality, particularly when the fresh production is run direct from the gage tanks, or from the wells on the lease to steel storage, as is often the case when an oil field is being rapidly developed. The bad oil will settle to the bottom of the tanks and may be determined by thiefing and running a centrifuge test on the sample. The amount of water in the oil depends entirely on the conditions under which it is produced. Sometimes in large producing wells, with heavy gas pressure, some water may come in with the oil, particularly if the well has been drilled to the top of a water sand. Under these conditions, cut oil is often produced, which, if not settled out, is carried over into the steel tanks. The losses by leakage in steel tanks are difficult to determine, for

Jan 1, 1920

In the death of Major A. B. desaulles at South Bethlehem, Pa., on Dec. 24, 1917, the Institute lost a valued and esteemed member, one of the last few of those who, in May, 1871, at Wilkes-Barre, attended the first meeting of the Institute, in response to a call that had been issued by R. P. Rothwell, Eckley B. Coxe, and Martin Coryell. Major desaulles was born Jan. 8, 1840, at New Orleans, and was the son of Louis and Armidc Longer desaulles, each of French descent. As a boy he was privately tutored in the South, and then schooled in New England to enter the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, where he was graduated with honors in the class of '59. Following his graduation he studied in France and Germany for two years, returning to New Orleans in 1861 to enter the Confederate Army, in which he served with distinction as an engineer throughout the Civil War, rising to the rank of Major and the command of his Corps. After the close of the war he pursued his studies abroad for another year, returning to New York in April, 1866, when he became engineer for the New York & Schuylkill Coal Company, and remained at its plant near Wilkes-Barre until October, 1871, when it was sold to the Philadelphia & Reading Coal and Iron Company. He then returned to New York where for several years he was engaged in the practice of his profession. In 1869, he married Catharine M. Heckscher, daughter of Charles Heckscher of New York City. Mrs. desaulles survives him. In 1876, Major desaulles became superintendent of the Dunbar Furnace Company in Fayette County, Pa., with which company he remained until 1883. As a feature of the Pittsburgh meeting in May, 1879, Major and Mrs. desaulles entertained the members of the Institute at dinner at Dunbar on the occasion of the Institute's visit to Dun-bar furnace. In 1883, he took up the formation of the Oliphant Furnace Company in that county, of which he became and remained the head for five years. He was then called to the superintendency of the New Jersey Zinc Company at South Bethlehem, Pa., in which position he remained until his retirement,from active service in 1911, maintaining, however, hi.; keen interest in the metallurgy and smelting of zinc, in collaboration with his son Charles, a member of the Institute and a Director of the American Smelting and Refining Company. From 1888, until his death, he resided in South Bethlehem, a prominent and highly respected citizen of that progressive and stirring community. Major desaulles was a member of the Protestant Espicopal Church, and at the time of his death was a vestryman of the Church of the Nativity at South Bethlehem. He was president of the Men's Club of the Church of the Nativity. His kindly nature led him to take an active interest in the promotion of healthful sports among young men. He was ever active in all things pertaining to the general welfare and uplift of his fellowmen. In his death the profession has lost a distinguished engineer and mctallurgist and our country a patriotic able citi-zen and man of affairs—one greatly beloved by those whom he honored with his friendship, and respected and looked up to by all who were privileged to know him.

Jan 1, 1920

James W. Malcolmson died suddenly on Dec. 26, 1917, at Kansas City, Mo., where he had made his home for the past ten years. He was born at Dover, Kent, England, on Oct. 6, 1866. He graduated from the Royal School of Science, London, England, in 1889, and almost immediately after graduation came to Mexico, accepting a position with the Michoacan Railway and Mining Co., as mining and mechanical engineer. His work in the mining profession was carried on principally in Msxiac and the United States. • In 1888, he married Katherine Haden Krause, of Woolwich, Kent, England, and leaves, besides his wife, five sons and one daughter. During Mr. Malcolmson's long and successful career as a mining engineer, he was connected with the following companies: from 1889 to 1893, with the Michoacan Railway and Mining Co., as mining and mechanical engineer; from 1893 to 1898, in various capacities with the Kansas City Smelting & Refining Co.; after the consolidation of the Kansas City Smelting & Refining Co. with the American Smelting & Refining Co., he remained as manager of the mining department in Mexico of the American Smelting & Refining Co. until 1902. In 1902, he located in El Paso, and took up the practice of his profession as a consulting engineer. While there, he was consulting engineer for the famous and rich Pedrazzini mines at Chispas, in the State of Sonora. He was instrumental in organizing the La Republics mine in Chihuahua, and for a time acted as consulting engineer for the property. He remained in El Paso until 1907 and then moved to Kansas City and became associated with the United States & Mexican Trust Co., as consulting engineer. In 1909, he became connected with The Lucky Tiger Combination Gold Mining Co., as its consulting engineer, and continued in this connection and in the general practice of his profession as consulting engineer until his death.. His general policy in connection with the Lucky Tiger company was always a progressive one and the success of the enterprise can be largely attributed to him and his good judgment. Mr. Malcolmson contributed several articles to the Institute at different times, one of them being on the ore deposits of the Sierra Mojada Mining District, in 1901. Much of his work was in Mexico, and during his long residence in that country he acquired a very thorough knowledge of the Mexican people and their customs. During the revolution, from 1910 to 1916, this knowledge was of great value in connection with his work for the Lucky Tiger company, and often assisted greatly in keeping the property going. Mr. Malcolmson was one of the very widely known men in his profession; he was everywhere held in the very highest regard, and his position among men in the mining profession was an enviable and honorable one. At the time of his death, besides being consulting engineer for the Lucky Tiger company, he was interested in mines in the Miami zinc fields and was acting as consulting engineer for two of the operating properties there. He invested to quite an extent in real estate when he moved to Kansas City in 1907 and his investments in this line proved successful.

Jan 1, 1920