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By AIME AIME

ANNOUNCEMENT on August 6 of the historic event of dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, was more dramatic even than V-E day, since that had so long been forecast whereas the bomb production had been the best-kept secret of the war, even though at one time more than 100,000 people had been at work in connection with its production, and some two billion dollars had been spent on the project. Mining men had long been aware of an unexplained abnormal interest in uranium production, and suspected that something of the sort was on foot, while metallurgists were aware that various men of their acquaintance were engaged in some top secret research. The first announcement was soon supplemented by other official releases which told more about the research laboratories for theoretical and pilot studies, and the plants in Tennessee and Washington, but none of them made clear what the modus operandi is of these terrific bombs. Inquiry at Colum. bia University, where Dr. Dunning and his associates had succeeded in 1939 in splitting the uranium atom, and where laboratories known only as SAM have been feverishly active since the beginning of the war, was unproductive, since none of those officially connected with the project could give out anything beyond the official releases.

Jan 1, 1945

By Stanley L. Lopata, Eric B. Kula

SEVERAL methods are available for determining pole figures by X-ray means.' The earlier film methods have been replaced by techniques in which the intensities are measured by Geiger counters on an X-ray diffractometerZm7. These methods utilize either flat transmission or reflection samples,214°8 cylindrical specimens,3 or spherical specimens.7 A single transmission or reflection sample will not yield information over the complete pole figure. The cylindrical specimens suggested by Nortod and the spherical specimen of Jetter and Borie7 have the advantage of allowing the whole pole figure to be obtained without any corrections to the intensity for absorption, There is a lower limit to the size of sheet which can be conveniently studied, however, and sample preparation can be rather tedious. Probably the most common method today for determining the complete pole figure is that developed by Schulz. A flat reflection sample is used for determining the pole figure from the center out to about 70". Because of the geometry of the system used, little or no correction for absorption or irradiated volume is necessary.4'6 A separate transmission sample is used for the region near the edge of the pole figure. This procedure requires two separate samples, one of which must be a thin carefully-prepared transmission sample. Furthermore, since the reflection and transmission data are in different arbitrary intensity units, a region of overlap must be obtained, and the intensity data from one set of measurements converted to units of the other. These are serious disadvantages of this method, and they point out the need for a simplified procedure. Since the reflection technique can be used for planes whose normals lie up to about 70° from the sample surface normal, it is apparent that a complete pole figure can be obtained by reflection alone if sample surfaces are cut at oblique angles to the rolling plane Specifically, if a rolled sample is cut so that the normal to the surface formed lies equidistant (54" 44') from the rolling plane normal, rolling direction, and transverse direction, then complete information for one quadrant of the pole figure can be obtained by reflection from the surface. Fig. 1 shows this oblique surface, as well as the position of the pole of this surface in the pole figure. When a surface has been cut oblique to the rolling plane, the standard polar stereographic net is inconvenient to use, and it would be more desirable to have the center of the net coincide with the pole of the oblique plane. Fig. 2 shows such a net, where the center has been offset 54' 44' to correspond to a specimen cut as in Fig. 1. This net was in effect obtained by rotating a standard polar stereographic net 54" 44' with the help of a Wulff net. With the experimental setup used. a sample can be cut from plate of 1/2-in. thickness or br Gen- erally thinner sheet is under investigation, and a composite specimen must be used. A convenient procedure has been to bond together, using epoxy resin, sufficient sheets to form a cube. These are clamped in a vise, and when dry, the whole vise is rotated and a flat surface ground at the required angle. The sample is then mounted inside a larger steel ring using Koldmount, the backside ground flat and parallel to the approximate desired thickness. The sample is then polished and etched to remove any effects of cold working during grinding. With this method only one quadrant of the pole figure is obtained. Often pole figures show symmetry around the rolling and transverse directions, and any slight asymmetry is due to scatter. Should the pole figure not be symmetrical, four oblique surfaces, corresponding to the four quadrants of the pole figure, would have to be examined. In most cases there is symmetry at least around the rolling direction, which reduces to two the number of quadrants to be investigated. For many purposes all that is required is an average polefigure for the four quadrants. This canreadilybe obtained with composite specimens of sheet material, where sheets Corresponding to each of the four quadrants can be intermixed. The four quadrants can be obtained by considering sheet in the normal position, and by rotatiolls of 180" around the sheet normal, the rolling direction, and the transverse direction. If desired, the whole thickness of the sheet can be used, yielding an average of the surface and interior textures; or the surface material can be removed from each sheet, resulting in a pole figure for the center alone. Eugene S. Meieran of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has independently developed the same method. His results, adapted to a pole figure goniometer with a specimen spiraler, will be described in another publication.

Jan 1, 1962

By AIME AIME

EVER since his college days at the University of Iowa, the professional interest of Morris Morgan Leighton has centered on geology, and he now heads the State Geological Survey of Illinois. Just 52 years ago--on Aug. 4, 1887-he was born at Wellman, Iowa. He remained at the State university for his Master's degree, awarded in 1913. A two-year fellowship at the University of Chicago led to a Ph. D. degree, after which Dr. Leighton went out to Seattle as instructor in geology at the University of Washington during 1915-'16. He returned to Iowa as assistant professor of geology at Iowa State Teachers' College for a year, followed by another year at Seattle, after which he returned permanently to the Middle West, first as acting professor of geology at Ohio State and then, from 1919 to 1923, as assistant professor of geology at the University of Illinois and geologist for the Illinois Geological Survey. Of the latter organization he has been chief since 1923, with no present teaching duties. As a result of the successful work of the Survey, notably in non-metallics and in the initiation and stimulation of the recent oil activities in the southern part of the State, it is soon to have a new building with modern laboratory facilities.

Jan 1, 1939

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Jan 1, 1930

University of Alaska College, Alaska Mining Society RAYMOND SMITH, President KEN \PIER. Secretary HOWARD, G. WILCOX Faculty Sponsor BERT OGBURN Counselor University of California Berkeley, California Mining Association D. J. MCNEIL, President S. A. YOUNG. Secretary LESTER C. UREN Faculty Sponsor GRANVILLE C. BORDEN, Counselor

Jan 1, 1943

CHARLES H. MACDOWELL F. V. DESLOGE CHAIRMAN OF CHICAGO CHAIRMAN OF ST. Louis SECTION SECTION R. J. GRANT F. W. BRADLEY CHAIRMAN OF COLORADO CHAIRMAN OF SAN FRANCISCO SECTION SECTION

Jan 7, 1919

By Robert H. Palmer

Sacuranao Field.—Bacuranao field is about 12 miles east of Havana, along the contact between Cretaceous sediments and a serpentine intrusion. The zone lies within an extensive anticlinorium. The field had no developments during the year 1939. The production of 9½ bbl. per day is distilled and the gasoline and kerosene are extracted. The asphalt residue. is sold for road construction. The gas is compressed and

Jan 1, 1940

By Robert H. Palmer

Sacuranao Field.—Bacuranao field is about 12 miles east of Havana, along the contact between Cretaceous sediments and a serpentine intrusion. The zone lies within an extensive anticlinorium. The field had no developments during the year 1939. The production of 9½ bbl. per day is distilled and the gasoline and kerosene are extracted. The asphalt residue. is sold for road construction. The gas is compressed and

Jan 1, 1940

By P. Barnes

EXACT accounts have been kept of the cost of these chimneys, and it may be a matter of some possible interest that the plans and details of cost should be laid before the Institute. The statement of cost herewith submitted does not give minute particulars of the weights or quantities of material used, although these are noted upon the company's books.

Jan 1, 1876

Jan 1, 1915

By P. Barnes

Exact accounts hare been kept of the cost of these chimneys, and it may he a matter of some possible interest. that the plans and details of cost should be laid before the Institute. The statement of cost herewith submitted does not give minute particulars of the weights or quantities of material used, although these are noted upon the company's books.

By T. R. McMillan, R. D. English

An engineer's education is a lifetime pursuit, a fact which the Society of Mining Engineers of AIME recognizes through its Education Board. Created in 1977 and comprised of six standing committees, the Board addresses several broad areas of responsibility: Continuing education; professional accreditation; statistical reporting; career guidance; scholarships; and educational publications.

Jan 9, 1979

Jan 1, 1918

By J. E. Flinn, J. M. Welch, R. L. Miller

Introduction Two samples of an iron-enriched basalt (IEB)-a silicate-based fused-cast ceramic waste form-containing components that simulate Three Mile Island Unit 2 core debris were tested for uranium recovery (Miller et al., 1984). This material is highly refractory towards leaching by ground water. The uranium content is high (15.1%) and the U-235 content (2.57%, only

Jan 1, 1986