Search Documents

By G. Hergert

SUMMARY Three gradients have been identified in regard to the average horizontal ground stress increase with depth. [S (0-900 m) = 9.86 MPa + 0.0371 MPa/m SHa (900-2200 m) = 33.41 MPa + 0.0111 MPa/m SHae (extreme)= 12.36 MPa + 0.0586 MPa/m] The extreme stress values are not caused by mining geometry and are of limited extent only. In some cases geological disturbances like faults and rock type boundaries suggest an explanation but in other cases the unusually high stresses cannot be explained readily. It is interesting to note that in the same locations the vertical stress components are very much higher than those derived from overburden weight and that the vertical stress gradient is similar to the gradient obtained from the extreme horizontal stress components. INTRODUCTION Ground stress determinations have been carried out in mines in Ontario and Manitoba, Canada, over more than a decade (Herget, 1980). Most of the sites are located in the Superior and Southern Tectonic Province of the Canadian Shield, which consist of Archaen and Proterozoic rocks comprising volcanics, metamorphosed sediments and granites. The youngest orogenic deformation occurred during the Grenville Orogeny (955 million years ago).

Jan 1, 1982

By William Bent

THE dynamometer herein described is a modification of the one invented by Mr. Samuel Batchelder, of Boston, nearly forty years ago, a description of which may be found in the Journal of the Franklin Institute, 1843, vol. xxxii, p. 277, and in the Scientific American of August 31st, 1878. The modification consists in providing a method of making an automatic record, and of indicating more minute variations of the power transmitted. The improved dynamometer was designed by the writer in 1877, and was built a few months since by the Class of 1879 of the Stevens Institute of Technology. The accompanying cut, taken from the Annual Announcement of the Stevens Institute, represents the dynamometer without the recording attachment. It consists, as shown, of two stout cast-iron frames, held together by bolts in bearings, in the top of which frames run two shafts, each carrying a pulley at its outer end and a bevel gear-wheel of 45° at its inner end. One of these shafts is the driving-shaft, connected by belt to the engine or other prime mover; the other is the driven shaft, connected by belt to the machine driven. The power is transmitted from one shaft to the other through two other bevel-wheels of 45° gearing with the first, the shaft common to them and on which they run freely being at right angles to the axis of the two shafts first mentioned, and carrying at one extremity a heavy pendulum. The bevel-wheels being connected, as shown, and the power being applied to the driving-wheel, the two intermediate wheels with their common shaft have a tendency to revolve around the driving-axis, which tendency is a measure of the force transmitted, and is resisted by the moment of the weight of the pendulum. In the Batchelder dynamometer the four bevel-wheels and their shafts are used, but

Jan 1, 1880

This brief resume of events, transpiring in Mexico, culled from the daily New York newspapers, since the last Bulletin went to press, does not indicate any degree of improvements in the situation. GENERAL ALVAREZ COURTMARTIALED AND SHOT General Francisco Alvarez of the anti-Government forces was captured in the battle in which General Aureliano Blanquet, Minister of War in the Huerta Cabinet, was killed, and was sentenced by a courtmartial and shot in spite of a specific order of the Supreme Court in Mexico City that the execution should not take place. General Alvarez was a member of the staff of Felix Diaz, and was a veteran of the old regular army of Mexico. MEXICO WILL NOT RECOGNIZE MONROE DOCTRINE Failure of the Allied Powers to invite Mexico to participate in the conference of neutrals at Paris aroused President Carranza to bitter resentment, which was enhanced by the incorporation of recognition of the Monroe Doctrine in the covenant of the League of Nations without consultation with Mexico. Statements were issued by the Mexican Foreign Office disavowing adherence to the Monroe Doctrine and announcing the withdrawal of the Mexican representative in France. Carranza had been awaiting an opportunity to get his agent away from Paris for the real reason that he had been unable to secure recognition from either the French or the British Government. Mexico announces, says the New York Times editorially, that "she has not recognized and will not recognize the Monroe Doctrine." "Nobody has asked her to recognize the Monroe Doctrine," continues the editorial. "The enforcement of the principles enunciated by President Monroe does not depend upon Mexico, upon anybody's recognition or non-recognition. The countries concerned in the Monroe Doctrine are the United States on the one hand, and countries not of this hemisphere on the other."

Jan 6, 1919

THE education of adolescents to perform the duties and assume the responsibilities of maturity has been a characteristic of human society since the dawn of history. In the beginning the members of the immediate family performed this function, and in modern life they still have an important part in it. Possibly religion was the first field in which education began to be functional; young people were sent for instruction to a teacher who had a broader and deeper knowledge of the subject than was possessed by the family. It does not seem necessary for our purpose to attempt to determine how, when, or where instruction in the practical arts first began to become functional, and the brief outline which follows must suffice. The discovery and utilization of mineral substances to improve and maintain the conditions of human living is a practical art, which must have had an almost accidental origin and have been developed by empirical experiments. We do not know, nor would it be useful to try to fancy, how men first learned that they could make use of mineral substances to their benefit, but however that knowledge was initially gained it was certainly trans- mitted through instruction in the family. At fist such activities must have been merely a minor part of the making of a living, bit in time those who excelled found it better to devote them-

Jan 1, 1941

By G. A. Guess

THIS investigation was started with the idea of determining whether copper-nickel mattes might not have a lower flowing temperature than copper mattes, and thus perhaps aid in accounting for the difficulty so far experienced in attempts at pyritically smelting copper-nickel ores. We have used the term flowing temperature to avoid confusion with the usual melting temperature. The idea at first was that there might be a greater viscosity range in the one matte than in the other. In the early experiments it was in our minds to determine the relative fluidity of the mattes at a given temperature. Looking to this end we tried pouring equal quantities of matte at the same temperature down an inclined graphite slab, and comparing the distances traveled. Results from such experiments were not satisfactory. We next tried pouring equal quantities at the same temperature through a drilled hole in an Acheson graphite crucible, timing the flow with a stop watch, the whole operation being carried out in the muffle. The flowing temperatures of the mattes tried in this way appeared to be about the same, and there was no marked difference in their fluidity when well fused. Oxidation gave some trouble. These experiments finally led to the adoption of the following apparatus which we thought at the time was wholly original with us, but which we have since found was described by W. McA. Johnson.' The tray used was a slab of graphite 8 in. long, 2 in. wide and ¼ in. thick. It had six holes, into each of which sat a cup of Acheson graphite. Centrally in the bottom of each cup was a vertically drilled hole 3/16 in. in diameter and ½ in. long. The mattes to be tested were put into the cups, in a solid piece. The cups were covered with inverted Battersea "A" cups. The tray was put into the muffle of a gas-fired furnace. Supports on .each end held the tray about 2 in. from the floor of the muffle. Udder

Jan 6, 1916

By W. G. Wender

This report covers the area producing from limes and sands of Pennsylvanian age, roughly embracing the territory between the Red River on the north and the Llano Mountains on the south, and between Fort Worth on the east and Abilene on the west. It includes Archer, Cooke, Montague, Wichita, Wilbarger, Clay, Baylor and Foard counties in the North Central Texas or Red River Basin area, and Brown, Callahan Coleman, Comanche, Eastland, Erath, Palo Pinto, Stephens, Shackel-ford, Throckmorton, Young and Jack counties in the West Central Texas area. Furthermore, it includes a brief review of development in Jones, Runnels, Haskell and Fisher counties. North Central and West Central Texas during the year 1928 produced an approximate total of 50,948,7461 bbl. or oil. This represents a decrease of approximately 7,720,250 bbl. under 1927 total production. This decrease was due to a slump in production in Brown, Archer, Wichita, Stephens and Cooke counties. Brown County showed the greatest decrease. The 1928 prodction in this county was approximately 4,500,000 bbl. less than the 1927 production. Gross production during 1929 in the North and West Central Texas area can be expected to be lower than in the year 1928. Only one county showed a considerable increase in production. Wilbarger County production increased approximately 3,000,000 bbl. during 1928. Its daily average increased from 9000 bbl. in April to 36,000 bbl. in August. At the close of 1928 it was averaging close to 32,000 bbl. daily. Drilling activity in North and West Central Texas during 1928 showed but a slight increase in completions. The total number of completions during 1928 was 3902, of which 2094 (53 per cent.) were producers, as compared to 3805 completions and 2112 (56 per cent.) producers during 1927. Brown, Young, Wichita, Archer and Wilbarger counties were the leaders in development. The outstanding discoveries for the districts were the Consolidated pool, extensions in the Greyback pool of Wilbarger County, and the Stephens pool, Fisher County.

Jan 1, 1929

By C. E. Agnew

THE Eastern district, composed of New Jersey and eastern Pennsyl-vania, with its native ores, was the cradle of the iron industry of the United States. The district attained and held the leadership in produc-tion of pig iron for over 100 years, from pre-Revolutionary days to approximately 1875. The first shipment of Lake hematite ore was made in 1853. It was a small shipment, transported by a sailing vessel and a canal barge, but it was the beginning of the end of the supremacy of the Eastern district, although at that time the ore was supposed to be too rich to be successfully smelted with the block coal then in use at western furnaces. The iron made from the first shipment of Lake ore was worked into nails by the Sharon Iron Co., at Sharon, Pa. The writer's great-grandfather, David Agnew, and his brother, John P., Agnew, owners and-operators of the Sharpsville furnace, Sharpsville, Pa., worked the shipment through a furnace. Because of this, the writer feels some satisfaction in having been one of a group that solved the problem of making profitable an operation using Eastern district ores exclusively. With the development of Lake mines, and the production and use of coke, the Middle West district gradually assumed the position of leader-ship in production; because, even though the ores were transported 1000 miles by water and rail, its cost figure on pig iron was better than that of the eastern producer whose furnace was next to his mine. Such a cost figure was possible because the ore was naturally rich in iron and reduced easily. It was possible to carry a heavy burden on the furnace, which resulted in large tonnage and low coke per ton of iron. This paper is in no sense a technical one. The purpose is to show that with the proper physical preparation of the Eastern magnetites they will reduce as easily as the Lake hematites, and because of the high iron concentration give the Eastern producer just as much advantage as formally he was at a disadvantage in comparison with the Middle West producer.

Jan 1, 1938

By O. C. Wheeler

The slackening of activity in oil development in Colombia, which was noted in 1931, continued throughout 1932. In the producing fields output was further curtailed and active operations were substantially reduced. Exploratory work was at the lowest level reached in a good many years. Applications and Contracts for New Concessions The areas covered by the four applications accepted by the government in 1931 for concessions on national lands were not finally awarded the applicants, although the indications are that these will be granted during the coming year. iln application of Sr. Luciano Restrepo for a concession of 49,232 hectares located on the north side of the Sogamoso River in the Municipality of Bolivar, Department of Santander, was accepted by the Government toward the end of the year. The Government is expected to take action toward granting or denying this concession during 1933. The Richmond Petroleum Co. (Standard Oil Co. of California subsidiary) leased from Manuel Davila P. and Eduardo Villar a private tract known as the Fierro Arriba and Fierro Abajo lands located in the municipality of Victoria, Department of Caldas, near Honda. The terms of the lease provide for a cash rental and royalty. The company is allowed 10 years in which to start exploratory work. The lease covers a period of 15 years and is subject to renewal by periods of similar duration. Richmond Petroleum Co. The Richmond Petroleum Co. finally abandoned its Repelon No. 3 at 4312 ft., owing to drilling difficulties. No new hole was made on this well during the year. This was the only active drilling project in the country outside the Tropical Oil Company's concession, and with its abandonment all wildcat activities in the country ceased. South American Gulf Oil Co. This company did no drilling on its Colombian properties during the year. As in the preceding years, small amounts of oil, of no commercial

Jan 1, 1933

By O’Brian. Daniel T.

Ore reserve determinations supporting property appraisals and economic analyses leading to investment decisions typically require many repetitive calculations. Computers have become well-accepted tools for accomplishing these computations, and are partly responsible for the development of new evaluation methods during the last decade. Excellent descriptions of manual ore reserve may be compared with current computer reserve methods1,2 in North America2 and South Africa3. A comparison indicates that computers are used in two cases: a) when a cost savings can be achieved by the simple conversion of a manual method to a computer processed equivalent, and b) when the quantity of data and ore reserve estimation purpose justifies adoption of a complex ore reserve computational method not feasible on a manual basis. Ore reserve computations essentially consist of using sample data and a mathematical method to arrive at an estimated geometry, tonnage, and grade for a mineral deposit. The mineral deposit is then subdivided, if necessary, into ore and waste components. This separation is based on economic factors which may be explicitly introduced in the computation or incorporated in a numerical cutoff grade4. Computer methods for accomplishing these tasks are presented in three papers. "The Use of Contour Surfaces as Predictive Models for Ore Values" discusses the requirements for a satisfactory value prediction model and the importance of considering auto -covariance. A weighted moving average method is described and compared to other mathematical surface development methods. In the second paper, "The Applications and Limitations of Computer Techniques in the Evaluation of Hypothermal Tin Lodes," particular problems encountered in estimating geometrically erratic economic deposits with a low valuable mineral content are documented. Economics and probabilistic concepts are introduced, allowing a comparison of risk and speculative value for a deposit. Economic considerations are integrated with ore estimation techniques in the third paper, "Method of Calculation of the Iron Ore Reserves in the Lorraine Deposit." The prediction model

Jan 1, 1969

By J. H. Bowden

The water-hoisting tanks herewith illustrated have been designed for removing large quantities of water from recently-flooded mines, through their hoisting-slopes, with rapidity proportional to the capabilities of the hoisting machinery available, the tanks being adaptable to slopes of small sectional areas and varying pitches. The following features may be of interest to those operating mines liable to be flooded. 1. The arrangement of doors on each tank by which it may be automatically filled by immersion at any point on the varying pitch of a slope, the water being retained while hoisting on the flat as well as on the steep pitches, and quickly and autoniatically discharged at the top. 2. The arrangement, in connection with the above-mentioned doors, of side-wheels over the rear wheeh of each tank and of sidedumping tracks at the top of the hoist, for the automatic emptying and quick return of the tank. 3. The arrangement of two or more tanks, one in front of the other, so as to give as large a capacity in a single hoist as the enginepower will permit, yet without making any tank too large for the sectional area of the slope, or of unwieldlp length, or of such a shape that it cannot easily pass over vertical curves; and without concentrating too much weight on any one pair of wheels or on any point of the track. The details of construction and method of operating are shown by the accompanying sketches (Figs. 1 and 2), and the following more detailed description. At the end of each tank is a large iron door of almost the full size of the end of the tank, opening inwards, so that when immersed the tanks fill almost instantly. To provide for holding the water while it is hoisted up flat pitches, a wooden door is attached to the front of each tank, opening outward. Each front door is attached to the

Jan 1, 1892

By R. Wild, F. A. Wright

When a blast furnace has a certain defined burden and is operated under fixed conditions of blast temperature, etc., the fuel efficiency is determined by the extent to which the reducing gases can remove oxygen from the burden in the furnace stack. This is determined by two distinct factors: 1) The uniformity of gas-solid contact, and 2) The ease with which oxygen can be removed from individual pieces of burden. This latter is often called burden reducibility. When burdens were poorly prepared the first factor was by far the most important and a study of the reducibility of individual lumps was of rather academic interest. In recent years good burden preparation with emphasis on uniformly sized material has led to greatly improved gas distribution in the stack, and thus the second factor has become much more important and there has been a marked increase in interest in methods of measuring reducibility. This paper explores the Linder method of measuring such reducibility. The measurement of reducibility of burden materials must be carried out under conditions duplicating, as nearly as possible, those of the blast furnace stack. This is very difficult since the blast furnace process is a counter-current one, and thus the initial conditions encountered by the solid (gas temperature, composition, etc.) are the result of heat and mass transfer occurring lower down the stack. Any method of burden testing which does not take this into account is, at least to some extent, based on arbitrary assumptions. In an attempt to study blast furnace reactions under non-arbitrary conditions BISRA adopted the SCICE technique as a method of investigation. This technique has been used with a measure of success.' The SCICE technique, however, was found to be too slow for use as a routine test for burden materials and it was decided to construct additional equipment for burden testing. A test was required which would: 1) Be as realistic as possible. 2) Be quick and easy to operate. 3) Give some indication of the breakdown likely to take place during reduction in addition to a reducibility index. After a critical assessment of the reducibility tests which have been proposed it was decided to adopt the Linder test equipment and procedure as a basis for burden testing. THE LINDER TEST APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE The apparatus which was constructed (Fig. 1) was the same as that described by Linder2 except for minor changes in design. Linder also laid down a test procedure which he had derived from the results of investigations on Swedish blast furnaces. The variations of temperature and gas composition during the test were defined; these are shown diagram-matically in Fig. 2. BISRA's intention was to use the standard temperature and gas composition programmes for testing a variety of burden materials and also to investigate the influence of different programmes on standard burden materials, making use of information from the SCICE apparatus wherever this is possible. Up to the present, effort has been concentrated on the first part of the programme, and work on the second part has only just commenced. For each test 200 g of coke and 500 g of burden material were used. Linder had recommended that the coke and burden material should be between 1 and 1 1/2 in. and this was adhered to in early experiments on ores and sinters. Since the eventual aim of this work was to relate the test results to blast furnace operation, it was decided to carry out subsequent experiments using burden material in the size range used in the blast furnace, as far as this was possible. If the main interest was, for example, a comparison of the products resulting from different methods of agglomeration, then there would be advantages in using burden materials as close as possible to a standard size. After the charge had been placed in the reaction tube and this had been connected to the gas supply, rotation of the reaction tube at 30 rpm was started and the reduction programme was commenced, the gas temperature and composition being manually controlled according to the programme shown in Fig. 2. After the reduction test the charge was cooled in a nitrogen atmosphere. It was then removed from the reaction tube, the coke and burden separated, and the extent of burden breakdown assessed by screening it at 10 and 30 mesh. The extent of reduction was then

Jan 1, 1964

By Ernest Darby

IF the correct balance between fuel and air is maintained in an open-flame furnace,1 little chemical action may be expected between the products of combustion and the metal being melted. Physical changes in the metal are the object of the melting operation, and indirectly, under certain conditions, may be the cause of subsequent chemical actions. If sufficient heat has been introduced into the metal to bring about the change from the solid phase to the liquid phase, and still further from the liquid to the vapor phase, the metal vapor in all probability will be carried from the furnace by the exhaust and rapidly combined with the oxygen of the outside air. The charge being melted in the furnace may contain elements which are chemically inactive at normal temperatures but which will form compounds at the elevated temperatures of the metal bath, or even at a lower degree. Such indirect chemical actions are very confusing and often lead to incorrect conclusions regarding furnace atmospheres. In the open-flame furnaces used in the melting of bronze, the furnace atmosphere is spoken of as being either neutral, oxidizing or reducing in its effect upon the metal. A neutral atmosphere, as mentioned, is generally considered as the atmosphere of the furnace that will produce melted bronze, neither oxidized nor gassed. It is in effect an atmosphere which is not directly the cause of any chemical action. In such an atmosphere absolutely pure metals may be melted and poured without the absorption of gases or the formation of metallic oxide. The metal has undergone a simple, physical change.

Jan 1, 1930

By R. W. Ph. D. Raymond

PROFESSOR W. P. BLAKE, in a note to his Catalogue of California Minerals, pointed out that the mining districts of the Pacific slope are arranged in parallel zones, following the prevailing direction of the mountain ranges. This interesting generalization has been more fully illustrated and connected with the geological history of the country by Mr. Clarence King, who sums tip the observed phenomena as follows: "The Pacific coast ranges upon the west carry quicksilver, tin, and chromic iron. The next belt is that of the Sierra Nevada and Oregon Cascades, which, upon their west slope, bear two zones, a foot-hill chain of copper mines, and a middle line of gold deposits. These gold veins and the resultant placer mines extend far into Alaska, characterized by the occurrence of gold in quartz, by a small amount of that metal which is entangled in iron sulphurets, and by occupying splits in the upturned metamorphic strata of the Jurassic age. Lying to the east of this zone, along the east base of the Sierras, and stretching southward into Mexico, is a chain of silver mines, containing comparatively little base metal, and frequently included in volcanic rocks. Through Middle Mexico, Arizona, Middle Nevada, and Central Idaho is another line of silver mines, mineralized with complicated association of the base metals, and more often occurring in older rocks. Through New Mexico, Utah, and Western Montana lies another zone of argentiferous galena lodes. To the east, again, the New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana gold belt is an extremely well-defined and continuous chain of deposits." These seven longitudinal zones or chains of mineral deposits must

Jan 1, 1873

By R. W. Raymond

PROFESSOR W. P. BLAKE, in a note to his Catalogue of California Minerals, pointed out that the milling districts of the Pacific slope are arranged in parallel zones, following the prevailing direction of the mountain ranges. This interesting generalization has been more frilly illustrated and connected with the geological history of the country by Mr. Clarence King, who sums up the observed phenomena as follows : " The Pacific coast ranges upon the west carry quicksilver, tin, and chromic iron. The next belt is that of the Sierra Nevada and Oregon Cascades, which, upon their west slope, bear two zones, a foot-hill chain of copper mines, and a middle line of gold deposits. These gold veins and the resultant placer mines extend far into Alaska, characterized by the occurrence of gold in quartz, by a small amount of that metal which is entangled in iron sulphurets, and by occupying splits in the upturned metamorphic strata of the Jurassic age. Lying to the east of this zone, along the east base of the Sierras, and stretching southward into Mexico, is a chain of silver mines, containing comparatively little base metal, and frequently included in volcanic rocks. Through Middle Mexico, Arizona, Middle Nevada, and Central Idaho is another line of silver mines, mineralized with complicated association of tli6 base metals, and more often occurring in older rocks. Through New Mexico, Utah, and Western Montana lies another zone of argentiferous galena lodes. To the east, again, the New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana gold belt is an extremely well-defined and continuous chain of deposits." These seven longitudinal zones or chains of mineral deposits must

Jan 1, 1887

Jan 1, 1954

The Howe Memorial Lecture, in memory of Henry Marion Howe, Past President of the Institute, was authorized in April, 1923, as an annual address to be delivered by invitation under the auspices of the Institute by an individual of recognized and out¬standing attainment in the science and practice of iron and steel metallurgy or metallography, chosen by the Board of Directors

Jan 1, 1939

By Richards J. W.

J.W. RICHARDS, South Bethlehem, Pa. (communication to the Secretary?).-Mr. Howland's paper, data and conclusions have interested me intensely, and have led me to study carefully the record-of his 26 furnaces therein given. Mr. Howland is undoubtedly right in his conclusion that when expressing the amount of carbon burned at the tuyères in percentage of the total

Jan 1, 1917

CURRENT MATTERS Page Page New York Meeting v Federal Control of Minerals xxxii Meeting of Board of Directors.. ix Naval Consulting Board...' xxxix Reports for Year, 1917: Perkin Medal xl Secretary ix Communication from Albert Treasurer xvii Sauveur xl Committee on Membership... xx Affiliated Student Societies xli Committee on Increase of Membership in Military Service... xli Membership xx Personal xlvii Committee on Publications... xxii Positions Vacant 1 Committee on Library xxiii Engineers Available li Local Section News: Forthcoming Meetings lii Boston xxiv Library liii. Columbia xxv Membership lvii San Francisco xxx Institute Committees lxx Qualifications for Membership.. xxxi Officers and Directors lxxviii.

Jan 2, 1918

By Oliver B. Hopkins

The Peruvian production increased over 3 million barrels from 1933 to 1934—from approximately 13¼ million barrels to over 16¼ million barrels—bringing the cumulative production of the country up to 171 million barrels. Most of this production, as well as most of the increase in 1934, came from La Brea-Parinas Estate, the property of the International Petroleum Co., Limited. In 1932 Peru stood eleventh among the oil-producing countries of the world, but in 1933 her production exceeded that of Trinidad, Argentine and Colombia, which placed her in eighth position. In 1934 Peru's production was exceeded by that of Colombia by about one million barrels, and by that of the Argentine by about 1½ million barrels, thus placing her in tenth position. After several years of relative inactivity in drilling and exploration there was a noticeable increase during 1934 in both of these lines of activity. Oil Fields La Brea-Parinas Estate.—Production on the La Brea-Parinas Estate. reached a significant total of 85,080 bbl. as early as 1891. It increased to over one million barrels in 1912, and to over 10 million barrels in 1929, and in 1934 it reached an all-time high of over 14 million barrels. The total production from 1890 to 1934 was 133,784,609 barrels. Practically all the drilling on the property has been done with cable tools, but during 1934 three strings of rotary tools were introduced. One was a heavy outfit for drilling a deep test and the other two were lighter outfits for deepening wells in the newer section of the field, where the gas pressure was too high to permit safe drilling with standard tools. During 1934 a total of 28,127 ft. was drilled, 66 wells were deepened, and 6 new wells were completed. At the end of the year 2844 wells had been drilled on the Estate, of which 1814 were still productive. The remaining 1030 wells represent abandoned producers or dry holes. The total area that has been productive up to the present time is estimated at 13,369 acres. An interesting article on the various phases of operations of the International Petroleum Co. was written by Arthur Iddings and published in The Oil and Gas Journal (Dec. 27, 1934).

Jan 1, 1935